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3 Isaacus - Newtonus
3 Isaacus - Newtonus
Isaacus Newtonus
Res apud Vicidata repertae:
Officium
Officium: Legatus apud Parlamentum Anglicum, Warden of the Mint, Master of the Mint, Legatus apud Parlamentum
Anglicum, President of the Royal Society, Member of the 1689-90 Parliament, Member of the 1701-02 Parliament, Lucasian
Professor of Mathematics
Munus: mathematicus, philosophus
Patronus: Universitas Cantabrigiensis
Consociatio
Religio: antitrinitarismus
Familia
Genitores: Isaac Newton Sr.; Hannah Ayscough
Memoria
Isaacus Newtonus,[1] Anglice Isaac Newton (anno 1642, die 25 Decembris secundum calendarium
Iulianum natus; mortuus die 20 Martii 1727)[2] fuit physicus, mathematicus, astronomus, philosophus
naturalis, alchemista, et theologus Anglus, qui "a multis maximus scientista maximi momenti qui umquam
vixit."[3] habetur. Eius libellus Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, anno 1687 editus,
fundamenta mechanicae classicae exponit. Quod opus gravitationem universam et tres leges motus offert,
quae scientificum universi corporei conspectum per proxima tria saecula dominata est. Newtonus monstravit
motum rerum in Tellure et corpora caelestia ab eadem copia legum naturalium gubernari per constantiam
legum motionis planetariae Kepleranarum et suae rationis gravitationis demonstratam, ergo heliocentrismum
tandem refellens et Revolutionem Scientificam promovens. Newtonus fuit praeses Regalis Societatis
Londinii, in quam anno 1672 cooptatus erat, exinde ab anno 1703 usque ad annum 1727. Praetera, opera
sua Latine exaravit.
Vita
Pueritia et adulescentia
Quadragena anno 1667 dimissa Newtonus socius Collegii Trinitatis Cantabrigiae factus est, quo cum
honore coniuncta erat, ut 39 articulis Ecclesiae Anglicae assentiret et caelibatum promitteret, praeterea inter
septem annos ad ordines sacros accederet. 1668 magister creatus, electus est anno 1669 professor Cathedrae
Lucasianae mathematicorum. Isaacus Barrow, qui secesserat, eum ipse successorem commendavit.
Eodem anno liber eius De Analysi per Aequationes Numeri Terminorum Infinitas manu scriptus in usu esse
coepit, quo principia calculi infinitesimalis in lucem data sunt. Hoc libro, quamvis tum a paucis scientificis
lecto, princeps mathematicus aetatis suae factus est. A 1670 ad 1672 praelegit lectionesOpticas, inquisivit
refractionem luminis et instrumenta optica fabricavit. Anno 1672 telescopium reflectivum perfecit, quod
Regali Societati Londini demonstravit. Eodem anno librum New Theory about Light and Colours
intitulatum in Philosophical Transactions Regalis Societatis publicavit. Hae litterae maxime disputabantur.
Imprimis cum Roberto Hooke, qui erat inter Regalis Societatis primores, ei fuit acris controversia, cum
utrique persuasissimum esset nullam nisi propriam opionem ab opinione alterius distincte diversam esse
veram.
Iudicia de litteris eius minus benevola Newtonus aegre tulit; quare magis magisque se recepit et
experimentis alchemisticis se dedit. Anno 1673 in studiis Bibliorum et Patrum Ecclesiae versari coepit, quod
usque ad mortem continuavit. Ad animi iudicium venit, ut doctrina trinitatis sit haeresis, quae Christianis
saeculo quarto persuasum est. Anno 1675 impetravit, ut a sacris ordinibus dispensaretur.
Post aliam controversiam – nunc cum Iesuitis Anglicis Leodii – Newtonus anno 1678 prostratione nervosa
affectus est; anno sequenti mater eius mortua est. Per sex annos, usque ad 1684, Newtonus vixit in recessu,
dubitationibus sui vexatus. Anno 1679 iterum mechanicae studuit; litterae eius De Motu Corporum anno
1684 scriptae iam elementa eorum continuerunt, quae tribus annis post in Principiis expositurus erat. Hoc
opere Galileai de acceleratione, Kepleri de motibus planetarum et Cartesii de inertia investigationes in unum
coniungens rationem gravitatis explicavit et in tribus legibus motus fundamentalibus exprimendis
fundamenta mechanicae classicae posuit. Newtonus inter gentes notus fiebat; Multi scientifici iuvenes ad
eum congregati sunt. Alia cum Hooke controversia, nunc de lege gravitationis, a quo Newtonus incusatus
est, quod sententiam gravitationem cum quadratu intervalli minuere ei surripuisse.
Anno 1687 primum locum obtinuit inter eos, qui Iacobum II regem Angliae arcere studuerunt, ne
Universitas Cantabrigiensis in institutum Catholicum immutaret. Circa 1689 Newtonus litterarum de rebus
theologicis commercium cum Ioanne Lockio philosopho Anglico coepit et in amicitiam et fidem Ncolai
Fatii Duillierii, mathematici Helvetici, se contulit. Anno 1689 Universitas Cantabrigiensis eum in
Parlamentum Anglicum emisit, ut universitatem repraesentaret. Cum anno 1693 amicitia cum Fatio dissoluta
est, altera prostratione nervosa affecta est; ab amicis Lockio et Samuel Pepys adiutus est.
Ultimi anni
Iam anno 1696 Newtonus Londinii in domo magnificenter cum parvo observatorio aedificata vixit. Studiis
historiae antiquae, theologiae et mysticae se dedit. Ab anno 1697 (aut 1707?) domus Newtoni a Catherina
Barton, filia sororis germanae, gesta est, quam adoptavit; Newtonus undeviginti annos natus sponsam
quidem habuisse traditur, sed numquam uxorem in matrinonium duxit. Anno 1720 plus quam 20000 libras
amisit, cum negotia in hemisphaera australi praeter spem evenerunt; tamen usque ad mortem locuples
manebat. Bona valetudine usus est usque ad octogesimum aetatis annum, quo urinae incontinentia affligi
coepit;[7] postremis vitae diebus calculo laboravit.[8]
Octo diebus, postquam mortuus est, Newtonus magna celebritate in
Abbatia Sancti Petri de Westmonasterio ante chorum conditus est.
In sepulcro legitur:
Alexander Pope poeta distichum Anglicum scripserat, quod in monumento poni vetitum est:
Leges motus
Leges motus a Newtono propositae hodieque pro legum physicarum fundamentis habentur, dummodo de
velocitatibus subluminalibus agatur. En leges motus Newtonianae, ex ipsis verbis tertiae Principiorum
editionis descriptae:
1. Corpus omne perseverare in statu suo quescendi vel movendi uniformiter in derectum, nisi
quatenus illud a viribus impressis cogitur statum suum mutare.
2. Mutationem motus proportionalem esse vi motrici impressae, & fieri secundum lineam
rectam qua vis illa imprimitur.
3. Actioni contrarium semper & aequalem esse reactionem: sive corporum duorum actiones in
se mutuo semper esse aequales & in partes contrarias dirigi.
Opera
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Arithmetica Universalis
De Motu Corporum
Opticks (Anglice)
Method of Fluxions (Anglice)
An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture (Anglice)
Notae
1. Isaacus Newtonus apud Christianum Hugenium, Cosmotheoros liber 2 Boulliau Biography (h
ttp://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/11-ResearchProjects/boulliau/bio-historical/06-b-sir-
d-brewster.htm). "Isaacus Neutonus": [1] (https://books.google.com/books?id=MNk0YdFrAQ8
C&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=%22isaac+neutonus%22&source=bl&ots=NuhMl5_T6a&sig=0Grz
b_12JRoS68Rt56hCT-wXbuo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAWoVChMIx9rJwqvKxwIVz
Fs-Ch3ipwgF#v=onepage&q=%22isaac%20neutonus%22&f=false). "Js. Newton" sub titulo
Principiorum mathematicorum anni 1687: vide imaginem.
2. 4 Ianuarii 1643 – 31 Martii 1727 secundum Gregorianum
3. "By many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived." Burt, Daniel S.
(2001). The biography book: a reader's guide to nonfiction, fictional, and film biographies of
more than 500 of the most fascinating individuals of all time (http://books.google.com/books?i
d=jpFrgSAaKAUC). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 315. ISBN 1-573-56256-4, Pars
paginae 315. (http://books.google.com/books?id=jpFrgSAaKAUC&pg=PA315)
4. Stephen Haddelsey etSusan Haiman, The National Trust, ed., Woolsthorpe Manor:
Birthplace of Isaac Newton (Swindon: Acorn Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1-84359-224-2).
5. Castillioneus, p. XXI.
6. ibidem
7. Castilloneus, p. XXIX
8. ibidem
9. Westminster Abbey (http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/sir-isaac-newton)
10. Castilloneus, p. XXXI
Bibliographia
Ball, W.W. Rouse (1908). A Short Account of the History of Mathematics. Novi Eboraci:
Dover. ISBN 0486206300
Christianson, Gale (1984). In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton & His Times. Novi
Eboraci: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-905190-8
Craig, John (1958). "Isaac Newton – Crime Investigator". Nature 182 (4629): 149–152
Craig, John (1963). "Isaac Newton and the Counterfeiters". Notes and Records of the Royal
Society of London 18 (2): 136–145
Levenson, Thomas (2010). Newton and the Counterfeiter: The Unknown Detective Career of
the World's Greatest Scientist. Mariner Books. ISBN 9780547336046
Stewart, James (2009). Calculus: Concepts and Contexts. Cengage Learning.
ISBN 9780495557425
Westfall, Richard S. (1980, 1998). Never at Rest. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-
27435-4
Westfall, Richard S. (2007). Isaac Newton. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 9780199213559
Westfall, Richard S. (1994). The Life of Isaac Newton. Cantabrigiae University Press.
ISBN 0521477379
White, Michael (1997). Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer. Fourth Estate Limited. ISBN 1-
85702-416-8
Bibliographia addita
Andrade, E. N. De C. (1950). Isaac Newton. Novi Eboraci: Chanticleer Press.
ISBN 0841430144
Bardi, Jason Socrates. The Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical
Clash of All Time. 2006. excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/dp/1560259922)
Bechler, Zev (1991). Newton's Physics and the Conceptual Structure of the Scientific
Revolution. Springer. ISBN 0792310543.
Berlinski, David. 2000. Newton's Gift: How Sir Isaac Newton Unlocked the System of the
World. Locus et investigatio textalis. (https://www.amazon.com/dp/0743217764) ISBN 0-684-
84392-7
Buchwald, Jed Z. and Cohen, I. Bernard, eds. Isaac Newton's Natural Philosophy. MIT
Press, 2001. excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/dp/0262524252)
Casini, P. (1988). "Newton's Principia and the Philosophers of the Enlightenment". Notes
and Records of the Royal Society of London 42 (1): 35–52
Christianson, Gale E. (1996). Isaac Newton and the Scientific Revolution. Oxford University
Press. ISBN 019530070X Vide hoc situm (https://www.amazon.com/dp/019530070X) pro
locis et investigation textus.
Christianson, Gale (1984). In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton & His Times. Novi
Eboraci: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-905190-8
Cohen, I. Bernard et George E. Smith, eds. 2002. The Cambridge Companion to Newton.
excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521656966); Omnis editio interretialis.
(http://www.questia.com/read/105054986)
Cohen, I. B. (1980). The Newtonian Revolution. Cantabrigiae Angliae: Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 0521229642
Craig, John (1946). Newton at the Mint. Cantabrigiae Angliae: Cambridge University Press
Dampier, William C.; Dampier, M. (1959). Readings in the Literature of Science. Novi
Eboraci: Harper & Row. ISBN 0486428052
de Villamil, Richard (1931). Newton, the Man. Londinii: G.D. Knox – Praefatio Alberti
Einstein. Reprinted by Johnson Reprint Corporation, Novi Eboraci (1972).
Dobbs, B. J. T. (1975). The Foundations of Newton's Alchemy or "The Hunting of the Greene
Lyon". Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press
Gjertsen, Derek (1986). The Newton Handbook. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-
7102-0279-2
Gleick, James (2003). Isaac Newton. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0375422331
Halley, E. (1687). "Review of Newton's Principia". Philosophical Transactions 186: 291–297
Hawking, Stephen, ed. On the Shoulders of Giants. ISBN 0-7624-1348-4.
Herivel, J. W. (1965). The Background to Newton's Principia. A Study of Newton's Dynamical
Researches in the Years 1664–84. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Keynes, John Maynard (1963). Essays in Biography. W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-00189-
X
Koyré, A. (1965). Newtonian Studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Newton, Isaac. 1958, 1978. Papers and Letters in Natural Philosophy, ed. I. Bernard Cohen.
Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-46853-8.
Newton, Isaac (1642–1727). 1999. The Principia: a new Translation, Guide by I. Bernard
Cohen ISBN 0-520-08817-4 University of California.
Pemberton, H. (1728). A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy. London: S. Palmer
Shamos, Morris H. (1959). Great Experiments in Physics. Novi Eboraci: Henry Holt and
Company, Inc.. ISBN 0486253465
Shapley, Harlow, S. Rapport, et H. Wright. 1946. A Treasury of Science; "Newtonia" pp. 147–
9; "Discoveries" pp. 150–4. Novi Eboraci: Harper & Bros.
Simmons, J. (1996). The Giant Book of Scientists – The 100 Greatest Minds of all Time.
Sydney: The Book Company
Stukeley, W. (1936). Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life. London: Taylor and Francis
Westfall, R. S. (1971). Force in Newton's Physics: The Science of Dynamics in the
Seventeenth Century. Londinii: Macdonald. ISBN 0444196110
De religione
Dobbs, Betty Jo Tetter. 1991. The Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton's
Thought.
Force, James E., and Richard H. Popkin, eds. 1999. Newton and Religion: Context, Nature,
and Influence.
Ramati, Ayval. "The Hidden Truth of Creation: Newton's Method of Fluxions" British Journal
for the History of Science 34: 417–438. in JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/4028372).
Snobelen, Stephen. 2001. "God of Gods, and Lord of Lords": The Theology of Isaac
Newton's General Scholium to the Principia. Osiris, 2nd series, 16:169–208. in JSTOR. (htt
p://www.jstor.org/stable/301985)
Snobelen, Stephen D. (1999). "Isaac Newton, Heretic: The Strategies of a Nicodemite".
British Journal for the History of Science 32 (4): 381–419
Pfizenmaier, Thomas C. (January 1997). "Was Isaac Newton an Arian?". Journal of the
History of Ideas 58 (1): 57–80
Wiles, Maurice. 1996. Archetypal Heresy: Arianism through the Centuries.' liber apud
google.com (http://books.google.com/books?id=DGksMzk37hMC&printsec=frontcover&dq
=%22Arianism+through+the+Centuries%22).
Fontes primi
Newton, Isaac. 1999. The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
University of California Press.
Brackenridge, J. Bruce. 1996. The Key to Newton's Dynamics: The Kepler Problem and
the Principia: Containing an English Translation of Sections 1, 2, and 3 of Book One from
the First (1687) Edition of Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
University of California Press.
Newton, Isaac. The Optical Papers of Isaac Newton. Vol. 1: The Optical Lectures, 1670–
1672. Cambridge U. Press, 1984. 627 pp.
Newton, Isaac. Opticks (ed. 4a, 1730) online edition (http://books.google.com/books?id=
GnAFAAAAQAAJ&dq=newton+opticks&pg=PP1&ots=Nnl345oqo_&sig=0mBTaXUI_K6
w-JDEu_RvVq5TNqc&prev=http://www.google.com/search%3Fq%3Dnewton%2Boptick
s%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26
sourceid%3Die7%26rlz%3D1I7GGLJ&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thum
bnail)
Newton, I. 1952. Opticks, or A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections &
Colours of Light. Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications.
Newton, I. Sir Isaac Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and His
System of the World, tr. A. Motte, rev. Florian Cajori. Berkeley: University of California Press.
(1934).
Whiteside, D. T. (1967–82). The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521077400 – 8 volumes
Newton, Isaac. The correspondence of Isaac Newton, ed. H. W. Turnbull and others, 7 vols.
(1959–77)
Newton's Philosophy of Nature: Selections from His Writings edited by H. S. Thayer, (1953),
online edition (http://www.questia.com/read/5876270)
Isaac Newton, Sir; J Edleston; Roger Cotes, Correspondence of Sir Isaac Newton and
Professor Cotes, including letters of other eminent men (http://books.google.com/books?as_
brr=1&id=OVPJ6c9_kKgC&vid=OCLC14437781&dq=%22isaac+newton%22&jtp=I),
Londinii, John W. Parker, West Strand; Cambridge, John Deighton, 1850. – Google Books
Maclaurin, C. 1748. An Account of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophical Discoveries, in Four
Books. Londinii: A. Millar and J. Nourse.
Newton, I. 1958. Isaac Newton's Papers and Letters on Natural Philosophy and Related
Documents, eds. I. B. Cohen et R. E. Schofield. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard
University Press.
Newton, I. 1962. The Unpublished Scientific Papers of Isaac Newton: A Selection from the
Portsmouth Collection in the University Library, Cambridge, ed. A. R. Hall et M. B. Hall.
Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
Newton, I. 1975. Isaac Newton's 'Theory of the Moon's Motion' (1702). Londinii: Dawson.
Nexus interni
662 Newtonia
8000 Isaac Newton
Nexus externi
Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Isaacus Newtonus spectant.
Vicicitatio habet citationes quae ad Isaacus Newtonus spectant.
Lege Ἴσακος Νεύτων ("Isaacus Newtonus") apud Vicipaediam lingua Graeca antiqua
scriptam
The Latin Library, selecta ex editione Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (http://w
ww.thelatinlibrary.com/newton.html)
Project Gutenberg, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (http://www.gutenberg.org/
etext/28233)
De Isaaco Newtono in Archivo Societatis Regiae Londinensis, (http://royalsociety.org/DServ
e/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&ds
qPos=44&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27Isaac%20Newton%27%29) apud
royalsociety.org
en:wikisource:Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Universitas Cantabrigiensis, Cambridge Digital Library (http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-AD
V-B-00039-00001/) High resolution digitised version of Newton's own copy of the first
edition, interleaved with blank pages for his annotations and corrections.
1687: Newton's 'Principia', first edition (1687) (https://web.archive.org/web/2013041718201
2/http://www.ntnu.no/ub/spesialsamlingene/ebok/02a019654.html). High-resolution
presentation of the Gunnerus Library's copy.
1687: Newton's 'Principia', first edition (1687) (http://books.google.com/books?id=XJwx0lnKv
OgC&pg=PP2).
Principia (lingua Anglica commentata) (http://books.google.com/books?id=WqaGuP1HqE0C
&printsec=titlepage). 1833 Glasgovia reprint (volume 1) with Books 1 & 2 of the Latin edition
annotated by Leseur, Jacquier and Calandrini 1739-42 (described above).
Project Gutenberg (http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28233)
Archive.org (http://www.archive.org/details/sirisaacnewtons01newtgoog)
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