MARITIME SAFETY AND

SECURITY SYSTEM II

MARITIME SECURITY

– Achille Lauro, 1985

– Pan Am let 103, 1988
– bomb attack Mumbai, 1998
– Alondra Rainbow, 1999
– USS Cole, u 2000
– highjack of M.B. Inabukwa u 2001
– WTC and Pentagon, 2001
– highjack Han Wei, 2002
– Limburg u 2002
– piracy in Somalia, etc

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 MARITIME SECURITY - GOALS

• Prevention of:
– economically motivated crime (destruction is not the primary goal) e.g.:
− piracy
− smuggling
− illegal human trafficking
− stowaways
− cargo thief
– usually politically motivated acts of intimidation
– additional damages

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

• Security measures developed as a follow-up of the events

in New York and Washington on September 11, 2001:
– The 22nd Session of the IMO Assembly in November 2001
– International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code
adopted as a mandatory part of SOLAS 74 at the Diplomatic
Conference held in December 2002 with effect from 1 July
2004

• Amendments to SOLAS 74 Convention:

– Amendments to Chapters V,
– Amendments to Chapters XI, Rules 3 and 5
– New Chapter XI-2 Rules 1-13

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 DEFINITIONS

• Piracy
– any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, committed for
private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and
directed:
− on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board
such ship or aircraft;
− against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State;
– any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with
knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft;
– any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in previous
subparagraphs.
• Armed robbery
• Terrorism
– any conscious action directed at human or property damage and may include
violence and / or bloodshed, attacks by the use of explosive devices or devices for
mass destruction or kidnapping

DEFINITIONS

• Security incident
– any suspicious act or circumstance threatening the security of a ship, including a
mobile offshore drilling unit and a high speed craft, or of a port facility or of any
ship/port interface or any ship-to-ship activity

• Security level
– the qualification of the degree of risk that a security incident will be attempted or will
occur

• Port facility
– a location, as determined by the Contracting Government or by the Designated
Authority, where the ship/port interface takes place

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 DEFINITIONS

• Ship Security Plan (SSP)

– a plan developed to ensure the application of measures on board the ship designed
to protect persons on board, cargo, cargo transport units, ship’s stores or the ship
from the risks of a security incident.

• Port Facility Security Plan (PFSP)

– a plan developed to ensure the application of measures designed to protect the port
facility and ships, persons, cargo, cargo transport units and ship’s stores within the
port facility from the risks of a security incident.

DEFINITIONS

• Security level 1
– the level for which minimum appropriate protective security measures shall be
maintained at all times.
• Security level 2
– the level for which appropriate additional protective security measures shall be
maintained for a period of time as a result of heightened risk of a security incident.
• Security level 3
– the level for which further specific protective security measures shall be maintained
for a limited period of time when a security incident is probable or imminent,
although it may not be possible to identify the specific target.

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 DECLARATION OF SECURITY (DOS)

• Declaration of Security
– an agreement reached between a ship and either a port
facility or another ship with which it interfaces
specifying the security measures each will implement.

• A ship can request completion of a Declaration of

Security when:
– the ship is operating at a higher security level than the
port facility or another ship it is interfacing with;
– there is an agreement on a Declaration of Security
between Contracting Governments covering certain
international voyages or specific ships on those
voyages;
– there has been a security threat or a security incident
involving the ship or involving the port facility, as
applicable;
– the ship is at a port which is not required to have and
implement an approved port facility security plan; or
– the ship is conducting ship to ship activities with
another ship not required to have and implement an
approved ship security plan.

GOVERNMENT’S RESPONSIBILITY

• Basic responsibility
– to determine the appropriate security level
– to approve port security assessments
– to determine the port facilities for which the PFSO must be assigned
– to approve the PFSP
– to perform monitoring of compliance measures
– to determine the requirements in case of DoS request
– to appoint Recognized Security Organization
− an organization with appropriate expertise in security matters and with appropriate
knowledge of ship and port operations authorized to carry out an assessment, or a
verification, or an approval or a certification activity
• In addition Governments may authorize RSO to perform additional security
related tasks, e.g.:
– approval of SSP,
– certification, issuance and endorsement of certificates,
– performing assessments and developing security plans.

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 SHIP SECURITY OFFICER (SSO)

• Ship Security Officer

– the person on board the ship, accountable to the master, designated by the
Company as responsible for the security of the ship, including implementation and
maintenance of the ship security plan and for liaison with the company security
officer and port facility security officers.
• SSO has to:
– carry out regular ship security inspections
– maintain and monitor the implementation of the SSP
– propose amendments to the SSP, as appropriate
– inform the company
– raise the awareness and vigilance of persons on board with regard to safety
– provide appropriate training
– take care of the security
– negotiate with PFSO

PERSONNEL WITH DESIGNATED SECURITY DUTIES

• Personnel have to:

– be able to recognize security threats
– understand the behavior of larger groups of people
– be able to recognize and detect weapons, etc.
– be able to identify people who may endanger security
– know how to be prevent security threats;
– be able to carry out security communication;
– be able to carry out security procedures in case of
extraordinary circumstances;
– know how to use security equipment and systems
– know how to maintain and take care of security equipment
– know monitoring, surveillance and control procedures
– know how to physically search persons, their luggage, cargo
and supplies

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 SHIP’S PERSONNEL

• Other personnel have to:

– understand different security levels
– know procedures in case of threat or danger
– understand ways of monitoring, surveillance and control
– be able to identify and detect weapons, etc.
– be able to identify people who may endanger security
– understand the ways in which security threats can be prevented

SHIP SECURITY ASSESSMENT

• The preliminary examination should include at least:

– spatial organization of the ship / port area
– places subject to a restricted access system
– places and tasks that require secured access
– security equipment and systems
– security duties
– contracts with security organizations
– existing security measures and procedures

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 SHIP SECURITY ASSESSMENT

• SSA has to contains at least:

– identification of existing security measures, procedures and operations;
– identification and evaluation of key ship board operations that it is important to
protect;
– identification of possible threats to the key ship board operations and the likelihood
of their occurrence, in order to establish and prioritize security measures; and
– identification of weaknesses, including human factors in the infrastructure, policies
and procedures.

SECURITY EQUIPMENT

• Security equipment includes:

– Ship Security Alarm System
− to initiate and transmit a signal to alert onshore facility; to not transmit alarm signal to
another ships; to continue sending the signal until it is interrupted
– lighting of enclosed spaces
– portable radio & GMDSS equipment
– CCTV and general alarm system
– devices for detection of unauthorized access
– metal detectors and explosive detectors
– luggage search equipment

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 SHIP SECURITY PLAN

• Content:
– organizational structure of the ship and the duties of the ship's crew
– identification of SSO and CSOs
– procedures related to security equipment
– list of alarm system activation locations and procedures for using the ship's alarm
system
– communication systems of the ship
− to other ships and between the ship and others, including ports
– basic security measures for the Security Level 1
– additional security measures for Security Levels 2 and 3
– the audit and assessment procedures
– procedures for checking and reporting
– practical exercises

SECURITY CHECK

• Principles:
– Any item or substance brought to the ship can be inspected
– Persons refusing inspection shall not be allowed access to the ship
– Anyone who accesses a ship can be searched

• People searching should:

– conduct a search in accordance with a plan, non-discriminatory and with due care
– have a clear idea of what to do
– be able to identify suspicious objects
– use the appropriate equipment
– mark "clean" areas
– be in contact with coordinators
– not search their own rooms

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 SUSPICIOUS PERSONS

• Suspicious persons and/or actions include:

– persons photographing a ship or objects
– persons trying to get access to a ship or facilities
– persons staying for a long time near the ship
– persons testing security measures, staff and standard working procedures
– persons trying to get information about a ship or facilities
– persons performing certain minor tasks near the ship or facilities;
– persons trying to sell unobtrusive items
– left packages
– undeclared workers
– repeated or unusual phone calls

SECURITY LEVEL 1

• Access to the ship – Security measures at Security Level 1 may include:

– verification of all persons identity
– providing areas for inspection and inspection of persons, luggage, personal
belongings, vehicles and their contents
– checking vehicles before boarding
– separation of verified persons and their personal belongings
– separation of passengers boarding from those who are leaving the ship
– establishing access points to prevent unauthorized access
– providing barriers to access to areas not covered by surveillance systems
– providing summarized safety instructions to all shipboard personnel about potential
threats, reporting on suspicious persons, objects or actions, and the need for
caution.

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 SECURITY LEVEL 2

• Access to the ship – Security measures at Security Level 2 may

include:
– assigning additional staff for deck surveillance
– limiting the number of access points on board
– preventing access to ship from sea/side, including patrol boats
– restricting access to coast along the ship
– more frequent and detailed searching of persons, personal
belongings and vehicles
– tracking visitors
– providing additional safety information to ship's crew on any
threats detected, with particular emphasis on reporting procedures
for suspects, objects or actions and the need for increased
precaution
– performing a complete or partial search of the ship

SECURITY LEVEL 3

• Access to the ship – Security measures at Security Level 3 may include:

– restrict access to only one monitored access point
– access only for personnel who take security measures dealing with a security
incident or a security threat
– routing persons on board
– termination of embarkation and disembarkation
– suspension of handling, shipping, etc.
– evacuation of the ship
– relocation of the ship

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 RESTRICTED SPACES

• Restricted spaces may include:

– bridge, engine room space and other control stations
– spaces with safety and surveillance systems and equipment and their control
devices and control systems of lighting systems
– ventilation and air conditioning systems and other similar spaces
– areas with access to potable water tanks, pumps and connections
– areas where dangerous or harmful substances are present
– pump room and associated control devices
– cargo spaces and spaces where the ship's supplies are located
– the ship's crew's living space
– any other space in which access may be restricted to the security of the ship
• Restricted areas are subjected to additional measures in the event of an
increased security level.

CARGO HANDLING

• Cargo handling – security measures at the Security Level 1 may include:

– standard surveillance of cargo, cargo spaces and units, before and during cargo
handling
– verification that the loaded cargo corresponds to the data on the document
– ensuring that vehicles to be loaded on cargo, ro-ro ships and passenger ships are
subject to an inspection before boarding
– check for seals or other means used to prevent unauthorized handling
• Cargo handling – security measures at Security Level 2 include SL-1 measures
with higher frequency and intensity
• Cargo handling – security measures at the Security Level 3 may include:
– termination of loading or unloading of cargo
– checking the contents of dangerous cargoes and cargoes carried by ships, if carried,
and their accommodation on board.

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 SHIP’S STORES AND LUGGAGE

• The security measures related to the ship’s stores should :

– ensure the verification of ship’s stores and packaging
– prevent stores being accepted without inspection
– prevent unauthorized handling
– prevent stores being accepted if they are not ordered
• Different levels of intensity and frequency are applied at different security levels
• The luggage not being constantly monitored shall be treated the same way as
stores

SECURITY SURVEILLANCE

• Security surveillance
– security measures at Security Level 1 may include a combination of lighting, security
services, security guard or the use of automatic detection devices for prevention of
unauthorized entry and surveillance equipment
– the ship deck and the access points to the ship at the Security Level 1 shall be
illuminated during the night or during poor visibility while carrying out the activities
of the ship or port or at the port or anchorage, where appropriate

• Security measures at higher security levels may include:

– more frequent and detailed security patrols
– increased coverage and illumination or use of surveillance equipment
– assigning additional staff as an observer
– ensuring co-operation with patrols in vessels or pedestrian patrols or patrols on the
coast, when provided for

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 SECURITY SURVEILLANCE

• If a suspected object / package was found:

– do not try to move or touch the object
– do not sprinkle it with water
– use mattresses / sandbags to reduce the potential impact effect, but in no case cover
the subject
– consider closing of fire-doors / water-tight doors
– consider the possibility of having more than one bomb
– inform the shipping company and authorities
– if the vessel is on high seas, proceed to the agreed port

EXERCISES AND TRAINING

• Exercises should be designed as to verify security procedures in the case of:

– embarkation of persons intending to endanger the ship or people
– intention to use the ship as a means of damage
– attack on the ship alongside (from the sea side) or at the anchorage
– attack while at high seas
• Crew members with special duties and responsibilities must understand their
duties and must be able to efficiently carry out assigned duties.

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 SECURITY RECORDS

• Records that must be on board with regard to inspections and actions performed
by authorized persons in relation to:
– valid certificates
– the security level declared on the ship
– any special or additional security measures
– appropriate implementation of security protection procedures
– other necessary information and information related to the ship's security protection

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