: a BUT small signal model. The Q— point of an operating transistor is set by the dc values. These values do not enter into an incremental mode! which is used only to find smal signal (ac) variations about the@ point Equivalent circuit of the transistor (small signals) is used to determine the analysis of a practical circuit. The response of the circuit can be determined by branch - current analysis, mesh analysis fhodal and Thenin theorem. The magnitudes of the variables of interest in the transistor characteristic are that of current [and voltage V. The ratios of these variables give the quantities called Hybrid parameters. The parameters may have different dimensions. Transistor as a two port-system. i Shown iy hg 3-26 Fig, 3.26 o ‘ \ i \ A Using the small signal parameters, the transistor can be represented in a form of equivalent circuit According to the static characteristics transistor canbe represented as follows, pole Yes (iy Wa) input onaracteristic cscs . i. = > Ve houtput characteristic... sess annesiernnnenes (3.35) Where the voltages-and Eurrents can be defined as e For common base CB: It = le, lz = lc. Ve and V2 = Vo. lp, la = Ic, Vi = Vee and V2 = Vee. Mh For common emitter CE: I= From two port linear circuit, the following equations can be obtained: Viz hither. eee | Where "wha hayand hex are called h-parameters, Veehyhto. lh 2 hie. FQ ooscins a oa Om ys sie (3-399) 7 (3.36) (337) 66ie Nos re hee BLT Fhe =O ) This is an inpul resistance of a transistor with output short circuited. It is known as short circuited input impedance. 6 do 2) ) ° = Yah ° ris set to zero by opening the input leads. rex, 3:40b) ~ VE oe GG acc) Ypz\. Shem Mlaewe “6 The parameter hiz is the ratio of the input voltage to the output voltage with the input current equal to zero. Itis called an open — cel reverse voltage transfer or ratio. a hy =D Bala) yar Z\n70 output terminals short circuited ie No=0 ge =e) tes Ulyeo-- G9 - 6-421 This is the ratio of the output seh, the input quantity. Itis a forward ratio. har is the ratio of the output current to the input current with the ‘output terminals shorted, Itis called the short ccled ( rward transfer c! whe = Ie Ate ®-- {3-43NEI I. hob =X hoe =te lee ne yayNelten? = G 430) This is the ratio of the output current to the output voltage. Itis the output currents the parameler measured in mhos. tt is called the open cct oul iput conductance. The h-parameters are defined for open cet ar short eck const on Comparing the defiiton ef Fray, @ da) i. — —B tha ap =% a (3-446) The equivalent cct of a transistor described by small signal parameters s shown in Fig. 3.27 forCOURSE OUTLINES, — Parameters for small signal transistor model. These y-parameters are defined by choosing the input and output voltages V1 and V2 as independent variables and expressing the currents I; and |; interms of these two voltages. hL = Nye 2M. b= Jase Ve onesies (BAD Where} yhand Mu, Voare mss values of the small - signal currents and voltages. The y-parameters are admittances of the transistor. y = ye 3 7 ” | Input admittance short circuited.........csresecssee (34e) x = ye = + \\=0 Reverse transfer admittance i ——— (a4?) % — |. % | \=O Forward transfer admittance (transadmittance) B45)