PROJECT ON BIRTH CONTROL || BIOLOGY

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

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FRONT PAGE
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TOPIC

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher who gave me gratitude
for the golden opportunity to do this wonderful investigatory project. topic. "BIRTH
CONTROL" which also helped me in doing a to known about thankful 40 them... a lot of
Research and so many new things. I came really thankful to them.

Secondary, I would also like to thank my parents. and me a friends as well as Internet /
Google who helped lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
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INTRODUCTION

The involvement Contain devices, drugs Surgical procedures in males and females to
prevent "Conception is known as Birth Contud.

The development of Various fields Significantly improved the quality of life so the population
growth rate was increase rapidly. Therefore the government was forised to take up Serious
measures to check this. population growth rate.

Birth Control measures are taken by Various devices. and procedures that help in
preventing Conception. Among the Sevenal method, only a few are reliable, and the
effictiveness, depends upon. the method and their reliability. the • usage of
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INDEX

1.Population Expulsion & Birth Control

2. Ideal characteristics

3 Contraceptive Method

4. Natural Method

5 Barrier Method

6. IUD

7. Oral Contraceptive Pills

8. Surgical method.
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POPULATION EXPLOSION AND BIRTH CONTROL

■The increase in Size and growth of human population is Called population explosion.

■India population which was 350 million at independence Crossed in 1 billion in May 2000.

■The reason for high population explosion are

■Decline Death rate

■Longer life Span

■Decline in Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

■Decline in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR).

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CHARACTERISTICS IDEAL CONTRACEPTIVE
■Effectiveness

■Convenience Popularity

■Availability

■Comfort / Pleasure / Spontaneity.

■Religious or personal belief

■Duration of Protection

■Cost

■Reversibility

■Side effects & Ricks

■STD Protection
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CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD
■Natural Method

■chemical Method

■Barrier Method

■Oral Contraceptives.
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NATURAL METHOD
It works on principle of avoiding chances of ovum and Sperm meetings. It includes:

█ PERIODIC ABSTINENCE

The Couples avoid Coitus from day 10 to 17 of the Menstrual Cycle as chances of Fertilization
are Very high during this period it is called the Fertile period.

█ COITUS INTERRUPTUS

Male partner withdraws penis from Vagina just before ejaculation to avoid insemination.

█ LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA

In the absense of Mensuration during lactation just before ejaculation. This is done. The
chances of Conception are minimum during lactation. But this method is effective for" about
only 6 month after parturation .
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BARRIER METHOD
In barrier methods ovum and Sperm are Prevented from physical meeting with help
barrier.This includes:

█ CONDOM

It is used by male barrier made up of rubber or latex sheath that are used to Cover panis in
male and Vagina in female this method had increased from the last four years as this also
help in Preventing Sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS (required immunodeficiency
Syndrome)

█ FEMIDOMS

later sheath Cover / wear upon Vagina.

█ DIAPHRAGAM

Diaphragms are barrier made of rubber that is inserted into the female reproductive tract
during Coitus to Prevent Conception by blocking the entry of Sperm through the cervix.
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INTRA-UTERINE DEVICES
■Intra-Uterine devices one Small device that are inserted into the body by the doctors.

■For Example, CUT, Cut, lippes loop etc

■These devices promote phagocytosis of Sperm to prevent Fertilization .They are used to
delay the pregnancy.CUT Cu7 are devices Containing Copper the release of copper ions
inhibits the motility of Sperms. These are considered as deal Contraceptives for females.
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ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS

■Pills are used as Oral Contraceptives. Dr Gregory. Goodwin Pincus was the first to discover
birth Control pills. These pills Contain Small doses of estrogen or progesterone or a
Combination of both: These Oral Contraceptives should be taken for a period of 21 days.

■After a gap of 7 days, that is at the time of Menstruation, these pills should be avoided, After
this gap, these pills should be taken again in the same pattern until and unless female desires
Conception or Fertilization, Progesterone or Combination with estrogen. are given to females
via injections.

■They work Similar to orally taken pills. For example, Saheli is an Oral Contraceptive without
any steroids Administration of these hormones Containing pills within 72 hours of the Coitus
are very effective in Controlling the fertilization.
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SURGICAL METHOD
■TUBECTOMY

(L.Vas-Vassal,ektome excision)

It is a Surgical method of sterilization of Makes Vasa deferentia are blocked by Cutting and
occluding them So that Sperms are unable to pass down. the male reproductive System.

■VASECTOMY

(L.tubes-pipe ekstome -excision)

It is a surgical procedure of female Strnilisation where a portion of both the fallopian tubes is
excised or ligated to block the passage of Ovum through them.

Theo two Vasa deferentia are interrupted giving Cuts.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
* following links have been used in the completion of this project :

►www.ntyprojects.com

►www.goura.com

Books used -

►NCERT Text book. class 12

►Biology fingertip

►Exploring biology by Ella Thea Smith.