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Unit 2 Physics Grade 8 Lecture Slide
Unit 2 Physics Grade 8 Lecture Slide
Lycee G/Mariam
Main Contents
Unit Outcomes
Motion
An object is in motion when its distance from another object is changing.
Whether an object is moving or not depends on your point of view.
For example,
a woman riding on a bus is not moving in relation to the seat
she is sitting on, but she is moving in relation to the buildings
the bus passes.
Motion
A reference point is a place or object used for comparison to determine if
something is in motion.
An object is in motion if it changes position relative to a reference point.
You assume that the reference point is stationary, or not moving.
Motion
Motion is a continuous change in position of an object relative to the position
of a fixed object called reference frame.
An object is moving if its position relative to a fixed point is changing.
The concepts of rest and motion are completely relative; a body at rest in one
reference frame may be in motion in another reference frame.
Even things that appear to be at rest move.
Motion
Example:
A person A traveling in a train is in motion for a person B who
is standing outside. But person A is not literally moving.
Although you may be at rest relative to Earth’s surface, you’re
moving about 100,000 km/h relative to the sun.
A book that is at rest, relative to the table it lies on, is moving
at about 30 kilometers per second relative to the sun.
Activity 0.
1 How do you define motion?
a. When do we say that something is moving or in motion?
b. When do we say that something is not moving or at rest or
stationary?
2 Consider a woman riding in a bus:
a. Is she moving or in motion?
b. Is she not moving or at rest or stationary?
3 Consider a book lies on a table:
a. Is it moving or in motion?
b. Is it not moving or at rest or stationary?
Types of Motion
Based on the path followed, a motion is classified into four types.
The followings are types of motion of a body.
1 Rectilinear motion
2 Curvilinear motion
3 Rotary motion
4 Vibratory motion
Rectilinear motion
1 Rectilinear motion
Rectilinear motion is the motion of a body along a straight line.
Examples:
Motion of a car along a straight level road,
A falling ball from a certain height.
Curvilinear motion
1 Curvilinear motion
Curvilinear Motion is the motion of a body along a curved
path.
Examples:
Motion of a car around a circular path,
The motion of a ball thrown horizontally from a certain height,
The motion of the moon around the earth.
Note: Circular motion is a special case of curvilinear motion,
in which the body moves along a circular path.
Rotary motion
1 Rotary motion
Rotary motion is the motion of a body about an axis.
Examples
The motion of the second or minute hand of a wrist watch,
The motion of a wheel of a car.
Vibratory motion
1 Vibratory motion
Vibratory motion is a ’to and fro’ or back and forth or up and
down motion of a body.
This motion does not have constant velocity.
Examples
The motion of a pendulum,
The motion of objects suspended on a spring,
Water wave, etc.
Note:
Both rotary and vibrational motions are periodic motions.
Periodic motions can have constant or non-constant velocities and they repeat
themselves.
Distance (S)
Distance (S) is a physical quantity which describes the length between two
points (places).
It is the total path length traveled by a body.
It depends on the path followed.
The SI unit of distance is meter (m) and its symbol is ”S”.
→
−
Displacement ( S )
−
→
Displacement ( S ) is the shortest distance between the initial and final
positions of the body.
Hence a displacement is the straight path having a fixed direction or the
shortest distance in a specified direction.
The SI unit of displacement is the same as the SI unit of distance that is meter
(m).
−
→
The symbol of displacement is S , with an arrow on the head of S.
Displacement is independent of the path followed.
Example: Leul walked 300 m from A to B and returned back and walked 200 m and
then stopped at C.
1 What is the total distance covered by Leul?
2 What is his change in position from A to C?
Solution: Leul walked 300 m from A to B and returned back and walked 200 m and
then stopped at C.
1 S = 300m + 200m = 500m
−
→
2 S = 100m to the right
Activity 1. A physics teacher walks 4 meters east, 2 meters south, 4 meters west,
and finally 2 meters north as shown in the diagram below.
Solution: A physics teacher walks 4 meters east, 2 meters south, 4 meters west, and
finally 2 meters north as shown in the diagram below.
1 What is the total distance covered by the teacher?
Solution: A physics teacher walks 4 meters east, 2 meters south, 4 meters west, and
finally 2 meters north as shown in the diagram below.
1 What is the total distance covered by the teacher?
S = 4m + 2m + 4m + 2m = 12m
Solution: A physics teacher walks 4 meters east, 2 meters south, 4 meters west, and
finally 2 meters north as shown in the diagram below.
1 What is the total distance covered by the teacher?
S = 4m + 2m + 4m + 2m = 12m
The physics teacher has walked a total distance of 12 meters.
Solution: A physics teacher walks 4 meters east, 2 meters south, 4 meters west, and
finally 2 meters north as shown in the diagram below.
1 What is the total distance covered by the teacher?
S = 4m + 2m + 4m + 2m = 12m
The physics teacher has walked a total distance of 12 meters.
Solution: A physics teacher walks 4 meters east, 2 meters south, 4 meters west, and
finally 2 meters north as shown in the diagram below.
1 What is the total distance covered by the teacher?
S = 4m + 2m + 4m + 2m = 12m
The physics teacher has walked a total distance of 12 meters.
−
→
S = 0m
Solution: A physics teacher walks 4 meters east, 2 meters south, 4 meters west, and
finally 2 meters north as shown in the diagram below.
1 What is the total distance covered by the teacher?
S = 4m + 2m + 4m + 2m = 12m
The physics teacher has walked a total distance of 12 meters.
−
→
S = 0m
There is no displacement for the motion.
Exercise 1
1 What is the displacement and distance of the cross-country team if they begin
at the school, run 10 miles and finish back at the school?
2 An object is moving along a circular track of radius 2m with uniform speed.
Find
a) the distance
b) the displacement
3 Under what condition is displacement equal to the distance?
4 Kaleb walked 500 m from A to B and returned back and walked 400 m and then
stopped at C.
a) What is the total distance covered by Kaleb?
b) What is her change in position from A to C?
Speed (V)
Speed is a quantity that describes how fast a body moves.
It is a scalar quantity that refers to ”how fast an object is moving”.
Speed can be thought of as the rate at which an object covers distance.
Its symbol is ”V”.
The SI unit of speed is meter per second (m/s).
Speed (V)
How to convert m/s to Km/h and vice versa
Km/h =⇒ m/s (Divide the given number by 3.6)
36km/hr
For example:36km/hr = 3.6
= 10m/s.
m/s =⇒ Km/h (Multiply the given number by 3.6)
For example: 25m/s = 25m/s × 3.6 = 90km/hr .
If you know the distance an object travels in a certain amount of time, you can
calculate the speed of the object.
The speed of an object is the distance the object travels in one unit of time.
To calculate the speed of an object, divide the distance the object travels by the
amount of time it takes to travel that distance.
distance
Speed =
time
S S
V = =⇒ S = V × t and t =
t V
Example: Suppose four students. Heran, Andorra, Mariamawit and Aleena are
running a 100m race. Heran takes 12s, Aleena takes 13s, Mariamawit takes 14s and
Andorra takes 15s to finish the race.
1 Calculate their speeds and record them on the chart given below.
Name Distance (m) Time (s) Speed (m/s)
Heran
Andorra
Mariamawit
Aleena
2 From the chart find:
a. Who is the fastest runner?
b. Who is the slowest runner?
c. What can you conclude about the relationship between speed
and time?
Solution:
1. Calculate their speeds and record them on the chart given below.
Name Distance (m) Time (s) Speed (m/s)
100m
Heran 100m 12s S
t
= 12s
= 8.33m/s
100m
Andorra 100m 15s S
t
= 15s
= 6.67m/s
100m
Mariamawit 100m 14s S
t
= 14s
= 7.14m/s
100m
Aleena 100m 13s S
t
= 13s
= 7.69m/s
Total distance
Average speed =
Total time
ST
Vav =
tT
Activity 2
1 Tirunesh Dibaba covers a distance of 5000m in 14.5 minutes. Calculate the
average speed of Tirunesh in m/s.
2 A bus is moving in a straight line at a speed of 25m/s. What time does the bus
take to cover 5km?
3 Convert 20 m/s to km/hr.
4 Convert 60 km/hr to m/s.
Solution 1:
1. Given S = 25Km = 5000m and t = 14.5min = 14.5 × 60 = 870s
Solution 1:
1. Given S = 25Km = 5000m and t = 14.5min = 14.5 × 60 = 870s
Total distance
Average speed =
Total time
Solution 1:
1. Given S = 25Km = 5000m and t = 14.5min = 14.5 × 60 = 870s
Total distance
Average speed =
Total time
ST
Vav =
tT
Solution 1:
1. Given S = 25Km = 5000m and t = 14.5min = 14.5 × 60 = 870s
Total distance
Average speed =
Total time
ST
Vav =
tT
5000m
=
870s
Solution 1:
1. Given S = 25Km = 5000m and t = 14.5min = 14.5 × 60 = 870s
Total distance
Average speed =
Total time
ST
Vav =
tT
5000m
=
870s
= 8.75m/s
distance
Speed =
time
distance
Speed =
time
S
V =
t
distance
Speed =
time
S
V =
t
S
t=
V
distance
Speed =
time
S
V =
t
S
t=
V
5000m
t=
25m/s
60km/hr
60km/hr =
3.6
60km/hr
60km/hr =
3.6
= 16.67m/s
Exercise 2
1 Dina covers a distance of 8000m in 40 minutes. Calculate the average speed of
Dina in m/s.
2 A bus is moving in a straight line at a speed of 20m/s. What time does the bus
take to cover 4km?
3 Convert 40 m/s to km/hr.
4 Convert 360 km/hr to m/s.
→
−
Velocity ( V )
Velocity is a physical quantity that describes how fast a body moves as well as
the direction in which it moves.
Hence, velocity is a vector quantity.
It is a vector quantity that refers to ”the rate at which an object changes its
position.”
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement i.e. it is the displacement covered
by the body per unit time.
−
→
Its symbol is ” V ” (v with an arrow on the head).
The SI unit of speed is meter per second (m/s).
→
−
Velocity ( V )
In physics, velocity is speed in a given direction.
When we say a car travels at 60 km/h, we are specifying its
speed.
When we say a car moves at 60 km/h to the north, we are
specifying its velocity.
displacement
Velocity =
time
−
→ −
→
−
→ S −
→ s
V = =⇒ −→
s = V × t and t = −
→
t V
→
−
Average velocity ( V av )
In reality, a moving body does not have a uniform velocity throughout its
motion.
For such motion whose velocity is not constant, velocity you calculate is an
average velocity.
−
→
Average velocity ( V av ) is the ratio of the total displacement to the total time
taken.
−
→
Average velocity ( V av ) is the total displacement divided by the total time
taken.
Total displacement
Average velocity =
Total time
−
→
−
→ ST
V av =
tT
Activity 3
1 A car moves at a speed of 20m/s for 120 seconds due East. What is the
displacement of the car?
2 A bus is moving due north for 2 hr and covered a distance of 72 km. What is
the velocity of the bus?
Solution:
−
→
1. Given V = 20m/s due East and t = 120s
Solution:
−
→
1. Given V = 20m/s due East and t = 120s
displacement
Velocity =
time
Solution:
−
→
1. Given V = 20m/s due East and t = 120s
displacement
Velocity =
time
−
→
−
→ S
V =
t
Solution:
−
→
1. Given V = 20m/s due East and t = 120s
displacement
Velocity =
time
−
→
−
→ S
V =
t
−
→ − →
S = V ×t
Solution:
−
→
1. Given V = 20m/s due East and t = 120s
displacement
Velocity =
time
−
→
−
→ S
V =
t
−
→ − →
S = V ×t
= 20m/s × 120s
Solution:
−
→
1. Given V = 20m/s due East and t = 120s
displacement
Velocity =
time
−
→
−
→ S
V =
t
−
→ − →
S = V ×t
= 20m/s × 120s
= 2400m, due East
Solution:
−
→
1. Given V = 20m/s due East and t = 120s
displacement
Velocity =
time
−
→
−
→ S
V =
t
−
→ − →
S = V ×t
= 20m/s × 120s
= 2400m, due East
= 2.4Km, due East
Solution:
−
→
2. Given S = 72km, due North and t = 2h
Solution:
−
→
2. Given S = 72km, due North and t = 2h
displacement
Velocity =
time
Solution:
−
→
2. Given S = 72km, due North and t = 2h
displacement
Velocity =
time
−
→
−
→ S
V =
t
Solution:
−
→
2. Given S = 72km, due North and t = 2h
displacement
Velocity =
time
−
→
−
→ S
V =
t
−−−→
−
→ 72km
V = , due North
2h
Solution:
−
→
2. Given S = 72km, due North and t = 2h
displacement
Velocity =
time
−
→
−
→ S
V =
t
−−−→
−
→ 72km
V = , due North
2h
= 36Km/h, due North
Exercise 3
1 A car moves at a speed of 10m/s for 240 seconds due East. What is the
displacement of the car?
2 A bus is moving due north for 3 hr and covered a distance of 210 km. What is
the velocity of the bus?
Introduction
Force - Definition
Force - Definition
Types of forces
Types of forces
i. Contact forces
Contact forces are forces exerted when two objects are in
touch or contact.
For example:
a force exerted by a stretched or compressed spring.
an upward force exerted by a table on a box resting on it.
Types of forces
[1]
CLICK HERE
[2]
CLICK HERE
Types of forces
Types of forces
Effects of forces
Effects of forces
A. Permanent
Irreversible
Cannot be reversed even after the removal of the applied force.
An object that will not return to its original shape and size
after being squeezed, pressed, twisted or stretched is inelastic.
Example:
Tearing a piece of paper
Breaking a glass
Crushing an empty can
B. Temporary
Reversible/Recoverable
An object that will return to its original shape and size after
being squeezed, pressed, twisted or stretched is elastic.
Can be reversed even after the removal of the applied force.
Example:
Squeezing a spring
Pressing a sponge
Stretching a rubber ban
Effects of forces
Effects of forces
Measuring a Force
Measuring a Force
Measuring a Force
Describing a Force
A body moving with a constant velocity along a straight line will not increase or
decrease its speed unless an external force is applied on it.
These conditions led Newton to state the important law called Newton’s first
law of motion.
Newton’s first law of motion states that:
”an object continues in its state of rest or of uniform
motion in a straight line unless it is forced to change that
state by the application of an external force”
This means, in the absence of an external force, a body at rest will remain at
rest and a body in motion will continue its motion in a straight line with
uniform velocity.
[3]
CLICK HERE
[4]
CLICK HERE
[5]
CLICK HERE
Remember:
Newton’s first law describes the qualitative property of a force.
It describes how force changes the state of rest or uniform motion of a
mass of body.
In other words, it states that every change in the magnitude or direction
of a body’s velocity is caused by applying an external force.
In Newton’s second law you will learn how to measure the magnitude of a force
required to bring a given body to rest or set in motion.
Mathematically you can state as follows:
Acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of a body for a given
applied force, i.e.
1
a∝
m
where:
’m’ is the mass of the body
‘a’ is the acceleration
∝ is proportionality symbol
Force(F )
Acceration(a) =
Mass(M)
Force = Mass × Acceration
F F
F = M × a or a = or M =
M a
Activity 1
1 How large a force is required to set a 10 kg toy car in motion with an
acceleration of 2 m/s2?
2 A force of 30 N is applied on a box of unknown mass to set it with an
acceleration of 5m/s2. What is the mass of the box?
3 A girl pulls a box on a horizontal floor by applying a horizontal force of 100N.
The mass of the box is 20 kg. What is the acceleration of the box?
4 How much external force is required to accelerate a 1500 kg car at the rate of
6m/s2?
Solution:
1. How large a force is required to set a 10 kg toy car in motion with an
acceleration of 2 m/s2?
Solution:
2. A force of 30 N is applied on a box of unknown mass to set it with an
acceleration of 5m/s2. What is the mass of the box?
Force
Mass =
Acceration
F
M=
a
30N
M=
5m/s 2
F = 6kg
Solution:
3. A girl pulls a box on a horizontal floor by applying a horizontal force of 100N.
The mass of the box is 20 kg. What is the acceleration of the box?
Force
Acceration =
Mass
F
a=
M
100N
a=
20kg
a = 5m/s 2
Solution:
4. How much external force is required to accelerate a 1500 kg car at the rate of
6m/s2?
Exercise 1
1 How large a force is required to set a 15 kg toy car in motion with an
acceleration of 3 m/s2?
2 A force of 20 N is applied on a box of unknown mass to set it with an
acceleration of 4m/s2. What is the mass of the box?
3 A girl pulls a box on a horizontal floor by applying a horizontal force of 200N.
The mass of the box is 10 kg. What is the acceleration of the box?
4 How much external force is required to accelerate a 2000 kg car at the rate of
2m/s2?
The mass of a body depend on the quantity of matter it contains and being
measured using a beam balance everywhere.
Mass is the amount of matter in a substance.
The mass of a body characterizes its inertia and it is a scalar quantity which is
measured in kilogram (kg).
If you throw a stone vertically upward, it will fall back to the earth.
The same thing will happen every time you throw an object in any direction.
The pulling of objects by the earth towards its center is called the force of
gravity.
The pull of gravity acting on a body towards the Centre of the earth is called
the weight of a body. Thus the weight of a body is a force.
Thus the mass of a given body is the same everywhere. Whereas the weight is
the pulling force of the earth towards its center and it is a vector quantity.
In science or physics you need to recognize between ’weight’ and ‘mass’. They
are two different physical quantities in physics.
According to Newton’s second law, force equals to the product of mass and
acceleration, that is F= ma.
Similarly the force of gravity of the earth equal to the product of mass and
acceleration due to gravity ’g’, thus;
Where ’m’ stands for mass and ’g’ is acceleration due to gravity.
Activity 2
1 The mass of one quintal of ’teff’ is 100 kg. What is its weight? Take g =
10m/s2.
2 How much does a 100 kg body weight on the surface of the moon whose
acceleration due to gravity is equal to 1.63 m/s2?
Solution:
1. The mass of one quintal of ’teff’ is 100 kg. What is its weight? Take g =
10m/s2.
Solution:
2. How much does a 100 kg body weight on the surface of the moon whose
acceleration due to gravity is equal to 1.63 m/s2?
Exercise 2
1 The mass of an object is 45 kg. What is its weight? Take g = 10m/s2.
2 How much does a 50 kg body weight on the surface of the moon whose
acceleration due to gravity is equal to 1.63 m/s2?
Newton’s Third Law of Motion is also called the law of Action and Reaction.
Action and reaction forces always act on two different bodies and always exist in
pairs.
For example: when holding your book on your palm
The force will be exerted by the palm on the book.
It is applied to the book and is directed upwards.
In return the weight will act on the palm with the force.
This force is applied to the palm and is directed down ward.
Figure: Rockets
In this and in all other action and reaction cases it can be summarized
mathematically as:
The negative (-) sign indicates the reaction force is opposite in direction to the
action force.
Uniform motion
Uniform motion
For Example: The car on the circular track may have a constant speed but not
a constant velocity, because its direction of motion is changing every instant.
Changing Velocity
If either the speed or the direction (or both) is changing, then the velocity is
changing.
Constant speed and constant velocity are not the same.
A body may move at constant speed along a curved path, for example, but it
does not move with constant velocity, because its direction is changing every
instant.
Changing Velocity
In a car there are three controls that are used to change the velocity.
One is the gas pedal, which is used to maintain or increase the
speed.
The second is the brake, which is used to decrease the speed.
The third is the steering wheel, which is used to change the
direction.
Note that:
Velocity is a vector quantity. That is, it has both magnitude and direction.
The velocity of a certain body changes if either the magnitude or the direction
or both magnitude and direction are changed.
Uniform Motion
A motion is said to be uniform if both the magnitude and direction of the
velocity are kept constant.
The motion of the body with a constant velocity on a straight line is called
uniform motion.
Uniform motion is the motion of an object along a straight line with a constant
velocity or speed in a given direction.
S(m) 6 12 18 24 30
t(s) 1 2 3 4 5
V(m/s)
S(m) 6 12 18 24 30
t(s) 1 2 3 4 5
V(m/s) 6 6 6 6 6
distance
Speed =
time
distance
Speed =
time
S
V =
t
distance
Speed =
time
S
V =
t
6 12 18 24 30
V = = = = =
1 2 3 4 5
distance
Speed =
time
S
V =
t
6 12 18 24 30
V = = = = =
1 2 3 4 5
V = 6m/s
distance
Speed =
time
S
V =
t
6 12 18 24 30
V = = = = =
1 2 3 4 5
V = 6m/s
distance
Speed =
time
S
V =
t
6 12 18 24 30
V = = = = =
1 2 3 4 5
V = 6m/s
What do you call the type of speed? From the table you observe that when a
body makes equal changes of displacement within equal interval of time, its
velocity is said to be a Uniform Velocity. i.e. its speed is constant and the
direction is fixed.
Uniform Motion
The motion with a uniform velocity is called a uniform motion.
displacement
Velocity =
time
−
→
−
→ S
V =
t
−
→ − → −
→
s
S = V × t and t = −
→
V
Example 2 Suppose a car moves at a constant velocity of 10m/s for 5s. This
implies:
the car covers 10m in each second, that is, the car covers 10m within a second,
20m within 2s, 30m within 3s, 40m within 4s and 50m within 5s.
the motion can be measured and recorded in a table as follows
S(m) 10 20 30 40 50
t(s) 1 2 3 4 5
V(m/s) 10 10 10 10 10
Changing Velocity
If either the speed or the direction (or both) is changing, then the velocity is
changing.
Constant speed and constant velocity are not the same.
A body may move at constant speed along a curved path, for example, but it
does not move with constant velocity, because its direction is changing every
instant.
Changing Velocity
In a car there are three controls that are used to change the velocity.
One is the gas pedal, which is used to maintain or increase the
speed.
The second is the brake, which is used to decrease the speed.
The third is the steering wheel, which is used to change the
direction.
Acceleration
We can change the state of motion of an object by changing its speed, its
direction of motion, or both.
Any of these changes is a change in velocity.
Acceleration is the rate at which the velocity is changing.
You can calculate the acceleration of an object by dividing the change in its
velocity by time.
Acceleration
Whenever the velocity of an object changes in magnitude, or direction or both
simultaneously, it is said to be accelerated.
Acceleration is a measure of how much the velocity of an object changes in a
unit of time (usually in one second).
Acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity.
You can calculate the acceleration of an object by dividing the change in its
velocity by time.
A simple equation linking initial velocity, final velocity and time;
change in velocity
Accelearation =
time taken
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
−
→ −
→
−
→ Vf −Vi
a =
t
Acceleration
The key idea that defines acceleration is change.
Whenever we change our state of motion, we are accelerating.
A car that can accelerate well has the ability to change its velocity rapidly.
A car that can go from zero to 60 km/h in 5 seconds has a greater acceleration
than another car that can go from zero to 80 km/h in 10 seconds. (Why?)
So having good acceleration means being able to change velocity quickly and
does not necessarily refer to how fast something is moving.
Example 1:
1.
Solution:
1. Answer: The speed increases by 5 km/h during each 1-s interval in a straight
line. The acceleration is therefore 5 km/h•s during each interval.
Example 2:
2.
Mr. Behailu Fekade Unit 2. Motion in One Dimension
Unit 2. Motion in One Dimension
Revision - Grade 7
Uniform motion
2.1 Force in Physics
uniformly accelerated motion
2.2 Motion in One Dimension
2.3 Representation of Uniform Motion and Uniformly Accelerated Motion Using Tables and Graphs
Solution:
2. Answer: The car and truck both increase their speed by 15 km/h during the
same time interval, so their acceleration is the same.
Example 3-4:
3. What is the acceleration of a car that goes from rest to 100 km/h in 10 s?
4. What is the acceleration of a mechanical part that moves from 0 to 10 m/s in a
time of 1 s?
Solution:
3. What is the acceleration of a car that goes from rest to 100 km/h in 10 s?
10 km/h/s
4. What is the acceleration of a mechanical part that moves from 0 to 10 m/s in a
time of 1 s?
10 m/s2
Acceleration
The SI unit of acceleration is meter/second/second = m/s2.
−
→
If a body starts from rest, then the initial velocity is zero ( V i = 0).
If the velocity of a body increases then the final velocity is greater than the
−
→ −
→
initial velocity. Such motion is called accelerating. That is, ( V f > V i ).
If the velocity of a body decreases then the final velocity is less than the initial
velocity. Such motion is called decelerating.
−
→ −
→
Deceleration is called a negative acceleration. (That is, ( V f < V i ))
−
→
If the body comes to rest then, the final velocity is zero ( V f = 0).
Example
1 The speed of a car increases uniformly from 5m/s to 55m/s in 10s. Calculate
the acceleration of the car.
Solution:
−
→ −
→
1 Given V f = 55m/s, V i = 5m/s and t = 10s
Solution:
−
→ −
→
1 Given V f = 55m/s, V i = 5m/s and t = 10s
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
Solution:
−
→ −
→
1 Given V f = 55m/s, V i = 5m/s and t = 10s
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
−
→ −
→
−
→ Vf −Vi
a =
t
Solution:
−
→ −
→
1 Given V f = 55m/s, V i = 5m/s and t = 10s
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
−
→ −
→
−
→ Vf −Vi
a =
t
−
→ 55m/s − 5m/s
a =
10s
Solution:
−
→ −
→
1 Given V f = 55m/s, V i = 5m/s and t = 10s
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
−
→ −
→
−
→ V f − Vi
a =
t
−
→ 55m/s − 5m/s
a =
10s
−
→ 50m/s
a =
10s
Solution:
−
→ −
→
1 Given V f = 55m/s, V i = 5m/s and t = 10s
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
−
→ −
→
−
→ Vf −Vi
a =
t
−
→ 55m/s − 5m/s
a =
10s
−
→ 50m/s
a =
10s
−
→
a = 5m/s 2
Activity 4
1 The speed of a car increases uniformly from 10m/s to 30m/s in 5s. Calculate
the acceleration of the car.
2 A car started from rest and accelerated uniformly and reached a speed of 20m/s
after 4s. What is the acceleration of the car?
3 A bus initially at rest and accelerated uniformly with an acceleration of 5m/s2.
What is the speed of the bus at the end of 6sec?
Solution:
1.
−
→ −
→
Given V f = 30m/s, V i = 10m/s and t = 5s
Solution:
1.
−
→ −
→
Given V f = 30m/s, V i = 10m/s and t = 5s
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
Solution:
1.
−
→ −
→
Given V f = 30m/s, V i = 10m/s and t = 5s
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
−
→ −
→
−
→ V f − Vi
a =
t
Solution:
1.
−
→ −
→
Given V f = 30m/s, V i = 10m/s and t = 5s
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
−
→ −
→
−
→ V f − Vi
a =
t
−
→ 30m/s − 10m/s
a =
5s
Solution:
1.
−
→ −
→
Given V f = 30m/s, V i = 10m/s and t = 5s
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
−
→ −
→
−
→ V f − Vi
a =
t
−
→ 30m/s − 10m/s
a =
5s
−
→ 20m/s
a =
5s
Solution:
1.
−
→ −
→
Given V f = 30m/s, V i = 10m/s and t = 5s
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
−
→ −
→
−
→ V f − Vi
a =
t
−
→ 30m/s − 10m/s
a =
5s
−
→ 20m/s
a =
5s
−
→
a = 4m/s 2
Solution:
2.
−
→ −
→
Given V f = 20m/s, V i = 0m/s and t = 4s
Solution:
2.
−
→ −
→
Given V f = 20m/s, V i = 0m/s and t = 4s
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
Solution:
2.
−
→ −
→
Given V f = 20m/s, V i = 0m/s and t = 4s
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
−
→ −
→
−
→ V f − Vi
a =
t
Solution:
2.
−
→ −
→
Given V f = 20m/s, V i = 0m/s and t = 4s
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
−
→ −
→
−
→ V f − Vi
a =
t
−
→ 20m/s − 0m/s
a =
4s
Solution:
2.
−
→ −
→
Given V f = 20m/s, V i = 0m/s and t = 4s
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
−
→ −
→
−
→ V f − Vi
a =
t
−
→ 20m/s − 0m/s
a =
4s
−
→ 20m/s
a =
4s
Solution:
2.
−
→ −
→
Given V f = 20m/s, V i = 0m/s and t = 4s
−
→
−
→ △V
a =
t
−
→ −
→
−
→ V f − Vi
a =
t
−
→ 20m/s − 0m/s
a =
4s
−
→ 20m/s
a =
4s
−
→
a = 5m/s 2
Solution:
−
→
3. Given −
→
a = 5m/s 2 , V i = 0m/s and t = 6s
Solution:
−
→
3. Given −
→
a = 5m/s 2 , V i = 0m/s and t = 6s
−
→ −
→
−
→ Vf −Vi
a =
t
Solution:
−
→
3. Given −
→
a = 5m/s 2 , V i = 0m/s and t = 6s
−
→ −
→
−
→ Vf −Vi
a =
t
−
→ −
→ −
→
a ×t = Vf − Vi
Solution:
−
→
3. Given −
→
a = 5m/s 2 , V i = 0m/s and t = 6s
−
→ −
→
−
→ Vf −Vi
a =
t
−
→ −
→ −
→
a ×t = Vf − Vi
−
→ −
→
V i + (−
→
a × t) = V f
Solution:
−
→
3. Given −
→
a = 5m/s 2 , V i = 0m/s and t = 6s
−
→ −
→
−
→ Vf −Vi
a =
t
−
→ −
→ −
→
a ×t = Vf − Vi
−
→ −
→
V i + (−
→
a × t) = V f
−
→ −
→
V = V + (−
f
→a × t)
i
Solution:
−
→
3. Given −
→
a = 5m/s 2 , V i = 0m/s and t = 6s
−
→ −
→
−
→ Vf −Vi
a =
t
−→ −
→ −
→
a ×t = Vf − Vi
−
→ −
→
V i + (−
→
a × t) = V f
−
→ −
→
V = V + (−
f
→a × t)
i
−
→
V f = 0m/s + (5m/s 2 × 6s)
Solution:
−
→
3. Given −
→
a = 5m/s 2 , V i = 0m/s and t = 6s
−
→ −
→
−
→ Vf −Vi
a =
t
−→ −
→ −
→
a ×t = Vf − Vi
−
→ −
→
V i + (−
→
a × t) = V f
−
→ −
→
V = V + (−
f
→a × t)
i
−
→
V f = 0m/s + (5m/s 2 × 6s)
−
→
V f = 30m/s
Exercise 4
1 The speed of a car increases uniformly from 12m/s to 62m/s in 5s. Calculate
the acceleration of the car.
2 A car started from rest and accelerated uniformly and reached a speed of 48m/s
after 6s. What is the acceleration of the car?
3 A bus initially at rest and accelerated uniformly with an acceleration of 7m/s2.
What is the speed of the bus at the end of 3sec?
Falling bodies
An apple falls from a tree. Does it gains speed as it falls? Does it accelerate
while falling?
Falling bodies
An apple falls from a tree. Does it accelerate while falling?
We know it starts from a rest position and gains speed as it
falls.
We know this because it would be safe to catch if it fell a
meter or two, but not if it fell from a high-flying balloon.
Thus, the apple must gain more speed during the time it drops
from a great height than during the shorter time it takes to
drop a meter.
This gain in speed indicates that the apple does accelerate as
it falls.
Falling bodies
Gravity causes the apple to accelerate downward once it begins falling.
In real life, air resistance affects the acceleration of a falling object.
Let’s imagine there is no air resistance and that gravity is the only thing
affecting a falling object.
An object moving under the influence of the gravitational force only is said to
be in free fall.
Falling bodies
Gravity is the pulling force of the earth on a body.
The first person who studied about motion of a falling body was Galileo Galilee.
He showed that all bodies dropped from the same height fall to the earth with
the same acceleration, which is known as the gravitational acceleration (−
→
g ).
All objects falling freely in air accelerates uniformly by 9.8 m/s every second.
Motion of a freely falling body is the natural example of a uniformly accelerated
rectilinear motion.
Free fall is the motion of a body under the action of the force of gravity.
If you tossed an object either up or down and could somehow eliminate the
effects of air on its flight, you would find that the object accelerates downward
at a certain constant rate.
That rate is called the free-fall acceleration, and its magnitude is represented by
g.
The acceleration is independent of the object’s characteristics, such as mass,
density, or shape; it is the same for all objects.
Falling bodies
Note from the figure that:
A feather and an apple free fall in vacuum at the same
magnitude of acceleration g.
In the absence of air, the feather and apple fall together.
As these objects fall, they accelerate downward—both at the same rate g.
Thus, their speeds increase at the same rate, and they fall together.
The value of g varies slightly with latitude and with elevation. At sea level in
Earth’s mid-latitudes the value is 9.8m/s 2 (or 32ft/s 2 ), which is what you
should use as an exact number for the problems in this book unless otherwise
noted.
Gravity is an important example of straight line motion with constant
acceleration is that of an object rising or falling freely near Earth’s surface.
Example
→
−
Velocity-Time Graph ( V − t Graph)
This is a plot of velocity against time.
It shows the variation of the velocity with time.
For a uniform motion since the velocity is constant, for any given interval of
time the graph is straight line parallel to the time axis.
Example: suppose a car moves at with a constant velocity of 5m/s for 5sec.
The table is based on the motion of a car.
S(m) 5 10 15 20 25
t(s) 1 2 3 4 5
V(m/s) 5 5 5 5 5
−
→
V − t graph looks like:
−
→
V − t graph looks like:
→
−
Area Under the Curve of V − t Graph
−
→
The area under the V − t graph is given by:
−
→
The area under the V − t graph is the displacement of the moving body.
→
−
Displacement-Time Graph ( S − t Graph)
This is a plot of displacement verses time.
It shows the variation of the displacement with time.
−
→
The displacement-time ( S − t) graph for uniform rectilinear motion is a
straight inclined line with a slope equal to the velocity of the moving body.
−
→
S − t graph looks like:
−
→
S − t graph looks like:
vertical change
Slope =
horizontal change
−
→
△S −
→
= = V = velocity
△t
−
→
In the S − t graph the slope of the curve is the velocity of the moving body.
→
−
Velocity-Time Graph ( V − t Graph)
For a uniformly accelerated motion the velocity changes in the same amount for
every unit interval of time.
−
→
The V − t graph is therefore a straight inclined line.
Example: suppose a car starts from rest uniformly accelerated at 2m/s 2 every
second for 5s.
The table is based on the motion of a car.
V(m/s) 0 2 4 6 8 10
t(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5
−
→
V − t graph looks like:
−
→
V − t graph looks like:
vertical change
Slope =
horizontal change
−
→
△V
=
△t
−
→ −
→
Vf −Vi
=
t
=−→
a
= acceleration
−
→
The slope of V − t graph is the acceleration of the moving body.
Summary:
Speed:
Velocity:
Acceleration:
Free Fall: