0. PRELUDE a text of France, when did the fall of Bastille take place, Ea, in Be eons , (CCE 2010, 2011; CBSE 2014) Ans. The fall of the Bastille took place on 14 July 1789. Az 0.2, When did the French Revolution begin? Ans. The French Revolution began with the fall of the Bastille on 14 duly 1789, Q. 0.3, Describe the incident which sparked the French Revolution of 1789, Ans. The attack by the Third Estate on the Bastille State Prison (14th July 1789) ang setting free the prisoners sparked the ‘Revolution’, LA. 04. What was Bastille? Ans. Bastille was the fortress-prison in Paris. It was hated by all. It symbolised the despotic power of the king. 95. Describe the events of 14 July 1789. (CCE 2014) Or Trace the event which led to the fall of the Bastille. (CBSE 2014) Ans. (i) On 14 July 1789, the Bastille (fortre: city was in a state of alarm. (@) Rumours were ripe in the city of Paris that the King had ordered troops to move into the city and fire upon citizens. (ii) Some 7000 men and women who h: government buildings in search of (iv) Of these a few hundred stormed the fortress pri i hoarded ammunition, prison, ss prison) fell in the city of Paris and the ‘ad formed a peoples militia broke into the arms. (vi) The fortress was demolished it souvenir of its destruction, an agments sol Similar Question * What led to the fall of the Bastille?NCERT QUESTIONS tions o jeading to the 1. Describe the circumstances Ke ” outbreak of revolutionary protest in France? The following circumstances led to the ‘outbreak of revolutionary protest in France: (i) Louis XVI was an autocratic ruler who could not compromise with his luxurious life. He also lacked farsightedness. When he ascended the throne the royal treasury was empty. Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. Added to this was the cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles. (ii) Under Louis XVI France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from Britain the war added more than a billion /ivres to a dept credit, now began to charge 10% interest on loans. So the French government was obliged to spend an increasing percentage of its budget on interest Payments alone. (w) The state finally increased taxes to meet its regular expenses such as the cost of maintaining an army, running seermeal Offices and universities, ne reach Society was divided into three Only members of the first two (ii) 0) d the nobles were ie., the clergy am empted to pay taxes. They belonged wot vhileged class. Thus the burden of fra ities of the state through inancing activi : tee was borne by the third estate only (vi) The middle class that emerged in the 18th century France was educated and enlightened. They refuted the theory of divine rights of the kings and absolute monarchy. They believed that a person's social position must depend on his merit. They had access to the various ideas of equality and freedom proposed by the philosophers like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu etc. Their ideas got popularised among the common mass as a result of intensive discussions and debates in saloons and coffee houses and through books and newspapers. (vi) The French administration was extremely corrupt. It did not give weightage to the French Common man. pach reer oi society benefited forced to ra lution? Which groups were relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappois . the outcome of the disappointed with revolution?HE FRENCH REVOLUTION A-3 | 25. Nationalism. A feeling of intense loyalty and devotion to one’s own country. 26. Revolution. A recognised momentous change in any situation. A revolution may result in sudden overthrow of an established government or system by force and bloodshed, e.g., the French Revolution. It can also be a great change that comes slowly and peacefully e.g., the Industrial Revolution. 27. Sceptre. Symbol of royal power. a iia eetAns. (i) The wealthy class of the third estate which ‘came to be known as the new middle class of France benefited the most from the revolution. This group comprised of big businessmen, petty officers, lawy: teachers, doctors and traders. Previously, these people had to pay state taxes they did not enjoy equal status. Bul the revolution they equally with the upper sections of the society. With the abolition of feudal system of obligation and taxes, the clergy and the nobility came on the same level with the middle class. They were forced to give up their privileges. Their executive powers were also taken away from them. The poorer sections of the society, ie. small peasants, landless labourers, servants, daily wage earners would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution. Women also would have been highly discontented 3. Describe the legacy of the French Revolution for the peoples of the world during the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. i) ii) Ans. The French Revolution proved to be the most important event in the history of the world. (i) The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution, These ideas became an umpiring force for the political movements in the world in the 19th and 20th centuries. The ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity spread from France to the rest of Europe, where feudal system was finally abolished. Colonised people reworked on the idea of freedom from bondage into their movements to create a sovereign nation state. The idea of Nationalism that emerged after the French Revolution started becoming mass movements all over the world, Now people began to question the absolute power. (i) (iii) (iv) Ans. Ans. (v) The impact of the French Revolution would be seen in India too. Tipu Sultan and Raja Rammohan Roy got deeply influenced by the ideas of the revolution. In the end, we can say that after the French Revolution people all over the world became aware of their rights Draw up a list of democratic rights we enjoy today whose origins could be traced to the French Re Some of the democratic rights which we enjoy today can be traced to the French Revolution are as follows (i) Right to equality including equality betore law, prohibition of discrimination and equality of opportunity in matters of employment. Right 1o freedom of speech and expression ice any profession Right against exploitation Right to life Right to vote. @w) ©) Would you agree with the view that the message of universal rights was beset with contradictions? Explain. (i) The message of universal rights was definitely beset with contradictions. Many ideals of the “Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen” were not at all clear. They had dubious meanings. The French Revolution could not bring economic equality and it is the fact that unless there is economic equality, real equality cannot be received at any sphere. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen laid stress on equality but large section of the society was denied to it, The right to vote and elect their representatives did not solve the poor man's problem. Women were still regarded as passive citizens. They did not have any politic: rights such as right to vote and hold political offices like men, Hence, their struggle for equal political rights continued, (i) (ii)(©) France continued to hold and expand colonies. Thus, its image as a liberator could not last for a long time (©) Slavery existed in France till the first half of the 19th century. ‘plain the rise of Napoleon? lity of the Directory Paved the way for the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon had achieved glorious Vietors in wars. This made France realise that onh nilitary dictator like Napoleon would restore a stable government. 6. How would you ex 's (The political ins (ii) In 1804, he crowned himself the empery, of France. He set out to Conquer neighbouring European Countrie, ispossessing dynasties and req kingdoms where he placed member, 7 his family. Napoleon viewed himsely ag a moderniser of Europe. He introduce many laws such as the Protection gy Private property and a uniform systeq of weight and measures provided hy ihe decimal system. But his rise to power did not last for 4 long time, He was finally defeated a, Waterloo in 1815.A TECHNICAL TERMS a. a me Sl cr at se Bastille, A fort in eastern part of Paris, used as a state prison. Estates. Refers to French Society which was divided into three estates or classes Old Regime. Term used to describe society and institutions of France before 1739 Privileges. Immunity belonging to a class, or special benefit. Estates General. Political body to which the three estates sent their representatives, Livres. Unit of currency in France, discontinued in 1794. Clergy. Group of persons invested with special functions in the church. Active Citizens, Citizens that were entitled to vote. Tithes. A tax levied by the Church, com) ‘Taille. Tax to be paid directly to the St: prising 1/10 of the agricultural produce ate. Subsistence Crisis. An extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered. Anonymous. One whose name remains unknown. Chateau. Castle or stately residence belonging to king or a nobleman. Indirectly Elected. Citizens vote for a group of electors who in turn choose their Tepresentatives, Manor. An estate consisting of the lord’s lands and his mansion. Sans-culottes. Those without ‘knee breeches. ‘Treason. Betrayal of one’s country or government. Guillotine. Is a device consisting of beheaded. ‘wo poles and a blade with which a person is thy alan » tyrannous. ent by € people, usually throu, Negroes. A term used for indigenous peo} derogatory term not in Je of sh elected representatives ple of Afric . common use now. “8 South of the Sahara, It is a € group united law or authorityA. 08. " a the Bastille hated by all? (CCE 2010, 20: The Bastille was hated by all because it stood for the despotic 3 th ne Q. 0.7. Describe the significance of the storming of the Bastille aes Ans. The storming of the Bastille was significant ‘ t because it set in moti i events. These events ultimately led to the execution of the King of Fron end of denpote suthoritarian rule and establishment of liberty and democratic rights. *f denontie B08. What Ao You understand by the word ‘Revolution’? ‘Ans. The term ‘Revolution’ means a recognisable momentous change in any situation. 270.9. What was the immediate cause of rioting in Paris? Ans. The high price of bread was the immediate cause of rioting in Paris Q.0.10. In which manner, the insurrection by Parisians revolutionised France. , ; . (CCE 2013) ‘Ans. The insurrection by Parisians revolutionised France. (i) The days that followed saw more rioting both in Paris and the countryside. (ii) People began protesting against high price of breed. (ii) It led to a chain of events that ultimately led to the execution of the king in France, the end of monarchy and establishment of a republic. 1. FRENCH SOCIETY DURING THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 1.1. Who was the ruler of France during the revolution? When did he ascend the throne of France? Ans. Louis XVI of the Bourbon dynasty was the ruler of France during the revolution. He ascended the throne of France in 1774, at the age of 20 years. Similar Questions * Louis XVI belonged to which dynasty? (CCE 2010) © Which family was ruling when the French Revolution took place? (CCE 2012) @. 1.2. What debt did France incur due to her involvement in the American War of Independence? ‘Ans. The war added more than a billion livres to the French debt that had already risen to more than 2 billion livres. 3, What were the causes for the empty treasury of France under Louis XVI? Assess any three causes. (CBSE 2010 ‘Ans. The factors contributing to the financial crisis were: (@ Long years of wars and French involvement with the American War 0 Independence drained the financial resources, The American war added mor: than a billion livres to the debt that had already risen to more than 2 billio: livres. (ii) The burden of interest payments on state loans increased the debt as lenders wh gave state credit now began to charge 10 per cent interest on loans. Frenc government was obliged to spend increasing percentage of its budget on interes payments alone.B ive the titles of books written by John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau 1.3.5. Gi Montesquieu. dana, John Locke wrote the book “Two ‘Treatises of Government” “Joan Jacques Rousseau: ‘The Social Contract” ~ Montesquieu: ‘The Spirit of the Laws’ (1.3.6. What wae the main idea put forward by John Locke in his ‘Two Treatises of Government’ ‘Ans. In his ‘Two ‘Treatises of Government’ Locke sought to refute the doctrine of the aivine right and absolute right of the monarch 1.3.7. What was the main idea of Rousseau's famous work ‘Social Contract’? ‘ans, (i) Rousseav’s famous work the ‘Social Contract! believed that governments should be based on the consent of the governed (ii) He proposed a government based on a social contract between people and their representatives. and Similar Question . Name the philosopher who proposed the social contract theory- (CCE 2010, 2011) ee 1.3.8. What was proposed by Montesquieu in the Spirit of Laws? (CCE 2013) ‘Ans. In ‘The Spirit of the Laws’ Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the it between the legislature, the executive and the, judiciary. (This model of government ‘vas put into force in the USA after the 13 colonies declared their independence from Britain). Q. 1.3.9, What inspired the philosophers? ‘Ans. The American constitution and its guarantee of individual rights inspired the philosophers. Q. 1.3.10. Briefly discuss the role of the philosophers in the French Revolution. (CBSE 2011) Or Describe the contribution of French philosophers in the French Revolution. (CBSE 2010) Or What was the contribution of the French phiolosophers in the outbreak of the Revolution of 1789 in France. (CCE 2014) Ans. @ France in the 18 century had many revolutionary thinkers. Among them were Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu and Diderot. Their revolutionary ideas encouraged people to fight for their rights. They exposed the inefficiency of the monarch and his government and aroused the people to challenge authority. (ii) Voltaire attacked the Catholic Church, He believed man’s destiny was in his own hands and not in heaven. His ideas encouraged people to fight against the privileges, ‘and dominance of the Church without guilt. . (iii) John Locke propounded the ideas refuting divinity and absolute rights of monarchs| ———— iii) Division of society. we Privileges of Nobles and the Church. itical rights and social status but burdened w, ird estate—no political rig! " (v) Pressures on thi taxes. ie it lead to a Revolution. Do you agree, Justi 1.12, canine social disparity can Walue Based Quest ty giving an example. Yes, history of nations are witness to the fact that economic and social disparity Ans. Yes, 9 in lead to a revolution, Example: The French Revolution of 1789 and the Russian Revolution of 1917. txample: Points (Students should elaborate these points): French Revolution W@ Division of society into Estates. Burden on the third estate. iii) Privileges of nobles. (iv) Wide gap between people of different estates. () Political rights and economic advantages enjoyed by only some people. Q. 1.13. Analyse the given table. Which values you think were disturbing the balance of a country like France. Active Citizens | Entitled to vote. About 4 million of a population of 28 million. No voting rights. About 3 million men, women, children and youth below 25. Ans. Values which were disturbing the balance of a country like France were: @ Not all citizens had the right to vote, Out of a Population of 28 million, only 4 million ie. 14% of the population had the Tight to vote. (t) The ‘passive’ citizens had no right to vote. (sit) Nearly 3 million men, women and youth were below 25 years of age. They were categorized as ‘passive’ citizens, because in France o1 Paid taxes were given nly men 25 years of age who status of ‘active’ citizens. (w) Despite being active Participants in the evey in French society, ‘women whatever their Voting rights, Q. 1.14. “The ineg: cause of French Revolui nts which brought important changes age and economic status were denied ality that existed in the French Society in 1) tion”. Justify the gene statement by giving three Re Bime became th: suitable examples. r “Social disparity was one of the eine Bal party "Maier causes of the French Revolution,» 4 by Ans. (i) Division of Society: French Socis based (CBSE 301) three estates known as the Society Estates, it vstem was divided into \a) The First Estate: 1 consisted of \b) The Second Rata the clergy me: : < n and chureh nto ¥e Tt consisted of landlords, men of ‘rch fathers.Q. 8. What '¢ financial position of France at the time of Louis XVI? In qhich three estates was French society divided during this period? Write one main feature of each. (CBSE 2011) ‘Ans. (i) The financial position of France at the time of Louis VI was bad. On his accession the new king found an empty treasury. (ii) The three estates into which the French society was divided were: (a) First estate—the clergy (b) Second estate—the nobility (c) Third estate—big businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers, peasants and artisans, small peasants, landless labour and servants. (ii) The first estate the Church constituted the privileged class, was exempt from taxes, owned vast lands and extracted taxes called ‘tithes’ from peasants (iv) The nobles like the Church were part of the privileged section of society. They too were exempted from taxes, owned vast lands and extracted feudal dues and services from peasants, (v) The third estate formed more than 90% of the population. They enjoyed no political rights and social status but bore the burden of taxes. 1.9. How many taxes were applicable on the third estate? Or List any 3 taxes levied on the third estate. ‘Ans. (i) ‘Tithe’ from peasants to the church. (ii) ‘Taille’ a direct tax to the state. (iii) Indirect taxes to the state like taxes on salt and tobacco were some of the taxes levied on the Third Estate. Similar Questions 1, Name the tax in the French society collected by the church from the peasants. 2, Name the direct tax of the third estate to the state in the French society. Q. 1.10. What role did Louis XVI play in bringing about the revolution? ‘Ans. Louis XVI played a significant role in bringing about the revolution. (i) Louis XVI was a pleasure loving, extravagant ruler who believed in the ‘Divine Right’ of Kings. (ii) He was ignorant and indifferent to the conditions of the poor. (iii) His wife Marie Antoinette constantly interfered in the administration. (iv) He squandered money and drove France into useless wars bringing the country to the verge of bankruptcy 1.11, Explain the immediate causes of the outbreak of the revolt in France ptr . (HOTS, CCE 2014) Or What were the main causes of the French Revolution of 1789? (CBSE 2010 Ans, Points: (i) Role of Louis XVI. _ (i) Empty treasury and financial crisis.oN ant court. ivi i 1 and the extravag! irene tant aeitwes acause of the economic crisis. The priy, f taxation (iv) The faulty system of ted from state dues; whi 9 taxes, were exempt classes, sie one pay veecureai were burdened with heavy taxes. unprivileged with scarce the term ‘Society of Estate’. ‘lon: e Qa a om Soatety of Estate’ refers to how French sity etl Sy that dated ck tothe mide egos wa Bile na tre a loge canoe eh \ \d Estate. 2 i st const aa ‘i fe artisans. This class formed the unprivileged section of oa? What privileges did ce Q. 1.5. How was the French society organised’ (CBSE 2) sections of society enjoy? Describe. a ees 5 i i it as @ sociel Ans. (i) French society was organis' lation. Only a small number ofthe: (i) Peasants made up about 90% of the popu! f the third estate owned the land they cultivated. They were part o (ii) The clergy and nobles constituted the first and second estate, Tespectively (iv) Privileges were enjoyed by the first two estates. (clergy and nobility) The privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the nobility by birth were: (a) exemption from paying state dues, (b) control over all high ranking (c) the nobles constituted tl feudal dues and servi ile, le, Positions in the army and the administration he landed gentry. They enjoyed feudal privileges like ices from the peasantry. - 1.6. List the three Estates into which French society was divided. Or Name the three main soci Ans. The Clergy, Nobility and the Third Estate or comm French society was divided. ini, Similar Questions burden of the taxes, i Ch free, 60% ary; » tithes, taine We » the condition the third estate,” P84 Wa oyna’ 8 broug taille, feudal dues, inhi!(wii) Dement > the tine of the third estate of one member one vote denied and (viii) In protest third estate walks out of the assembly. (ig) Representatives of the third estate assemble on 20th June 1789, in the hall of an Indoor Tennis Court in the grounds of Versailles. They declared themselves a National Asxembly Similar Question o Give rearons as to Why was the National Assembly formed by the peaple of the third eatat. (CCE 2014) 02.14, Name two important leaders of the National Assembly. ‘Ans. Mirabeau and Abbé Sieyés were two important leaders of the National Assembly. AIS. Who was the author of this pamphlet called ‘What is the Third Estate? ‘Ans, Abbé Sieyés a priest was the author of the pamphlet ‘What is the Third Estate” Q. 2.16. Explain the role of Mirabeau and Abbé Sieyés in the French Revolution. ‘Ans. (i) The representatives of the third estate who walked out of the Estates. General convened by Louis XVI on May 5, 1789; were led by Mirebeau and Abbe Sieyes. (ii) Both belonged to the privileged section of French society. ‘Through their writings and speeches they convinced people to work towards change in French society and political system. abeau, though born in a noble family, was convinced of the need to do away with a society based on feudal privileges. (iv) He brought out a journal and delivered powerful speeches to the crowds assembled at Versailles. (v) Abbé Sieyés, originally a priest wrote an influential pamphlet called ‘What is the Third Estate”? @. 2.17. Explain the cireumstances under which Louis XVI finally accorded recognition to the National Assembly. (iii) Or What were the main courses of the French Revolution of 17897 ‘Ans. (i) Increase Taxes: Louis XVI ascended the throne of France in 1774 to an empty treasury. Long years of war, an extravagant court and luxurious living of the King and Queen Marie Antoinette, drained and added to the financial crisis, To meet regular expenses such as cost of maintaining an army, the court, the state was forced to increase taxes. (i) Estates General: On 5th May 1789 Louis XVI called together an assembly of the Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes. In France of the Old Regime the monarch did not have the power to impose taxes according to his wil. The Estates General; a politicul body to which the three estates sent representatives had to be convened to pass his proposals for new taxes. The body had last been convened in 1614. Due to the old voting pattern of one estate one vote, the third estate walked out of the assembly and declared themselves a National Ass| a ee 2.1. France Becomes a Con: fusions Mor hy enon what was the main objective of the draft constitution of 1791? Or point out the main objective of the constitution drafted by National Assembly (CCE 2012) in 1791- Or what was the main objective of National Assembly in France while drafting the constitution in 17917 Ans, @ The main objective of the draft constitution of 1791 was to limit the powers of the monarch. (vi) These powers instead of being concentrated in the hands of one person were to be separated and assigned to different institutions—the legislature, executive and judiciary. (iii) This made France a constitutional monarchy. se 2.1.2, What provision was made by the Constitution of 1791 for the election of the National Assembly? ‘Ans. (i) The Constitution of 1791 provided for indirect elections of the National Assembly (ii) That is citizens voted for a group of electors, who in turn chose the Assembly. (iii) Not all citizens however had the right to vote. (iv) Only ‘active’ citizens had the right to vote. ©, 2.1.3. What were the pre-requisites for the status of an active citizen? ‘Ans. The pre-requisites were, only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage, were given the status of active citizens. Q. 2.1.4, Explain the term ‘active citizens’. ‘Ans, Citizens who had the right to vote were called active citizens. Q. 2.1.5, Explain how did the new political system of constitutional monarchy work in France? (CBSE 2010, 2011) ‘Ans. The Constitution of 1791 was a great step forward in French history. France became a constitutional monarchy. (i) Concentration of power gave place to separation of powers between legislature, executive and judiciary. (ii) The Constitution of 1791 vested the power to make laws in the National Assembly which was indirectly elected. That is, citizens voted for a group of electors who in turn chose the electors. (iii) Not all citizens however had the right to vote. Only men above the age of 25 years, who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of labourers wage, were given the status of active citizens; that is they were entitled to vote. The remaining men and women were classed as passive citizens. (iv) Feudal privileges were abolished. Church was nationalised and people were guaranteed religious freedom. Most importantly the Constitution adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. All citizens were given some basic rights such as right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equality before law. (wv)bad harvests: In France the population, jue to } Tone f, (i) Shortage of food oe to 28 million in 1789. Production of foog co about 23 million in bien nd demand, In June while rea Assemb, . keep pace with ae enativution, France seethed with one in evere min busy drafting the C onstit and the price of brend rose. o en bakers expat had meant a bad henrded supplies. After spending long oe 1 Weve, Any the situation nd hg shops. At the same time the king ordered TOPs ty mt women stort fnto Paris, or: In the countryside rumour, . Bemosrs Sea races teed at ane manor had hired bands Of bri i nies “way to destroy the ripe crops. Fear and anger peenants in eeieral citeicte Many wine palaces of noblemen oerded vain and burnt down documents containing manorial dues. ) oan i ak the Bastille: By July 1789, the city of Paris was in a State " arm. The king commanded troops to move into the city. Some 7,000 ™en arg comes gathered infront of the town hall and formed a People’s militia The broke into a number of government buildings and stormed the fortress Prise, the Bastille. Faced with the Power of his revolting subjects, Louis XVI finally accorde, recognition to the National Assembly and accepted to reign as constitution, monarch. OQ. 2.18. What landmark decisions were taken by the National Assembly led by he third estate on the 4th August 17897 (CCE 201 Ans. (i) On the night of 4th August 1789, the National Assembly reduced Lou; xv to the status of king only in name, (a) The king’s powers were checked (ii) Laws were enacted abolishing th taxes. ue) nd, Spy, + Lote, by the Constitution of 1791 e feudal system of obligations, Privileges and * What was the significance of ‘The Tennis © * Give some of} f the immediate ch itt Oath’ in the French Revolution? A “ndertaken by the National Assembly ; 219. Evaluate the im rench Revolution 1774, TOL, THAN? Of the fy ‘Ans. Privileged Heaton, NRO! Heetion ‘reed to gi ;, (Me Church: tithes a BN UP their power after the Fron! 0 The Noble ‘Abel Abolished an lished feudal 8Ystom of ob - Chureh “onfiscated tions ang... 5<< tle = Similar Questions © Write three main features of the French Constitution of 1781. (CBSE 2915, * How did France become « Constitutional Monarchy? (CBSE 20;,, \_92.1.6. List four rights mentioned in the Declaration of the Rights of Man ang Citizen. Ans. Rights mentioned in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: (i) Right to life (uw) Freedom of speech (iit) Freedom of opinion (iv) Equality before law. Q. 2.1.7. Why is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen regarded as a revolutionary document? (Any four points) Ans. The Declaration was regarded as a revolutionary document because: (i) It abolished the privileges and power given to the French feudal classes. (ii) It provided equitable distribution of the burden of taxation and of right to private Property and right to life. (iii) It declared source of all sovereignty resides in the nation and its people. (iv) It provided for equality before law and freedom of speech, opinion and press (v) The document was of revolutionary importance because all governments of Europe at this time were based on privileges. It was felt, if the ideas contained in the document were applied to Europe, the old order of Europe would get destroyed, Similar Question * Describe the importance of the Declaration of the Rights of Man in France. (Value Based Question) (CBSE 2010) “2.1.8. Mention any five political symbols which came up during the French Revolution and explain their significance. (CBSE 2011) Ans, (i) Red cap (ii) Blue-white-red (iii) Broken chain (iv) The law tablet ©) Bundle of rods or fasces (vi) The eye within a triangle radiating light. (vii) Sceptre. (itt) Snake biting its tail to form a ring. (ix) The winged woman. (i) Red cap: Symbolised liberty. The act of becoming free. (i) Blue-white-red: The national colours of France. (a) Broken chain: As chai i . fhe act of berenng ais were used to chain slaves. A broken chain stood for (iv) The law tablet: Symbolised equalit : all are equal before it. eauality before law. The law is same for all and (v) Bundle of rods or fasces: Symbol jee in wns broken eaily bul not an entire bundle ene He i Unity. One rod can be (vi) The eye within a triangl . knowledge. The rays of the aug wat2g Hight: The all Seeing eye stands for a1 4 un ii will drive away the clouds of im od the triangle symboline 2 tnral and inalienable rights"? he term ‘nat What is meant by the t Q. 2.1.01, What Ans. The term natural and inalionable i being by birth which could not be taken # ghts means, rights that belong to cach, Hung CHY AND BECOMES A REPUBLIC 3. FRANCE ABOLISHES MONAR ‘ ne : the eventa in France on Europ * especially yy, Q. 3.1. What was the impact of ‘a, Austria-Hungary and Spain? neighbouring countries such as Prussia, eee yattern af autecretl oonarclicat rg Ans. Europe in the 18th century followed the old pi feudal rights and privileges. Other countries of Europe watched the development worry because these threatened their position. The manifesto of the Declaration of the Rights of Man oe foundation of the ‘old order’ of society and disrupted other 8 ao coasorvasion:"y Austria, Prussia and Spain stiffened in their existing Se snarehy’ and te vt made plans to send troops to put down the events which they calle French monarchy. ap Bofore this contd happen, the National Assembly in 1792 voted for war against Pruss,, and Austria, Gradually, whole of Europe was ranged against France. While the monarchs tried to preserve the ‘old order’, radical elements and democrats everywhere in Europe, welcomed the revolution as a war of people against kings, aristocracies and privileges \.Q°3.2, When was Marseilles sung for the first time? Ans. It was sung for the first time by volunteers from Marseilles as they marched into Paris (July 1789), 3.3. In context of France, the volunteers from Marseilles sang Marseillaises, ® patriotic song, when they marched into Paris. Who composed this song? (CCE 2010, 2011, 2012 ain France with great interost yyy d Citizen aimed at the y ee Composer: Roget de L'Isle. \4C3.4. What is the national anthem of France? (CCE 2010, 2011, 2012 Ans. The ni culties to the people women were left to Cope with the the families, ing at the front, id looking after Uv) Political clubs became a Government policies Example: rallying point for and plan acti People who Wished to discuss ‘scobin Clube ion, ‘0 discuss ‘v) Women too wh “n active througho rimmed iL ho had been acti throughout this Period, Tiod, fo, ~~re cceptre: Symbol of royal power ptre: Symbol of royal power. ; cg) seake iting tts tail to form a ring: Symbolises Bternity. A ring has no (vie oginning nor ond (ix) The winged woman: Personification of the law. (Any five) Compare the political, economic and social condition of France before @. 2g Revolution. and after Ans. lution: Before ane of France Louis XVI was autocratic, led a life of luxury and was weak (i) Twig. The French people had no share in decision making jj) France was faced with acute financial crisis on account of long wars, luxurious (Ways of the king and faulty system of taxation (ii) The social order of France was marked by gross inequalities. The first two estates, the clergy and the nobility were the privileged classes. They were exempt from payment of state taxes. The third estate which conatituted the majority of the Population was the unprivileged class. They bore the burden of taxes, with no political rights and social status. (iv) France witnessed the emergence of the middle class that was educated, and had made wealth through overseas trade and manufacture. The educated believed, society should not be based on privileges determined by birth but must depend on merit. After the revolution: (i) Louis XVI was reduced to the status of constitutional monarch. The constitution gave political rights to only richer section of society. Rights such as right to life, freedom of speech and opinion, equality before law were established as natural an inalienable rights. Women however continued to be ‘passive’ citizens (ii) Feudal system of obligations and taxes were abolished. Members of the clergy were forced to give up their privileges. Titles were abolished and lands owned by the church confiscated. The government acquired assets worth 2 million livres. However the situation remained tense and many were convinced the revolution had to be carried further. Q. 2.1.10. What were the results of the French Revolution for France? (HOTS; CCE 2010) Ans. Impact ( Marked the end of absolute monarchy and paved way for a republican government. (i) Upheld the theory of popular sovereignty and laid the foundations of democratic principles—government should be based on the consent of the governed. (ii) The slogan of equality, liberty and fraternity became the watchwords of freedom loving people all over the world. (iv) Feudalism and serfdom were abolished and the power of the clergy curbed. (v) The Jacobins gave the people the right to vote.6, What were the Jacobin Clubs? Who w: ( dacobin clubs were pol their leader? (CBSE 2011) ical clubs that sprang up after the revolutionary wars (i) These clubs were important rallying point for people who wished to discuss government policies and plan their own forms of action. (ui) It got its name from the former convent of St Jacob in Paris (iv) Their leader was Maximilinn Robespierre 3.7, Who was Maximilian Robespierre? (CBSE 2011) Q. ans. Maximilian Robespierre was the leader of the most successful political club, the Jacobins, He reigned in France from 1793 to 1794. His period of rule is referred to as the Reign of Terror". Similar Question « Who was the leader of the Jacobin club? (CCE 2011, 2012) Q. 3.8. The Jacobins of France were known as ‘sans-culoltes. Why? (CCE 2010) ‘Ans. (i) A large number, among the Jacobins decided to start wearing long stripped trousers similar to those worn by dock workers (ii) This was to set themselves apart from the fashionable sections of society, especially nobles, who wore knee-breeches (ii) It was a way of proclaiming the end of power by wearers of knee breeches (iv) These Jacobins came to be known as sans-culottes literally meaning ‘those without knee breeches’, Similar Question * How did the Jacobins try to set themselves apart in their attire from the more fashionable sections of French society? Q. 3.9, Who were the Jacobins? Who was their leader? Who came to be known as sans-culottes? (CBSE 2011) Or Who were the Jacobins? Write about it in three points? (CCE 2013) ‘Ans. (i) (a) Jacobin was the most popular and successful political club in France. It got its name from the former convent of St. Jacob in Paris. (b) The less prosperous sections of the society were members of the Jacobin club. They included small shopkeepers, artisans such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch makers, printers, as well as servants and daily wage workers. (ii) Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre. (iti) (a) The Jacobins came to be known as sans-culottes literally meaning those without knee breeches. () A large number of Jacobins began wearing long striped trousers similar to those worn by dock workers. This was to set themselves apart from the fashionable in society, especially nobles who wore knee breeches. i 3.10. Who abolished monarchy in France and declared it a republic and en? (CCE 2010, 2011) Ans. The newly elected assembly called the Convention on 21 September 1792 abolished monarchy and declared France a republic.“REVOLUTION - . ories, [rae FRENCH REVORN “a the Palace of the Tuileries, , 1782 star e ‘Assembly voted ction and on August 10 he Pale rade and held him bostare r ad the Bangs on the raval family score held ALL men above the @ v ealled the & of 21 years had the 21 Sept « XVE and Alection vention The newly elected assembl ' a) lic. La J monarchy a solared France af sof treason 1792 queen Marie Antone tte were Batts pully exe Ted on charge of tres 3.1. The Reign of Terror SE 2oll 1. ‘BS , gn 11, Deseribe the ‘Reign of Terror’. (CBSE or 5, i i known Despite various reforms introduced by Robespierre why was his ig pete ax ‘Reign of Terror’? (:) Reign of Terror refers to the period 17: under Maximilian Robespierre and fol punishment. (ii) All those whom he saw as enemi Ans. 93-94 when France became 4 republic / owed a policy of severe control and es of the republic. e.g, ex-nobles and clergy. nembers of other political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with his methods were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by serolutionary tribunal, Atmosphere of restlessness, insecurity and anxiety prevailed. (ti) Resistance could be declared as treason and punished by guillotine. In this 14-month period about 17000 people including innocents were executed lv) Terror was not an instrument of class war. It was directed not only against the privileged classes or the rich middle class but even more against the innocent. Robespierre was a virtual dictator of France. He followed his policies so ‘adamantly that his supporters in the end left him. He was finally convicted and guillotined. . 3.1.2. Give the factors that made possible the ‘Reign of Terror’. ‘Ans. The ‘Reign of Terror’ (1793-1794) became possible because of the overthi A : row of familiar established forms of government in France. Moreover, France at this time was mee with the double menace of counter revolution at home and invasion from abroad. A. 3.13. How were the guilty punished during the Reign of Terror? Ans. The guilty were guillotined during the Reign of Terror. A 3.1.4. What is a guillotine? Who invented it? Ans. (i) A guillotine is a devi istil ‘ A guilotine sa device consatng of two poles and a blade with which a person (4) Dr. Guillotin invented it. Q. 3.1.5, What measures were taken by Robespierre's government? Or : Ww2 - . Explain the Directory Rules in France. Write any two: draw-backs of the New Constitution. (HOTS, CBS. 3) Ans. (i) The Directory was an executive made up of five members. Wi) This was meant as a safeg executive as under th rd against concentration of power in a one man Aacobins (iii) Tt was appointed by the two el ‘under the new constitution aft il logisiative ¢ the uncils that came into being fall of the Jacobins yirectors often clashed with the legislative councils, whe sought to dismiss them. Gi) The political instability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of a military ator, Napoleon Bonaparte. _@. 3.2.3. What was the significance of the Rule of the Directory? Ans. The Rule of the Directory was significant because its poli way for the rise of the military dictator Napoleon Bonaparte: . 3.2.4. Give the ideals that motivated political movements in France and Europe during the 19th century. itical instability paved the Ans. The ideals of freedom, of equality before law and fraternity remained inspiring ideals that motivated political movements. VL @. 3.2.5. What was the slogan of the French Revolution? ‘Ans, The slogan of the French Revolution was Freedom, Equality and Fraternity. 4, DID WOMEN HAVE A REVOLUTION? a 4.1. What work did women of the Third Estate do? ‘Ans. Women worked as seamstresses or laundresses, sold fruits, vegetables and flowers at the market or served as domestics. Ve 4.2. Describe the condition of women in France before the Revolution. Ans. (i) The position of women in France was much inferior to men in social status. Except for daughters of nobles and wealthier classes, most women had no ‘access to education and job training. (ii) Along with tending to the family and house, many women of the Third Estate engaged themselves in small jobs-worked as seamstresses or laundresses, sold flowers or worked as domestics for a living. (iii) The wages of women were lower than those of men. (iv) Working women had also to care for their families, that is, cook, fetch water, queue up for bread and look after the children. Similar Questions © What was the condition of women in France before the revolution. (CCE 2011, 2012) + Evaluate the role of women in France before the revolution. (HOTS; CCE 2012) 43, What means did women use to voice their interests? ‘Ans. To voice their interests women started their own political clubs and newspapers.women’s clubs. mou : =: Sales nny and Republican women. This was the moy Rovelution™ : lub “ qruthi Club ‘1 Friends of sibel qi) Bite cian primary demand of the wome de cpt pee tre Fg uho women clubs wit that wo : ee ene main demand of °™ f ted? sinieal hts as men . see presen ne 4.6. How could women’# Ss, jregented only if they had the right to vor, ‘Women felt their interests could be rep ch women j hold political offices: Sanat ds, Mention any ts to discuss and n were active participan it own political clubs and newspaper: French cities, the most famous omen. During the ‘Reign oj Josure of women clubs and en were arrested ang icing their deman = pa ii) During the revolutionary year’ wome eae heir interests, they started the = women's clubs emerged in differen * Sate Society of Revolutionary and Republic wi Terror’ the new government issued Laws ordering ¢ hanning their political activities. Many prominent wom number of them executed (Example, Olympe de Gouges). ii) Demands: They wanted to enjoy the same political rights as men ie., right t vee to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office. (iv) Yet another demand was equal wages a8 men. Women's struggle for equal political rights during the revolutionary year: inspired women during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in many countrie: of the world. Finally in 1946, French women won the right to vote. \_-&- 48. Why were women disappointed by the Constitution of 1791 in France: ; (CBSE 2011 Ans. (i) Women were dis: it ituti i en: ese ciee by the constitution of 1791 because it reduce: (ii) Despite being active partici) i D pants in the revolution, they i Tight to viterto be elected , they were denied th to the Assembly and hold a political office ). 4.9. ii 2. revordife, Bxplain the condition of women in France before and after th er thi Ans, (a) Before the revolution: () The position of women i ‘h inferior to men al en in Fray i nce was mi in social st Except for daughters of nobles and wealthier la ae clas access to educati : (ii) Along with ca and job training sse8, most women had n to work fo ig to the family and hi (ii) ra living, ‘ouse Many women of , ) They engaged themsel of the third estat sold flowers or ae in small jobs. ‘ed as domestics “worked as se; in houses of prowess OF laundresses Prosperous peon).yf the following dates concerning the French ce of tan 1, Evaluate he res aes and 1804 Revolution: 1774 17 Loui the he th ' ily of Kings ascended the tu Si Bourbon family i years “ee king found an empty treasury and growing , ? the Old Regime. 7. rone of France. He was 20 Jiscontent within society of Is fu om i the Estates General to pass proposals for i XVI) convened the In May 1789, the King (Louis taxes. | “ ‘On 20th June the representatives of the third Estate, 7 assembly of the convened Estates General, formed the National Ass On 14th July 1789, the Bastille, the fortress-prison was storme outbreak of peasant revolts in the countrysides. who had walked out of the embly. d. It was followed by 1791: ‘A Constitution was framed to limit the powers of the kin, like freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, right to life and eq' beings. 1792-93; France became a republic and Louis XVI was beheaded on charges of treason on 2st January 1793. The Jacobin republic was overthrown. The Directory ruled France. g and to guarantee basic rights ality before law) to all human 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte became the Emperor of France. In the name of carryi : arrying the revolution he annexed large parts of Europe, His revolutionary ideas of liberty and iiielera Jaws had an impact on people of Europe long after Napoleon had left. <2, When did Napoleon Bonaparte crown himself Emperor of France. (CBSE 201 ) i In 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France wai Write the importance of ‘ ax ce of Napoleon Bonaparte in the History of France ‘Ans, (@) Napoleon, a product of the 7 aE 2011) , revoluti ilitary di himself Emperor of France in 1804. *AtY Aietator who crownedof men. (iv) The wages of women were lower than swith no political rights whatsoever, (u) They were passive citi (p) After the revolution: (@ Women gained from the revolution, Laws were passed to improve their lives ined access to education with the introduction of state schools and tion for girls. qi) They aystem of compulsory edi Gia) Women could marry at will and could no longer be forced inte marriage by their fathers: (ie) Marriage was made into a contract entered into freely and registered under law. (w) Divorce was made legal and eould be applied for by both men and women (ei) Women could now train for jobs, become artists and run small businesses 1. Why were women disappointed by the constitution of 1791 in France? What laws Wid the revolutionary government introduce to improve the lives of women? (Value Based Questions, CBSE 2012) 2. What laws were introduced by the revolutionary government to improve the lives. of women? (Value Based Questions, CBSE 2010) Le 4.10. When did the women in France get the right to vote? (CCE 2010, 2011, 2012) ‘Ans. Women in France got the right to vote in 1946. Q. 411. Write a brief note on Olympe de Gouges: ‘Ans. (a) She was one of the most important of the politically active women in revolutionary France. (&) She protested against Declaration of Rights of Men and Citizen for excluding women from basic rights. {c) In 1791 she wrote a Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizen which she addressed to the Queen. (d) She criticised the Jacobin government for forcibly closing down women’s clubs She was charged by the National convention with treason and soon after executed. Similar Question * Who wrote a Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizen? (CCE 2081 5. THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY \_A.5.1, What was the most revolutionary social reform of the Jacobin regime? JanpAit®: Abolition of slavery in 1794 was the most revolutionary social reform of the \_ 5.2. List four commodities supplied by the French Colonies in the Caribbean, eee French colonies in the Caribbean were important suppliers of tobacco, indigo,LA-34 Gii) (iv) () GOLDEN SOCIAL SCIENCE (History-i~) For long the unprivileged sections cannot be suppressed. Sooner or later th,, will rise up to fight for their rights. - Example: Revolutions in France in 1789, 1830 and 1848. Governments are based on a social contract between people and thei, representatives. They rule at the behest of the people. The people have a right to change their ruler if they are not satisfied and happy: Example: On 21st Sept. 1792, France, during the rule of the convention, abolisheg monarchy and declared France a republic. Equality of people: All citizens of the nation should have equal voting rights and their vote should be of equal value regardless of wealth. Example: After the Jacobins assumed power all men of 21 years were given the right to vote. Women in France after great struggles finally won the right to vote in 1945, Similar Question * List the names of two Indians who responded to the ideas of Revolutionary France——nENCH REVC FRE ERENCH REVOLUTION ___ @w) He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815, But his rev ihe and modern laws to other parts of Kurope; had an impact long after he let ilar Questions 4 Who war Napoleon? pxplain the achievements of Napoleon (CBSE 2011) Q. 4, When and where was Napoleon Bonaparte finally defeated. (CCE 2010, 2011, 2012) Ans. Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at Waterloo g. 5. What decisive factor led to the fall of Napoleon? .. The ill fated Russian campaign led to the fall of Napoleon, During this war his iemy was decimated due to excessive cold, by disease, lack of food and searcity of clothes \_-@. 6. Where was Napoleon imprisoned? ‘Ans. Napoleon was imprisoned in the Island of St. Helena. Qi. Explain the terms Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. ‘Ans. The term liberty means freedom, equality stands for being equal and fraternity stands for brotherhood. . 8, What was the impact of French Revolution on the world? Name two Indians who were very much influenced by the revolutionary France. (CCE 2012) ‘Ans. The most important impact/legacy of the French Revolution on the world was: (i) The ideas of liberty. (Gi) Democratic rights. (iti) Modern laws. (iv) Led to abolition of feudal systems in Europe. (@) It inspired colonised peoples to rework the idea of freedom from bondage into their movements to create a sovereign nation state. (vi) Tipu Sultan and Rammohan Roy were two Indians who were very much influenced by the ideas coming from revolutionary France. Similar Questi * What was the impact of French Revolution on the world? Give your Points. (CCE 2011) AC ht moral lessons you have learnt from the French Revolution? Explain by giving examples. (Value Added Question) ‘Ana, (é) Freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equality before law are natural and inalienable rights which belong to each human being by birth and cannot be taken away. Example: Constitution of 1791 & the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. (i) Privileges should not be based on birth but merit. Privileges based on birth lead to frustrations, discontent, inequalities and deprivation of large sections of society. Example: French society during the Old Regime