NAME:………………… CLASS:…..……..

……
SECOND TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES
JS 3 (BASIC 9)
SUBJECT: BASIC TECHNOLOGY
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
1. Revision of first term work
2. Mechanical energy transmission
system. (a) Friction (b) effects of
friction (c) advantages and
disadvantages of friction (d)
methods of reducing friction (e) belt
and chain drive (f) comparison with
the gear drive
3. Mechanical energy transmission
system. Gear. (i) Gears and gearing
systems and related calculations. (ii)
types of gears; internal gear,
external gear,… (iii) uses of gears;
power transmission, changing of
direction, for selecting speed (iv)
gear ratios and speed ratio (V)
friction between meshed gears.
4. Mechanical energy transmission
system. Motion (i) linear motion (ii)
lever arrangement to produce linear
motion (iii) uses of slides and slot in
mechanical system (iv) Rotary
motion, types of rotary motion –
one way rotary motion and the
reversible rotary motion. (v)
 Conversion of rotary motion to
linear motion
5. Mechanical energy transmission
system. Air flow. (i) Speed and
pressure relationship in air flow. (ii)
Variation of air pressure and air
speed and their applications.
Pneumatics; (i) simple hydraulics
and pneumatics devices; simple
force pump, double acting pump,…
(ii) Compressed air devices,
hydraulic jacks, simple garden
sprinkler, reaction turbine, water
wheel
6. Simple electrical wiring: (a)
electrical circuit: series and parallel
circuits (b) wiring tools and
 materials; pliers, hammer, screw
driver, clips, wooden blocks, cables,
etc. (c) accessories: switches, lamp
holders, etc
7. Building (a) foundation (i) definition
and function of foundation: support
and weight of walls, roofs and
inhabitants (ii) foundation types:
strip, stepped, raft etc. (iii) types
and properties of soil (iv) hand tools
and plant for excavation: diggers,
shovels, excavator, etc. (b) walls; (i)
materials for making walls: grass,
zinc, curtain, bricks, etc. (ii) types of
walls: walls grass, zinc, curtain
bricks etc. (iii) materials for bonding
8. Building (c) floors: (i) floor:
basement, ground floor, first floor,
etc. (ii) DPC (d) doors, windows and
openings (i) Doors: flush door,
glazed, sliding, revolving, etc. (ii)
windows: louver, sliding, casement,
etc (iii) lintel
9. Building (e) Roofs (i) types of roof:
flat roof, double pitched, lean-to
Gable, etc (ii) roofing materials:
grass, zinc, aluminium, etc. (f)
simple blue print reading (I) sanitary
wares: sink, bath, showers, etc.
soak-away, septic tank, socket,
windows, doors, room, etc.3
10.Practical projects.
WEEK ONE: Revision of last terms’
work
WEEK TWO
CLASS: Basic 9
TOPIC: Mechanical Energy
Transmission system
Period one: Friction
Content; - Definition of friction
- Nature/characteristics of friction
- Types of frictional force
- Effect of friction
- Advantages of friction
- Disadvantages of friction
- Methods of reducing friction
Definition of friction
Friction can be defined as a force which
opposes motion.
It is a force which stops/prevents
motion. It acts whenever there is
motion or tendency for something to
move. i.e friction (or frictional force) is
absent if there is no motion or if there
is no force intending to cause motion.
It stops your car when the brake is
applied. It prevents your foot from
slipping backward when you walk. `

Friction can also be defined as a force

of attraction between the molecules of
two bodies in contact which prevents
relative motion between the two
bodies.
friction is preventing this box from
moving.

Nature/characteristics of friction
 It alwaays opposes motion
 It depends on the nature of
surfaces in contact. Friction
between rough surfaces is
greater than the frictional force
between smooth surfaces.
 It does not depend on the
relative speed between the two
surfaces.
  It is directly proportional to
the perpendicular force (normal
reaction) between the two
surfaces. (R is the perpendicular
force between the two surfaces
in contact)

R
FαR
F = µR
F – Frictional force, R – normal
reaction, µ - coefficient of friction
W
Note that R = W for
bodies on horizontal surfaces
Questions: A crate slid down an
inclined plane such that the frictional
force opposing its motion is 40N. If the
normal reaction of the plane on the
crate is 50N, calculate the coefficient of
dynamic friction.
Solution: Frictional force F = 40N
Normal reaction R = 50N
Coefficient of friction µ = ?
F=µR
40 = µ x 50 (dividing
both sides by 50)
40
/50 = µ
µ = 0.8
Types of friction
There are two types of frictional force
 1. Static friction. This occurs
between two bodies that are not
moving or at rest.
2. Dynamic friction. This occurs
between two bodies in relative
motion.
Effects of friction
Friction can best be imagined
whenever there is motion or likelihood
of motion. Friction exists in all
machines or systems with moving
parts. Friction also applies in many day
to day phenomena such as; walking on
a pavement, pulling the rope of a
pulley system, dragging a crate on the
floor, using a grinding stone for
blending, loosing or tightening a nut
and bolt,… . Effects of friction can be
classified as desirable or undesirable.
Advantages of friction (or desirable
effects of friction)
I. Locomotion: when we walk,
friction between our shoes and
the ground prevents our shoes
from slipping backward.
II. Enhances fastening: friction
between the bolt and the nut
enhances their fastening ability.
The friction between nails and
wood also help the nail to hold
woods together in firm position.
III. Blending: friction between the
grinding stones helps in grinding
pepper, tomatoes, this is also true
 of the friction between the two
rough discs of the grinding
machine.
IV. Stops motion: friction between
the car tyre and the road helps to
stop the motion of a moving car
when the brake is applied.
V. Production of electric charge:
when certain materials are
robbed against each other, static
electric charges is produced. This
principle is applied in the Van de
Graff generator.
VI. Use of Ladder: when a ladder to
be used to climb over a wall rest
on the wall, friction between the
foot of the ladder and floor
 prevent the foot of the ladder
from slipping.
VII. Making of fire: matches sticks are
ignited when they are robbed
against the side of the matches’
box. Fire can also be made by
striking two stones together.
Disadvantages of friction (or
undesirable effects of friction)
- Wearing: The thread pattern
under your footwear soon wear
out after a prolong use due to
friction. This is also true of the
thread on the tyre of cars and
other automobile.
- Tearing/cutting: you can easily
cut a piece of rope or cloth by
 robbing it repeatedly against the
edge of the wall.
- Reduces efficiency of machines:
all machines have efficiency less
than 100% due to friction
between their moving parts.
Friction causes waste of useful
energy , therefore it reduces the
output of the machine.
- Generation of undesirable heat:
moving machine parts/machine
itself soon becomes hot due
friction and this may necessitate
cooling of machine parts.
Methods of reducing friction
Due to the disadvantages of friction
mentioned above, it is often necessary
to reduce friction in machines. This is
possible through any of the following
methods:
1. Lubrication: this is the use of
certain substances (called
lubricants) to reduce the effects
of friction. Examples of lubricants
includes, grease, oil many of
which are petroleum products.
2. Use of rollers
3. Use of ball bearing
4. Use of belt/chain drive
Period two: Belt and Chain drive
Content:
- Drives
- Belt drive
 - Types of belt drive
- Belt tensioning
- Application of belt drive
- Chain drive
- Application of chain drive
- Difference between chain drive
and gear drive
Drives: Drives are devices used to
transmit rotary motion from one shaft
to another.
The drive mechanism is used in
transmitting power from one location
to another
There are three types of drives:
1. Belt and pulley drive
2. Chain drives
 3. Gear drives
Belt drive
This is a device used to transfer
power/motion from one shaft to
another shaft parallel to it and at some
distance away. Belt drives are often
used in place of chain drive when slip is
not so important to be taken into
consideration. Hence, belt cannot
provide positive drive because slip
occurs from time to time.
Types of belt drive
There are two types of belt drive based
on the shape of the belt:
1. Straight (flat) belt
2. V- shaped belt
Belt can be lapped over the groove
pulley in two styles. This includes:
i. Straight belt lap: Here the two
pulleys join by the belt rotate in
the same direction.
ii. Cross belt lap: Here the two
pulleys join by the belt rotate in
opposite

Straight belt lap

cross belt lap

Belt tensioning
Sometimes, a belt in use is slack and
may be slipping over the pulley. Such
belts that are not taut do not transmit
motion/power effectively thereby
wasting energy. This could be
prevented by tensioning the belt drive.
To tension a belt, another pulley
(wheel called the idler) mounted on a
separate shaft is used.
Idler

Application of belt drive

1. They are used to couple a diesel
engine to an alternator to generate
electricity
 2. They are used in cassava grinding
machines
3. They are used for the radiator of
cars.
4. They are used for tape
recorders/ video cassette players
5. They are used in the engines of
automobiles (Volkswagens –
tortoise car)
6. They are used in block making
machines
Chain drives
They are used for transferring
power/motion from one shaft to
another just as in the case for belt
drive. Chain is always used in
conjunction with a sprocket for
transmitting power. A sprocket is a
toothed wheel or a wheel with many
contours round its circumference. The
number of teeth on the sprockets
determines the speed of rotation of
the driven sprocket.
One advantage of the chain and
sprocket drive over the belt drive is
that it has a firmer grip on the area of
lap than the belt drive. Chain drives do
not allow slip unlike belt drive. Also,
power is transmitted positively in chain
drive and not by friction as in the case
of belt drives.
In chain drive, the driver and the
driven sprocket rotate in the same
direction just as in the case of straight
belt lap. Both the chain drive and the
belt drives are used to transmit power
and motion between two shafts at
some distance apart.
Applications of chain drive.
1. The motorcycle chain drive
2. The bicycle chain and sprocket
drive.
3. Mechanical saw for slicing wood.
Differences between chain drive and
the gear drive
Chain drive Gear drive
1. Power is Power is
transmitted transmitted
between two between very
shafts at some close shafts such
distance apart that the teeth on
the wheels mesh
together.
2. Power is Friction occurs
transmitted between the
positively i.e meshed teeth of
power the gears.
transmission
do not engages
friction
3. Chain drives Gear drives could
are used to be used to
 transmit transmit motion
motion only between parallel
between two as well as inclined
parallel shafts. shafts.
4. The driven The driven and
and the driver the driver wheel
sprocket rotate rotate in opposite
in the same direction.
direction
Practical
The teacher should allow the students
opportunity to inspect the following
i. Bicycle chain and sprocket drive
ii. Interior of a radio cassette player
with the belt in action or the belt
of the car radiator in action
iii. Ball bearing for reducing friction.
The students are to make note and
discuss among themselves their various
observations.
EVALUATION
1. A force which opposes motion is
called --- (a) tension (b) elastic (c)
friction (d) pull
2. A process of applying a
substance to machine parts in order
to reduce friction is called --- (a)
lubrication (b) elimination (c)
banking (d) friction control
3. --- is a type of friction which
occurs between two bodies in
relative motion. (a) moving friction
(b) static friction (c) lubricating
friction (d) dynamic friction
4. Which of these drives involves
positive transfer of motion? (a) gear
drive (b) belt drive (c) chain drive (d)
friction drive
5. Block moulding machine is an
application of the --- (a) belt drive
(b) gear drive (c) chain drive (d)
sprocket drive
6. There are --- types of drives. (a) 1
(b)2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Assignment
i. State two differences and two
similarities between the belt drive
and the chain drive
ii. Mention two advantages of chain
drive over the gear drive.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
 1. Define the following terms
i. Gear drive
ii. Gear ratio
2. List five types of gears.
WEEK: 3
TOPIC: GEAR DRIVE
CONTENT:
- Gear drive
- Seizure
- Types of gears
- Use of gear drive
- Gear ratio
- Speed ratio
- Changing direction of drive
Gear drive
This is a device used to transmit
motion between parallel or inclined
shafts that are close to each other
(such that the tooth on the wheel
mounted on the shafts mesh together).
When two gears are in mesh, they are
called GEAR TRAIN. Friction always
occurs between the meshed teeth of
the gear train. Constant lubrication is
therefore necessary to prevent
wearing. The teeth on each gears in
mesh must be uniformly spaced
around the gear (that is symmetrical)
for them to mesh properly and to
prevent damage of the tooth.
Improperly meshed gears can also lead
to seizure of the gear train.
 Seizure is the total movement
stoppage of the gear train.
Unlike the belt and the chain drive, the
driver and the driven gear move in
different direction. To make the driver
and the driven gear move in the same
direction, another gear (called the
IDLER) is inserted between the two
(driver and the driven gear).

Types of gears
1. Spur gear: this has teeth parallel
to the shaft of the gear.
2. Helical gear: this has teeth
inclined to the shaft of the gear.
3. Worm gears: these are gears
formed when a spur gear mesh with
a screw.
4. Rack and pinion: these are gears
that run on a flat toothed rack.
5. Planetary gears: these consist of
a number of spur gear meshed with
one another and another gear with
internal gear.
6. Bevel gears: these are gears
used when power is to be
transmitted between inclined shafts
Spur gear Helical gear
Uses of gear drive
1. To transmit motion between two
inclined or parallel shafts.
2. To change direction of motion.
3. For speed selection .
Gear ratio
This can be defined as the ratio of the
number of teeth on the driver gear to
that on the driven gear
T1
G=
T2 T1 is
number of teeth on driver gear
T2 is number of teeth on driven gear
Speed ratio
This can be defined as the ratio of the
speed of the driven gear to the speed
of the driver gear.
S2
S=
S1

S1 speed of the driver gear

S2 is speed of the driven gear

The gear ratio and the speed ratio of a
gear train are equal. The speed of
rotation of the driven gear depends on
the number of teeth on the driven and
the driver gear. Where a large increase
in speed is desired (like in the case of
motor car), a compound gear train is
used.
 Compound gear
The speed of the driven gear S2 is given
as
T1
S2=S 1 ×
T2

Where each symbols has it usual

meaning.
Changing the direction of drive,
Chain drives cannot be used for
changing the direction of rotation of
drives. Belt drive cannot be used to
change direction of rotation of drive
except when belt is crossed. Gears can
be used for changing the direction of
motion. The bevelled gear is often
used for changing direction of motion
between two perpendicular/inclined
shafts.

EVALUATION
1. Which of these drives can be
used to change the direction of
rotation? (a) straight lap belt (b)
chain drive (c) gear drive (d) none of
the above
2. A gear with tooth parallel to the
shaft is called ---(a) helical gear (b)
 planetary gear (c) worm gear (d)
spur gear
3. The ratio of the speed of driver
gear to the speed of the driven gear
is --- (a) gear ratio (b) speed ratio (c)
velocity ratio (d) none of the above
Answers
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d)
PERIOD TWO
CONTENT
CALCULATIONS ON GEAR AND
SPEED RATIO
Question 1: the number of teeth on the
driver and the driven gear is 12 and 16
respectively. If the speed of the driver
gear is 100rev/min, calculate (i) the
gear ratio (ii) speed of the driven gear
Solution
Number of teeth on the driver gear T1 =
12
Number of teeth on the driven gear T2
= 16
T1
(i) Gear ratio G = ? G=
T2

12 3
G= =
16 4

Gear ratio G = 34
(ii) Speed of the driver gear S1 =
100rpm
T1
Speed of the driven gear S2 = ? S2=S 1 ×
T2

12
S2=100 × =75 rpm
16

Speed of the driven gear S2 = 75 rpm

Question 2: A gear train is such that the
number of teeth on the driver gear is
20 while that on the driven is 8. If the
speed of the driver gear is 150rev/min.
calculate the speed of the driven gear.
Solution
Number of teeth of the driver gear T1 =
20
Number of teeth on the driven gear T2
=8
Speed of the driver gear S1 = 150rpm
Speed of the driven gear S2 = ?
T1
S2=S 1 ×
T2

20
S2=150 × =375 rpm
8

Speed of the driven gear S2 = 375rpm

Question 3: in a compound gear train,
the effective gear ratio is 165 . if the
speed of the driver gear is 100rev/min,
calculate the speed of the driven gear.
Solution
Speed of the driver gear S1 = 100rpm
T 1 16
Gear ratio G= =
T2 5

Speed of driven gear S2 = ?

T1
S2=S 1 ×
T2

16
S2=100 × =320 rpm
5

Speed of the driven gear S2= 320rpm

Question 4: A gear train has a gear
ratio of 2 and a driven gear rotating at a
5

speed of 180revolution per minute.

What would have been the speed of
the driver gear?
Solution
Speed of the driven gear S2 = 180rpm
Gear ratio G= 52
Speed of the driver gear S1 = ?
T1
S2=S 1 ×
T2

5
180=S 1 ×
2

S1 ×5
180=
2

180 ×2=S 1 ×5

180 ×2
S 1= =72 rpm
5

Speed f the driver gear S1 = 72rpm

Practical
The teacher should guide the students
on how to use a hard cardboard to
construct gear with uniform tooth with
the aid of the construction tools.
Using hard cardboard gear of different
radii and their centres with nail at
different portion on a wood, the
students should demonstrate the
operation of compound gear.
Evaluation question
1. Which of these gears is a
combination of a spur gear and a
screw? (a) bevel gears (b) helical
gear (c) spur gear (d) worm gear
2. A condition in which the
movement of a gear system is
halted due to a spoil is known as ----
(a) slip (b) seizure (c) reverse (d)
bevel
3. The friction between the teeth of
meshed gears can be reduced BY (a)
 avoiding the use of gear (b)
exposing gear to air (c)Lubrication
(d)aeration
4. The major use of drive is to (a)
transmit motion (b) change
direction of motion (c) reduce speed
(d) avoid friction
5. The ratio of the number of teeth
on the driven gear to the number of
teeth on the driver gear is called (a)
speed ratio (b) gear proportion (c)
gear ratio (d) none of the above
6. The gear ratio of a gear train is 74
and the speed of the driver gear is
80rpm. What is the speed of the
driven gear? (a) 70rpm (b) 140rpm
(c) 150rpm (d) 210rpm
ASSIGNMENT
1. Consult your textbook and make
a list of ten types of gear.
2. List five applications of the gear
drives
READING ASSIGNMENT: Read your
Basic Technology textbook by
Olawehinmi, pages 160 - 169 and
answer the following questions.
1. Define motion.
2. Write a short note on the
following (i) linear motion (ii) rotary
motion.

WEEK 4
TOPICMOTION
CONTENT:
- Motion
- Linear motion
- Rotary motion
MOTION
This can be defined as the change in
position of objects. This is a common
phenomenon in nature. The moon
moves, we human move from one
place to another… . It is also a common
practice for various component of a
mechanical system to move relatively
to one another; examples include : the
needle of a sewing machine at work,
the tyre of a moving car etc
Mechanical systems are commonly
engaged in basically TWO types of
motion.
1. Linear motion
2. Rotary motion
Linear motion:
This can be defined as change in
position in a straight line. Like the
motion of the needle of the sewing
machine or motion of a crane being
hauled up using a pulley. There are
different types/parts of a mechanical
system that exhibit this type of motion.
They include;
1. Lever: It helps us to do work
easily. Examples are the crowbar,
 the door knob etc. It often has a
pivot (or a point of support) about
which the lever turns. This point is
called fulcrum. An example is a
crowbar.
2. Linkages; this is an assembly of
metallic bars in which each bar is
connected to at least two other bars
in an elbow/sliding joint. They are
often used for converting linear
motion to rotary motion and vice
versa or for converting a linear
motion to another linear motion but
in the opposite direction.
Application of linkage include,
bicycle brake, crank and slide
Bicycle brake
 Linkages

Rotary motion:
This can be defined as change in
position around fixed axis. Like the
motion of the blade of a ceiling fan or
the tyre of a moving car. There are
two types of rotary motion:
i. One way rotary motion: This
allows continuous rotation and
can only be brought to rest by the
application of a brake. Examples
include the clock mechanism, the
circular mechanical saws for
cutting wood, shaft of cars… .
Note that in some of these
motions, reversibility may be
required ( e.g shaft of a moving
car, trains or crane) while for
others reversibility may be
dangerous and need to be
prohibited (e.g circular saw for
cutting wood, clock mechanism)
and their motions can be
controlled by the ratchet wheel

ratchet wheel
ii. Non return rotary motion: This
allows intermittent rotation but
only in one direction. i.e the
motion can stop and continue at
intervals in the same direction.
EVALUATION
I. State one difference between the
one-way rotary motion and the
non-return rotary motion.
II. Mention three mechanical
systems in linear motion.
III. List some applications of the
linkage system.
Sub topic 2
- Control of rotary motion
- Conversion of rotary to linear
motion
Control of rotary motion
This involves the use of devices for
initiating and arresting the flow of
motion. These devices include;
1. Brakes
2. Clutch
3. Ratchet
Brakes; These are devices used to
slow down or bring to a complete
stop a moving body. Brakes are used
for removing kinetic energy form
moving bodies. There are different
types of brakes
i. Disc brake; used for light vehicles
ii. Drum brakes; used for heavy
vehicles
iii. External block brakes; used for
cranes and winches
iv. Internal shoe brake; used for
motorcycles and other small
automobiles.

Disc brake
bicycle brake
Clutches; these are devices used for
connecting and disconnecting two
moving parts. Types of clutches
include;
i. Friction clutch
ii. Dog clutch Disengaged shafts
 Engaged shaft

Conversion of rotary to linear

motion.
The following devices are used in the
conversion of rotary motion to linear
motion and vice versa;
1. Rack and pinion (e.g kerosene
stove, kerosene lantern)
2. Crank and slider
3. Bench vice
4. G-clamp
5. Screw jack
6. Connecting rod and piston
(motorcycles)
 7. Reverse linkage and the push –
pull linkage

Ratchet
These are devices that transmit
motion intermittently or allow motion
only in one direction.
 ratchet wheel

Evaluation
1. Which of these devices is used
for removing the kinetic energy in
moving bodies? (a) clutch (b) brake
(c) linkage (d) ratchet
2. --- is a type of motion along a
straight line. (a) linear motion (b)
rotary motion (c) random motion
(d) relative motion
3. Which of these brakes is suitable
for heavy vehicles? (a) internal
shoe brake (b) disc brakes (c) drum
brake system (d) external shoe
brake.
 4. --- is applied in raising the oil
wick of kerosene stove. (a) rack and
pinion (b) cranks and piston (c)
cranks and connecting rods (d)
screw
ASSIGNMENT
1. Making a list of three mechanism
that applies the following
i. Rack and pinion
ii. Crank and connecting rod
(piston)
WEEKEND READING ASSIGNMENT
Read your Basic Technology textbook
written by Olawehinmi and answer
the following questions:
 1. Write a short note on each of the
following
i. Aerodynamics
ii. Streamlined bodies
iii. Pneumatics

WEEK: 5
TOPIC: AIR FLOW
CONTENT
- Air flow
- Bernoulli’s principle
- Aerodynamics
Air flow
This refers to air molecules in motion.
Flow is an exclusive property of all
fluids (liquids and gases). However
unlike liquids, air does not necessarily
need a channel or container for it to
flow. Breeze/wind is formed when
molecules of air are set in motion.
Molecules of air can be set in motion
by any of the following processes:
i. Blowing air
ii. Using the bellows (often used by
blacksmith)
iii. Using pumps
iv. Using fan
When liquids flow through channels,
agents such as gravity or a
mechanical device is necessary to
sustain the flow. Liquid (water) flow
could either be laminar (streamline)
or turbulent.
In laminar flow, all the portions of
the water move gently in a path
parallel to the confining channel.
Turbulent flow is a force flow; water
particles do not move in a straight
line. An example of this is the water
flow in drainage during a heavy
downpour.
Moving air molecules possess
energy. This energy can be applied in
the following processes;
- Action of the wind mill
- Movement of flag attached to flag
pole.
- Destructive action of the hurricane
When air moves over the surface of
an object at high speed, the pressure
on the surface is greatly reduced (i.e
the faster air molecules move over a
surface the lesser the pressure acting
on the surface). This principle is called
the Bernoulli’s principle. This
principle is used for explaining the lift
force experienced by helicopters and
aeroplanes when they are in air. To
demonstrate this principle, you may
try blowing air between two papers;
you’ll observe that the papers move
toward each other instead of going
apart. This is because increase in the
speed of air between the papers
result in decrease in the pressure
between the papers.

A science that studies the force on

object moving through air is called
Aerodynamics.
Aeroplanes’ wings are designed to
Aerofoil with a streamline shape

have a streamline shape which allows

the air above it to move faster than
the air under it. The pressure under
the aeroplane is therefore greater
than that above the aeroplane
thereby resulting in net pressure
acting under the aeroplane as well as
a lift force on the plane. The
streamline shape of the aircraft also
minimises the frictional drag force
opposing the motion of the plane.

The drag force acts on the aeroplane

in a direction perpendicular to the lift
force. Summarily, four forces act on a
body moving through air:
L
i. The weight(W) of the body which
act downward
ii. The lift force(L) which act upward
T D
iii. The drag force(D) which opposes
the motion of the bodies
iv. The thrust(T) of body itself moving
it forward

W
Other applications of the Bernoulli’s
principle include;
I. Balloon
II. Kite

Evaluation
1. state the Bernoulli’s principle
2. List the types of water flow.
SUB TOPIC 2: PNEUMATIC DEVICES
CONTENTS:
- Water wheel
- Turbines
- Air compressor
- Hydraulic lift
- Water sprinkler
Pneumatic devices.
These are devices that use
compressed air to do useful work.
Some of these devices also use liquids
to transmit energy. They include:
i. Pumps and turbines
ii. Air hammer
iii. Compression pump
iv. Garden sprinkler
v. Water wheel
vi. Hydraulic jack
vii. Paint sprayer
Water wheel
This is a simple mechanical device
which converts water power into
rotary motion. It is sometimes also
called gravity wheel. Falling water is
used to turn the axle of the water
wheel.

water wheel

Turbines
This is a rotary machine which
converts the energy of moving water,
steam or hot gas into mechanical
energy.
 turbin
es
Air Compressor
Air Compressor, also air pump is a
machine that decreases the volume
and increases the pressure of a
quantity of air by mechanical means.
Air thus compressed possesses great
potential energy, because when the
external pressure is removed, the air
expands rapidly. The controlled
expansive force of compressed air is
used in many ways and provides the
motive force for air motors and tools,
including pneumatic hammer, air drills,
sandblasting machines, and paint
sprayers.

Paint sprayer

Hydraulic lift
This applies the Pascal’s principle of
transmissibility of pressure to
generate a huge force by applying a
small effort.
A small force can be used to lift a heavy
car using the hydraulic lift. Many other
hydraulic systems (e.g hydraulic press,
hydraulic water pump, hydraulic jack…)
also apply this principle.

Garden sprinkler
This applies the Newton’s third law of
motion which states that for every
action there is an equal but opposing
reaction. When water is ejected from
the nozzle of the sprinkler, the forward
thrust of the water result in a backward
push on the nozzle thereby making the
sprinkler turn about it axis watering
several portion of the garden and not
just on a single spot.
Water sprinkler

EVALUATION
1. What are pneumatic
devices?
2. Mention five types of
pneumatic device.
Assignment
Students should consult their
textbooks and make abrief note on the
air hammer.

WEEK: SIX
DATE:
TOPIC: SIMPLE ELECTRICAL WIRING
SUB-TOPICS: ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
• Meaning of electrical circuit and
types
• Wiring tools and materials

Content Development (NOTES FOR

FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)
Sub-Topic 1: Meaning of electrical
circuit and types.
An electric circuit is a system that
consists of the load, source of
electricity, the key or switch and the
connecting wires.
There are two types of electrical
circuits (i) Series circuit (ii) parallel
circuit.
Series circuit: In this arrangement, the
load(resistors) are connected end to
end. The same current flows through
all appliances. If one stops functioning,
the others stop.
 Series circuit
Parallel circuit: In this arrangement,
the load(resistors) are connected side
by side in parallel order. The same
voltage is used. A fault which may
occur in one electrical path will not
affect the others.

Parallel circuit
Evaluation
 • What is Electrical circuit?
• Differentiate between series circuit
and parallel circuit.
Content Development (NOTES FOR
SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)
Wiring tools and materials.
Electrical wiring is an arrangement
whereby electrical loads are connected
to the mains supply. A good wiring
protects the user from electric shock
and prevents fire outbreak.
Wiring tools are tools used for wiring
and installation of circuits in homes,
offices and other building structures
and equipment.
Wiring Uses
tool
Pliers Used for cutting cables and
twisting together wire ends
Screw Used for tightening screws
driver to wooden blocks and fixing
electrical accessories in
position
Clips They are used to fasten
electrical cables to the wall
or ceiling.
Hammer It is used to drive nails
through clips into the wall.
Mallet It is used to straighten out
hunches in wires during
surface wiring.
Drilling It is an electrically power
machine machine used for making
 holes in walls or wooden
blocks.
Screws They are used to hold the
and cable and electrical
nails accessories in position.
Tester It is used to check where live
Cable current flows in the circuit.
It is the insulated wire that
provides electrical
connection between the
electrical load and the supply
point.

Electrical accessories are devices other

than lighting fittings associated with
the wiring and current utilizing
appliances of an installation.
Accessories are rated for the maximum
voltage or current they are designed to
withstand without undue over-heating
or failure. These include switches, lamp
holders, ceiling roses, joint boxes, fuse
boxes, socket plugs, connectors,
adaptors etc.
Switches: These are used to control
the flow of current through a
particular point.
Lamp holders: They are used to hold
light bulbs when fixed to the ceiling or
wall.
Wall socket and plugs: They are
located on the walls for the drawing of
current by appliances
Diagram

Evaluation
1. Mention four tools used in electrical
wiring and their uses.
2. Mention three electrical accessories
and their uses.
Weekend Assignment
Draw four wiring tools and three
electrical accessories.

Reading Assignment
The students should read about Simple
Electrical wiring, NERDC Basic
Technology for Junior Secondary
School 3.

WEEK: SEVEN
DATE:
TOPIC: BUILDING
SUB-TOPICS:
• Definition and function of
foundation
• Types and materials for making
walls
Content Development (NOTES FOR
FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)
sub-Topic I: Definition and function of
foundation

Foundation.
The term foundation is the expanded
base of a column in addition to the
ground or sub-soil which supports the
base. The ground or sub soil on which
the building stands is the natural
foundation, while the expanded base
which is constructed of concrete or
mansory materials like rocks, stones,
bricks is called artificial foundation. The
choice of foundation depends on the
type of building to be constructed, the
load imposed on the building and the
type and nature of the soil.
Functions of foundation:
1. To receive the weight of the
building.
2. To distribute the weight of the
building to the ground effectively.
3. To hold the building firmly to the
ground against external forces like
wind, storms.
4. To transmit the weight of the
building to the sub-soil or ground.
5. To sustain the dead load of the
building.
Types of foundation:
1. Strip foundation: This consists of a
continuous strip of concrete laid on the
trench after excavation. It is usually
225mm thick and used for bungalows,
fences etc and on a moderately hard
soil.

2. Pad foundation: This type of

foundation is an isolated foundation
used to support columns. The size of
the pad foundation could be reduced
by providing steel reinforcement
towards the bottom of the foundation
running in both directions. It is used for
storey building.

3. Raft foundation: This is used where

the load bearing capacity of the soil is
weak. It is used on sandy, swampy or
marshy ground. It consists of
reinforcement slab up to 300mm thick.
It covers the whole area of the building
and usually extends beyond it.
4. Piled foundation: This is used for
multistory buildings, for supports in
bridges and water logged areas to
support the structures. The imposed
load is transmitted to suitable
materials in a lower stratum by the use
of piles.
TYPES OF SOIL AND THEIR PROPERTIES
S/ TYPE PROPERTIES
N OF
SOIL
1 Sand The particles are gritly to
finger, loose, easily
break when dry
2 Clay Easily moulded, brittle and
tough when dry, sticky
when wet.
3 Gravel It is loose, easily removed
by shovel and homogenous
4 Silt Dries quickly, moderately
plastic, soft and firm,
homogenous

Excavation for foundation: This is the

process of digging the ground to the
required depth not less than 750mm.
There are two basic methods of
excavation.
1. Manual method: This involves the
use of digger, shovel, wheelbarrow
2. Mechanical method: This involves
the use of mechanically operated
machine e.g excavation tractor,
mechanical shovel, ditcher etc
EVALUATION
1. What is foundation?
2. Mention three reasons why it is
necessary to construct foundation.
3. Under what conditions are the
different types of foundation used?
Content Development (NOTES FOR
SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)
Sub-Topic II: Types and materials for
making walls.
Wall: It is a structural member in
building(450mm) used mainly for the
enclosure or division of a space within
a building. It can be external wall or
load bearing wall built right from the
foundation to the roof level, it carries
the weight of itself and some other
elements e.g roof.
It can be internal cross walls, they are
the non-load bearing wall (150mm), it
carries only the weight of itself.
Function of a wall:
i. To carry the load and other elements
in the building structure.
ii. To divide a space as partition and as
a compartment wall.
iii. To protect the structure against
weather.
iv. For privacy
v. For security purpose
Walling Materials: They include stone,
clay and mud, Timber, Bricks,
sandcreates blocks etc.
Types of walls: There are many types of
walls, depending on the materials used
and the method of construction.
i. Block wall ii. Partition wall iii.
Sleeper wall iv. Timber wall v.
Foundation wall vi. Glass wall vii.
Retaining wall viii. Cavity wall ix.
Reinforced concrete walls x. Stone
wall xi. Bamboo wall xii. Clay or mud
wall xiii. Masonry wall.
WALL FINISHES: They are materials
used to protect the surface of a wall
from weather element. The common
wall finishing are Plastering, rendering
and painting.
Plastering: This is the type of finishing
that is given to the internal wall of a
building. Cement and sand are mixed
with water in ratio 1:3 with the help of
hand Trowel. Two or three layers of
plastering are recommended on the
surface of a masonry wall.
Rendering: This is the type of finishing
that is given to the external wall of a
building. This can be done using
i. Mixture of cement, sand and water
and applied to the surface of the wall
with hand trowel.
ii. Pebble dash: This is done by
throwing about 10mm size of gravel on
the surface of the external wall.
iii. Spattered dash finish: This is done
by spraying about ratio 1:6 (cement
and sand ratio) mixture containing
colored pigment on the surface of the
wall.
Painting: This is a liquid coating applied
on the surface of a building wall for the
purpose of decoration and protection
from the elements of weather.
BONDING: This refers to the
arrangement of bricks or blocks in a
way that a brick or block rests on at
least 2 others so that continuous
vertical joint which reduces strength
and stability in walls is eliminated.
EVALUATION:
• Mention three functions of a wall.
• Mention four materials for walling
• List five types of wall.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Within your locality get the different
types of soil.
READING ASSIGNMENT:
The students should read about
Building foundation NERDC Basic
Technology for Junior Secondary
School 3

WEEK: EIGHT
DATE:
TOPIC: BUILDING
SUB-TOPICS:
• Floors
• Doors, windows and Openings

Content Development (NOTES FOR

FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)
Sub-Topic 1: FLOOR
Floors
Floors are the horizontal components
of buildings that support all imposed
load. Floors normally satisfy a
number of requirements depending
on their location.
Types of Floors.
a. Solid Floors: Solid floors usually
consist of concrete, which may simply
be finished with a smooth surface or
laid with tiles (plastic and linoleum
floor tiles), which are not normally
laid down in the specifications.
b. Suspended Floors: These consist
of wood, which are nailed over solid
lengths of timber, the ends of which
are supported by the many walls of
the building. These solid timbers are
known as joists, and they vary
according to the type of house.
Suspended timber ground floors are
susceptible to dry rot, because of lack
of ventilation. This situation of fungus
attack could be overcome by
providing air bricks in the external
walls at suitable distances around the
perimeter of the building.
Types of floor based on method of
construction:
1. The Basement floor: This is the
floor below ground level and is used
mostly for car parks.
2. The Ground floor: This is floor on
ground level.
3. The Upper floor: This is the floor
above the ground level.
Damp proof course (D.P.C): It is a
layer of material capable of
preventing the penetration of
moisture which is embedded in the
walls just below the exposed surface
through which water can percolate. A
properly placed D.P.C will prevent
blistering of paint, rotting of timber
and bulging of plaster.
General floor finishes.
a. Cement screed: this is a mixture
of cement and sand and is common
for most ordinary dwelling houses.
Carpet or linoleum is usually used on
such floors. They can also be painted.
b. Floor tiles: A variety of tiles
made of wood, ceramics and
thermoplastics are available for floor
finishes.
c. Terrazzo : This is a very good but
costly finish and is used for high class
jobs.
d. Timber: Timber is also used and
requires to be polished.
 Evaluation
• Name the various types of floors
• What is D.P.C?
• Of what importance is D.P.C in
building?

Content Development (NOTES FOR

SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)
Sub-Topic 2: Doors, Windows and
Openings.
A door is a solid flat barrier that
closes the opening entrance to a
building or a room. The principal
function of a door to a building is to
prevent unrestricted access to an
enclosed space. In other words,
entrances and exits into and from
buildings, rooms, etc are possible
only through doors.
Functions of doors
 They provide inlets and out-lets to
the building and its various
compartments or rooms.
 They provide security to the
building. Unwanted elements (e.g
mosquitoes, wild animals, thieves
etc) can be shut off.
  Doors contribute to the beauty of
the building.
Types of doors: Interior doors and
exterior doors.
Interior doors: there are four types of
doors generally used as interior
doors, they are:
Panel door ii. Flush door iii. French
door iv. Louvre door
Exterior doors: Usually exterior doors
are of solid core construction. They
may be wooden or glass doors, they
may be panel or flush doors.
Sliding door: these are space saving
doors which are used for closets in
bedrooms, etc their installation
usually requires the making of special
panels by the craftsman, with the
manufacturers providing the tracks
and other necessary hardwares.
Revolving doors: these are usually
traffic control doors within a building.
The door normalizes inward and
outward movements with its four
leaves revolving on a pivot, thereby
allowing a person in and out in turns.
Folding door or Roller shutter door:
these are doors which are easily
installed, as they take little space.
These types of doors are mostly made
of metals.
Diagram
Door sizes
Door can be made to any specified
size depending on the use and choice
of the designer or owner. Some
standard sizes include:
826 x 2049mm. Usually used as
external doors.
726 x 2040mm. Suitable for most
internal doors.
626 x 2040mm. Usually used for
cupboards and cloakrooms.
526 x 2040mm.Usually used for small
cupboards.
The normal thickness of the above
door size is usually 40mm.
Door frames
A door-set consists of a door plus the
frame. It is the frame which holds the
door in position so that it can open or
close. The frame is normally fixed in
position either during the
construction of the wall or thereafter.
A frame consists of three members,
these are two posts which are
secured at the top to a cross-piece
called the head. The head usually has
horns which are some 50 to 100 mm
projections of the head beyond the
posts. The horns assist in making the
frame secure when it is built into the
wall. In order that the door may be
well received by the frame, a 13 to
16mm deep recess or rebate is
formed round the frame.

Mounting of doors.
Doors are mounted on frames which
are already positioned on the walls by
the use of hardwares such as hinges
and fittings such as bolts and locks. It
also includes door handles or knobs.
Window: A window is an opening in
wall, designed for the purpose of
admitting light and air into an
enclosed space. Occupants of a
building can also have an outside
view through the window. Majority of
today’s designs emphasize windows
as decorative structures, as portrayed
by their shapes and sizes, which are
better installed into frames.
Types of windows:
i. Casement window ii. Louvered
window iii. Double hung window iv.
French window v. Hopper window
vi. Sliding window
Diagram

Lintel: A lintel is a horizontal beam

supporting a wall over an opening of
relatively short span. The lintel spans
an opening to carry the load above
the opening and to transmit the same
load to the wall on either side of the
opening. A lintel could be of concrete,
wood or metal.
Functions of Lintel
(i) Lintel is used to support wall
block/bricks set above the
openings. Such as doors and
windows.
(ii) Lintel is also used to support the
roof.
(iii) Lintel such as arch and vaults are
designed to beautify the building
structure.
Diagram

EVALUATION
• What are the main functions of
doors?
• What are the main functions of
windows.
• What is a lintel?
• List 3 functions of a lintel?
 • Why is a door frame necessary?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Visit a construction site and
identify the lintel.
2. Move round the school building
and identify the various types of
doors and windows used.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read about Doors and windows in
NERDC Basic Technology for Junior
Secondary school 3.

WEEK: EIGHT
DATE:
TOPIC: BUILDING
SUB-TOPICS:
• Roofing
• Simple Blue Print reading

Content Development (NOTES FOR

FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)
Sub-Topic I: Roof

Roof is the top feature in a building

structure which provides covering for
the entire building and protect any
internal decoration or fittings from the
weather thereby rendering the house
habitable. The roof of a building is
supported by frame work of Ridges,
Trusses, purling, Rafters, Eaves.
Roofs perform specific functions which
include:
 Weather Resistance: The roof must
be water proof and shield the house
from the direct rays of the sun.
 Strength: The roof must be strong
enough to be able to carry its own
weight and the superimposed
weight of wind, and foot traffic for a
considerable length of time without
failing.
Types of common roof
a. Hipped roof: the hip roof has
four slanting surfaces from a peak
known as ridge. The construction
has a shortening effect on the
length of the building visually. The
hip roof is widely used for most
houses in Nigeria.
b. Pitched roof: This is often called
gable roof. This type of roof is very
common because it can be
constructed easily. A typical
characteristic of pitched roof is a
 cavity wall at the gable end, and
vent between the fascia and soffit
which prevents the rafter timbers
from disintegration.
c. Shed roof: this is the simplest
form of roof construction, having
only one slope usually to the rear of
the building. The overhang of the
roof is usually greater at the front
and the design has added simplicity
and attractiveness to modern
building construction.
d. Butterfly roof: this is double shed
roof which slopes inwards with the
low points to the centre of the
building. It has a wide overhanging
at the front and at the back which
protects the walls from rains. It is
mostly used where a large span is to
be covered.
e. Monitor roof: the roof has two
surfaces on either side of the house,
with the lower one and vents or
lightning spaces fixed vertically
between them. It is commonly used
 for large factory buildings or
warehouses.
f.Half Monitor roof: this roof has two
surfaces only. One surface is
lowered on one side while the other
is raised a little above the lower one
in the centre. The gap between the
upper and lower central edges of
the roof along the length is usually
fitted with ventilation devices for
roof members.
g. Combination roof: this roof has
two surfaces sloping away more on
 one side than on the other. The
greater slope is usually on top of the
rooms while the smaller slope
usually covers the veranda portion
of the house. It is mostly used in
school building construction.
h. Arched roof: this type of roof is
usually used for large span
construction work. The top is
rounded and most economical in
timber consumption. It could be
made in the workshop and ready for
fixing on the site.
 i. Mansard roof: Mansard roof has
double slopes on each side.
Although not common nowadays,
mansard roof allows the use of the
space in the roof area. The lower
part of the roof which is fitted with
dormer windows has a steep pitch,
while the upper part has a slope of
about 30˚.
diagram

Diagram
Roofing materials: grass, zinc,
corrugated aluminium sheets, wood,
steel, concrete or clay, slates, plain
tiles, corrugated iron sheets,
corrugated asbestos cement sheets.

Diagram
Evaluation:
i. What is a roof?
ii. Mention five types of roof.
iii. Mention six roofing materials.
Content Development (NOTES FOR
SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)
Sub-Topic II:Simple blue print reading.
EVALUATION
• What is blue print drawing?
• Draw the building symbols for sink,
bath, showers, socket, door

READING ASSIGNMENT:
The students should read about Simple
blue print in NERDC Basic Technology
for Junior Secondary School 2.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
• Move round the school premises
and identify the type of roof used
and the roofing materials.