Dairy Buildings

Dairy farm
Outline
Introduction
Selection of animals
Breed
Selection of site
Housing of animals
Factors in designing dairy house/shed
Types
1- free stall
2- ties stall
3- loose housing
4- calf housing
Construction
Milking parlour
Dairy Farming
• Dairy farming is a class of agriculture for long-term production of milk,
which is processed (either on the farm or at a dairy plant, either of which
may be called a dairy) for eventual sale of a dairy product.
Introduction
• Being major player in the national economy, livestock sector is
accepted as an economy engine for poverty alleviation in Pakistan.
• According to economic survey of Pakistan 2016-17, its contribution to
agriculture value added is approximately 58.33 % and to national GDP
is 11.4 % with Gross Value Addition of Rs. 1333 billion (2016-17),
showing an increase of 3.4 percent as compared to last year.
• Livestock of Pakistan include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, camels,horses,
asses and mules and they produce milk, meat, wool, hair, bones, fat,
eggs and skins among which milk and meet are the major
products.
Selection of Animals
First of all it needs to be decided which breed of animal you
prefer. For selection of breed keep in mind the following
characteristics of a good breed:

 Attain maturity at early age

 More production per lactation
 Less calving interval
 Short dry period
 Short service period
 Less feed intake and more production.
Breed
There are two breeds found in Pakistan
 Buffalo breeds
o Niliravi
oKundhi
oAzi-Kheli
Cattle breeds
oSahiwal
oRed Sindhi
oCholistani
oAchai
oCrossbred animals
Nili Ravi Buffalo
These buffaloes are massive.
They are mostly black.
Males attain maturity at the age of 30 months, and
females at 36 months.
Milk yield is 1800-2500 litres per lactation (322 days)
with 6.5% butter fat.
Adult males weigh 550-650 kg, while females weigh
350-450 Kg.
Nili Ravi Nili Ravi
Male Female
Kundhi Buffalo
• Kundhi buffaloes are found throughout Sindh and
some parts of Balochistan province.
• These are massive, jet-black animals.
• The average age at maturity is 30 months in males and
36 months in females.
• Adult males weigh 500-600 kg, and females 300-400
kg.
• The milk yield per lactation is 1700-2200 litres with
over 6.5% butter fat.
Kundhi Kundhi
Male female
Azi-Kheli Buffalo
• These buffaloes are mainly found in Khwaza Khella
and Madyan areas of Swat district .
• Horns are small semi-sickled in shape.
• The tail is characteristically short .
• Estimated liveweight is 350 to 450 kg.
• Milk yield per lactation is about 1800 litres.
• Azi-Kheli buffaloes are generally docile.
Azi-Kheli buffalo
SELECTION OF SITE FOR DAIRY FARM
ELECTRICITY
WATER SUPPLY(FRESH ,CLEAN & SOFT)
TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE
SUN EXPOSURE AND WIND PROTECTION
ACCESSIBILITY
MARKETING FACILITIES
DURABILITY
SERVICE FACILITIES
SOIL FERTILITY
HIGHER ELEVATION
Housing of animals
A good housing leads to good management practices and ultimately
get optimum production.
Housing of dairy animals depend upon…
1- Number of animals.
2- Types of breed of animals.
3- Local environmental condition.
4- Finance available.
5- Facilities to be provided.

Freedom of animals by housing

1- Freedom from hunger and thirst.
2- Freedom from discomfort.
3- Freedom from pain injury,pain and disease.
4- Freedom from fear and distress.
5- Freedom to express normal behaviour
Factors
following factors should be take into consideration for housing of
dairy animals….
1- soil kind, type , condition.
2- elevation
3- sunlight
4- comfort
5- protection (from cold and
hot wind,rain)
6- ease of feeding , milking
and cleaning
Ventilation Right amount of space Prevent from feed wastage

Making use of waste Grow trees around

Types of housing of dairy animals:
There are four types…

1- free stalls.
2- tie stalls.
3- loose housing.
4- calf housing.
Free stall:
In free stall animals are kept free except at the time of milking.
Resting area.
Feeding drive way (14-16) ft.
Feeding area/table (2 ft.)
Walking area
wide (10-14) ft.
low (4-6) inches.
Curb
(1-1.5) ft. from walking area.
(1) ft. from feeding drive way.
•Bed of stall should be 4-6 inches higher than the floor of walking
area. Stalls should have following dimensions:
• Length: 7-8 feet
• Width: 3-4 feet
• Height: 4 feet

•For bedding of stall rubber mat,

sand, limestone, straw, wood
shavings, saw dust etc. can be used.

•Height of shed should be 18-20 feet

in middle and 12-14 feet at corners
with slopping roof.
•For cooling of shed automatic
sprinkling system and fans should be
installed. Distance between fans
should be 25 feet (variable depending
upon the size of fan).
 Optional walking/exercising area
Cross over (8ft)
Additional cross over. After 15- 20 stalls
water trough ( case cross over should be 16 feet).
Height of water trough should be 2-2.5 feet.
4 feet high curb or solid partitions between
the stalls and crossover.
Water bowl with automatic supply of water .
The distance between floor and water bowl should be about 18-20
inches.
 Layout of shed for single row of free stalls is as
follows
•

•If stalls are provided into two rows, then

arrange either tail to tail or face to face. In
such case additional 10-12 feet walking are
area should be provided behind the stalls.
Layout of shed with two rows (tail to tail) free
stalls is as follows:
 •Layout of shed with two rows (face to
face) free stalls is as follows:

•In case of three rows, two rows can be arranged

face to face and third one as single row.
In this type of housing system there are two or more rows
of tie stalls with a manure gutter, feed manger and service
alley for each row:
Construction of tie stall

If the number of animals is 16 or less,

if the number is more

Arrangement:-
tail-to-tail
head-to-head
Dimension of Tie stall system
5 feet for feeding passage
2 feet width for feeding
area/table
6-7 feet for of the stall
1 feet for rear channel for
drainage
5 feet width for the manure-
cum-milking passage
Height of shed should be 18-
20 feet in middle and 12-14
feet at corners
Single stall dimension

• Stall should have

• Length: 6-7 feet
• Width: 3-4 feet
• Height: 4 feet
Feeding unit
• space for feeding should be
separated from stall bed with
a 1.5 feet manger curb.
• Above manger curb fix a rod at
the height of 3 feet from floor.
• One bowls are attached with
stall rails
• The distance between floor
and water bowl should be
about 18-20 inches.
 LOOSE HOUSING
• In loose housing system animals are not tied and there
is no provision of stalls.

• Here animals are free to move in an open area.

• In this system there is a sloped roof with feeding

table in the center serving two sides at a time.

• On both sides there is a concrete feed alley of about 2

meters.

• There is a water trough for 24 hours availability of

water.

• Each animal should have 50-75 feet2 shaded area and

90-120 feet2 open area.
Units of loose housing system.

 It has four units

 1- Bedded area
 2- Paved area
 3- Feeded area
 4- Milking unit
ADVANTAGES of loose housing
• Cost of construction is significantly lower than modern housing types.

• It is possible to make further expansion without much change.

• Facilitate easy detection of animals in heat

• Animals feel free and therefore, prove more profitable with even
minimum grazing.

• Animals get optimum exercise which is extremely important for better

health and production
HUTCHES
CALF HOUSING
• Hutches provide the best biosecurity for calves.

• They are isolated from one another,

• Reduce the chances for spreading disease

• Before moving a new group of calves into the hutches,

they should be moved to different locations, cleaned
and disinfected.

• If this is not possible, the hutches should be exposed

to sunlight to rid them of any potential diseases.
CALF HOUSING DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

VENTILATION
• Entering of fresh air
• Steady air movement

• Up to two months 100 cfm

50 cfm in wild & 15 cfm in cold

• From two to twelve months 130 cfm

60 cfm in wild & 20 cfm in cold
ISOLATION
• Distance 2 Ft. apart

• Cause Less disease influence

COMFORT
• Avoid housing systems that place calves on cold concrete, rubber
mats or slatted floors

• Drainage of rainfall and urine

Feed and water availability

• Optimal outdoor temp 70 F

• Lower critical temp 50 F

Below this temp higher maintenance energy requirement.

• If temp is above 80 F calves become dehydrated if proper water is

not Available

• High humidity increase heat stress

Humidity stay b/w 50 to 70 percent
Advantages
• Comfort for the operator

• Less space required per calf

• Easier to mechanize

• Easier to treat sick calves

Disadvantages
• Possible faster spread of disease due to higher
concentration of animals.

• Respiratory problems in calves if barns are not properly

ventilated.
 Brick Pillar T. iron + Guarder Structure Iron pillar Thatch Roof Construction
Brick pillar Thatch Roof construction

Brick Pillar Pre-casted Roof Structure Iron Pillar Asbestos (Dadex) Roof Structure Complete Steel Structure
Milking Parlors
commonly FOUR TYPES OF MILKING PARLORS ARE used:

Tandem Parlor
Tandem Parlor
Parallel Parlor

Herringbone (Fishbone) Parlor Rotating Parlor

Tandem Parlor:

The tandem parlor usually has two to six stalls at each side of the pit
 There are two types of tandem parlors
 The side-gate type
The walk-through type
The side-gate type has entrance and exit gates on the one side of each
milking stall, that can be operated by hand or hydraulics
Tandem milking parlor is especially suitable for smaller dairies (less than
100 cows) or for stud farming.
• Parallel Parlor:
cows stand on an elevated platform at a 90-degree angle facing away
from the operating area
• A partitioning door that swings when a cow enters the milking stall opens
the adjacent milking stall for the next cow
• In most parlors, the gates overlap, to prevent the cows from entering the
milking stall beforehand
• As a cow enters the parlor, there is no milking stall available except the
last one in the line.
• Herringbone (Fishbone) Parlor:
Cows enter in groups and stand at an angle to the milking pit, so that only the
udder part of the cow is exposed to the labourer
• This layout reduces the distance between the udders significantly and saves
walking time for the labourers between milking points
• Many variations of the fishbone parlor, sometimes called the 'para-bone',
have been installed, which reduces the distance between cows with 760 mm
• Standard fish-bone parlors vary in size from 4 to 20 milking points at each side
of the pit
• Fishbone parlors are suitable for dairies with 200 to 500 cows
Rotating Parlor:
cows are milked on a rotational, raised, circle shaped platform
• Parallel-type with the heads of the cows directed inward, as this takes up
the least space per cow
• The speed of the platform can be controlled to give the labourers
sufficient time to prepare the cow and fit the claw piece
• In the rotary parlor, the cow movement functions are largely automated
• Rotary parlors typically require three operators: one for unit attachment,
one to detach units one to tend to any problems
• Rotary parlors are best suited to larger herds (>1000 cows).