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Global
Global research on research
community-based enterprise: a
bibliometric portrait
Suchisweta Pradhan and Sasmita Samanta
School of Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
Received 13 January 2022
Revised 10 February 2022
24 February 2022
Accepted 24 February 2022
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of scholarly literature on
community-based enterprise (CBE) through a bibliometric analysis and to comprehend the qualitative
dimensions of research in this specific field.
Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on scholarly papers indexed in Scopus from 1990
to 2021. The bibliometric analysis focuses on journals, documents, writers, organizations and countries.
VOSviewer is used for network visualization mapping of citation, co-citation, bibliographic coupling and co-
occurrence of keywords.
Findings – The analysis of the bibliometric aspects of CBE literature reveals an upward trend in publication
of CBE documents, with a significant increase of research productivity in the past few years. This behaviour
shows that CBE is becoming increasingly popular among academics and practitioners. The document
“Toward a theory of community based enterprise” by Ana Maria Peredo is the most cited document. USA has
so far published the maximum number of documents in this field.
Practical implications – This study provides an overview of the current state of research in the subject
as well as the primary themes explored in this burgeoning discipline, with the potential to help the researchers
identify new topics and gaps that need to be investigated further.
Originality/value – This work contributes to the literature by conducting a bibliometric analysis that has
not yet been explored. It gives an overview of the field’s organization as well as specifics on the major issues
explored in this discipline.
Keywords Community-based enterprise, Community entrepreneurship, Bibliometric analysis,
Co-citation, Bibliographic coupling, VOSviewer
Paper type Research paper

Introduction
Although socio-demographic shifts, economic crises and environmental challenges continue
to threaten the global population, rural communities are especially vulnerable to increased
insecurity and inequality (Kalu and Dana, 2021). Poverty remains the most important issue
for rural communities in developing countries (Khavul and Bruton, 2013). Several projects
have been implemented with the goal of encouraging small business growth as a means of
improving their overall socioeconomic conditions (Cnaan et al., 2014), but rarely have any of
them achieved any success (Torri, 2010). These failures point to the difficulty in
comprehending the various forms and applications of entrepreneurship in various cultural
contexts (Jardon and Martinez–Cobas, 2020; Lounsbury et al., 2019), as well as its holistic
dimension. Using business development to alleviate poverty necessitates a deep
understanding of the particular socioeconomic environment where development is expected Journal of Enterprising
(Kawharu et al., 2017) and that is missed in the traditional notions of entrepreneurship which Communities: People and Places in
the Global Economy
focuses on individualism and primacy of economic goals (Elfving, 2015). However, the degree © Emerald Publishing Limited
1750-6204
to which individualism is incorporated varies greatly between societies (Anderson et al., 2004). DOI 10.1108/JEC-01-2022-0010
JEC Traditional notions of entrepreneurship and economic growth tend to fall short of capturing the
basic characteristics of venturing in a number of social and cultural contexts, such as societies
(Vestrum, 2016). This in turn has given rise to alternate forms of entrepreneurial models (Smith,
2012; Varady et al., 2015). In recent years, community-based enterprises (CBEs) have become
increasingly important in alleviating rural poverty as well as sustainable utilization of the
natural resources of the communities and has thus motivated many scholars to work in this
area (Johannisson and Ramirez-Pasillas, 2010; Lyons, 2002; Parwez, 2017; Sundin, 2011).They
are ventures that work to improve the economic, social and environmental well-being of their
local communities(Gordon, 2002; Johannisson, 1990; Peredo and McLean, 2006; Somerville and
McElwee, 2011; Tracey et al., 2005).CBEs have gained importance as they focus on the well-
being of the community and not just the economic output (Ratten and Dana, 2017). They
are the expression of unorthodox, collaborative entrepreneurship operating as a change
agent in their environments (Boraston et al., 1996; Helmsing, 2002), and their primary
objective is to improve the well-being of a certain community of reference (Cromie et al.,
1993).They contribute greatly to the socio-economic and political development of the
community in long term (Handy et al., 2011). CBEs often act as the centre of
development for the locality providing both opportunity and service for the community
members (Ebewo, 2014) and thus brings down poverty in the community by
sustainable livelihood generation (Sarreal, 2006).
As the body of literature on CBE is growing, a bibliometric analysis will immensely help
the research scholars willing to work on CBE by guiding them about which journals and
authors to follow suit.
This study uses the Scopus database to create a bibliometric portrait of the global
research on CBE from 1990 to 2021 that has not yet been explored. The goal of this study is
to guide academics who are new to the field of CBE in terms of which publications and
authors to refer as the platform of their research on the topic. VOSviewer software has been
used to generate network visualization maps of scientific publications showing the current
trend of the topic and the various themes explored by researchers of this field.
The article provides a brief review of literature followed by methodology; data analysis;
discussion on the results; and major findings of the study. In the conclusion part, it
recapitulates key findings and points out the limitations and sets forth the possible
dimensions for future research.

Literature review
In developing nations, CBEs have become increasingly important not only for their role in
alleviating rural poverty (Teerakul et al., 2012) but also for conservation and sustainable
utilization of natural resources (Ambrose-Oji et al., 2015; Humphries et al., 2012). Salafsky
et al. (2001) in their study highlighted the specific conditions under which CBE can
contribute in conserving the natural biodiversity of a region and also give a sustainable
mode of livelihood generation, thereby achieving both socioeconomic and environmental
upliftment of a region. Organizations at the international, national and local levels are
investing in the establishment of CBEs (Laiprakobsup, 2018).They have emerged as a
potential solution to various problems faced by the people at the grass-root level in nations
(Cieslik, 2016; Ojha et al., 2016; Peredo and Chrisman, 2004) and contribute greatly in
reducing the ever-existing inequalities across socially backward classes (Nanda and
Samanta, 2018). CBEs enhance the resilience of the local community by strengthening their
economy and social lives (Cabras and Mount, 2017;Haugh, 2008; Somerville and McElwee,
2011; Torri, 2011). The CBE literature has primarily focussed around qualitative research
owing to the advantage of allowing the researchers to create knowledge and ideas while also
giving the researchers the flexibility to adapt to changing circumstances. It is quite evident Global
that CBE researchers are interested in examining CBEs in their innate environment deriving research
theories from practice, and investigating fresh viewpoints, Given the lack of uniform
vocabulary and models in CBE research, the research approach towards development of
precise theories is required to improve the area (Granados et al., 2011).
As an area of research, CBE is still in a very nascent stage and hence the definition of
CBE has been debated by many scholars (Butler and Current, 2021; Soviana, 2015;
Woodfield et al., 2017). While some authors have focussed on the commercial nature of CBEs
in defining them (Odero, 2004), others have emphasized on the characteristic features that
differentiate a CBE from the conventional enterprises (Kerins and Jordan, 2010). CBEs have
also been defined highlighting their collective nature and multiplicity of goals (Antinori and
Bray, 2005; Manyara and Jones, 2007). Hertel et al. (2019) define CBE as a form of enterprise
that is created, owned and governed by people of the locality in which it is situated, to
generate economic, social and/or environmental advantages. Phukrongpet et al. (2021) define
CBEs as commercial ventures that are based on natural products and supply niche markets.
In this study, we have taken the definition by Peredo and Chrisman, (2004) who define a
CBE as “a community acting corporately as both entrepreneur and enterprise in pursuit of
the common good”.
Although CBEs are sometimes lumped in with the larger idea of social enterprises (SEs)
(Leadbeater, 1997; Shaw and Carter, 2007), they stand apart from SEs for having many
distinctive features that lack in SE (Kleinhans and Van Ham, 2017). Firstly, CBEs describe
their social purpose in terms of a population living in a defined geographic area (Bailey,
2012). Secondly, CBEs are highly versatile organizations that are involved in a wide range of
activities aimed at a comprehensive and integrated regeneration of the locality (Buratti et al.,
2021). Finally, they have multi-level governance structures that allow the community
members they benefit to participate in the organization’s management (Tracey et al., 2005).
CBEs have emerged as a viable solution for the impoverished territories marked by
ecological vulnerability, migration crisis, limitations of traditional economic activity,
shortage or inefficiency of fiscal policy measures and lack of social programs (Johannisson
and Ramirez-Pasillas, 2010; Lyons, 2016; Parwez, 2017; Peredo and Chrisman, 2017). To put
it another way, CBEs were started in areas that were either unattractive to profit-oriented
businesses or were afflicted by the state’s long-term disinterest or incompetence or charity
activity (Gordon, 2002). The community takes a collective decision to build in vehicles to
drive the community’s economy and thus form ventures which serve as a tool to improve the
socio-economic standard of the community (Ebewo, 2014), thereby acting as a hub for
the development of community infrastructure, providing both resources and facilities to the
community.
According to Peredo and Chrisman, (2006), a CBE evolves as a response to communities’
willingness to reclaim or recover ownership over their economic growth. It is a result of
complex multidimensional phenomena involving economic duress, social and political
instability and environmental degradation and is built upon the social capital existing in
community culture. These businesses are built on the foundation of collectively owned
cultural, social and ethnic assets (Anderson et al., 2006). Community networks enable the
pooling of resources, the coordination of actions and the creation of safety nets for
community members (Bourdieu, 1987). Ensley et al. (2000) claim that the form of economic
ventures in any CBE is influenced by the community members’ previously acquired skills
and capability along with the available resources and their specific needs. Salafsky et al.
(2001) in their study highlighted the specific conditions under which CBE can contribute in
conserving the natural biodiversity of a region and also give a sustainable mode of
JEC livelihood generation, thereby achieving both socioeconomic and environmental upliftment
of a region. The key criteria for the success of such enterprises lies in the high community
participation level (Stone and Stone, 2011).This was also supported by Dana and Light
(2011), whose study claimed that social and cultural capital of a community are the main
driving factors behind the success of this form of enterprise.
Bibliometric studies are popular in a variety of research fields, including management
(Podsakoff et al., 2008), entrepreneurship (Luor et al., 2014) and innovation (Cancino et al.,
2017; Fagerberg et al., 2018). It uses various methods to ascertain qualitative and
quantitative improvements in a field of scientific study (De Bakker et al., 2005), to create a
profile of publications on a particular subject and to recognize systemic aspects and patterns
within a discipline (Rey-Marti et al., 2016; Samanta et al.2021). Furthermore, the bibliometric
analysis serves as a guide for those researchers who want to measure the scientific activity
of a research field. The network analysis adopted here relies on free citation analysis
software VOSviewer to analyse the work done in the field of CBEs scientifically (Baier-
Fuentes et al., 2018). It gives a detailed outline of the relationship between various clusters of
items (Van Eck and Waltman, 2010). The present study intends to comprehend qualitative
and quantitative growth of literature on CBEs as a scaffold for future research.

Methodology
First an extensive search was done using keywords that came from a detailed study of the
articles in the field of CBE in both Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus. Though WoS has been
the primary source of scientific assessment for authors, recently Scopus has also gained
popularity among them (Baier-Fuentes et al., 2019). One of the reasons for this popularity is
the huge collection of databases Scopus has (Burnham, 2006).While the latter would be
ample justification for using Scopus, we think the key reason is the field’s obvious
immaturity. Though the research body on CBE is expanding, still it is a relatively immature
field (Torri, 2010). Because of this relative immaturity, we decided to broaden the scope of
our literature quest in this area. Scopus indexes the majority of the journals found in the
WoS, and it also has a larger number of exclusive journals compared to WoS (Mongeon and
Paul-Hus, 2021). Hence, we chose Scopus as our database. The search was carried out in the
month of December 2021, and the results were retrieved by 16 December 2021.
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no bibliometric study has been conducted so far
on CBE which very well justifies the need and relevance of this paper.
We used the search string “community-based enterprise” OR “Community
entrepreneurship” and got a total of 188 documents including journal articles, review papers,
book chapters, etc. Keywords such as, “community-based enterprise”, “community
entrepreneurship” and Boolean operator (“OR”) were used to retrieve the accurate and
precise data.
Our search criteria yielded a total of 188 documents but many of them were outside the
purview of our topic of interest so we applied filter on the subject area and further narrowed
down the search to 152 documents.
Figure 1 depicts the detailed research design as an essential part of the methodology of
the study.

Analysis of data
This analysis focusses on research in CBE from the year 1990 to 2021, and it examines all
152 retrieved documents in the forms of articles, proceedings, reviews, book reviews,
editorial materials and book chapters. The significant facets such as distribution of
publication by year, documents, subject area, counties, institutions, authors and sources,
 Global
research

Figure 1.
Research design

network visualization map of co-occurring keywords, citation, co-citation and bibliographic

coupling have been analysed in length and breadth and are presented in the succeeding
sections.

Distribution by publication year

The oldest document found in this bibliometric analysis is by Johannisson, (1990) titled
“Community entrepreneurship: cases and conceptualization”. It has a citation score of 98 and
was published in the Journal of Entrepreneurship and Regional Development. Johannisson
stated that under adverse conditions a strong community culture can encourage community
entrepreneurship which can provide sustainable solutions for local development. The
second published document on CBE that we got in this analysis is titled “Chinese economic
restructuring: Enterprise development through employee ownership” by Tseo, (1996). It was
published in the journal of Economic and Industrial Democracy and has a citation score of 2.
In the year 1999, three documents on CBE were published titled “Community
entrepreneurship in northeast Scotland” by Haugh and Pardy (1999),“Requisites for thriving
rural non-wood forest product enterprises” by (Taylor, 1999) and “Community-based
enterprises and conservation: The Kalahan Forest Farms Development Project” by
(Encarnacion, 1999). The first document was published by the International Journal of
Entrepreneurial Behaviour and research and has a citation score of 32. The second and third
documents were published by Unasylva and their citation score is 2 and 1, respectively. The
number of publications on CBE till 2012 has been quite low (below 5). From the year 2012,
there has been steady growth in publications on CBE. Table 1 shows the number of
publications on CBE from the year 1990 to 2021. It is found that the highest number of 17
papers were published in the year 2021 followed by the year 2018 (15 papers). CBE is
conceptually somewhat similar to Community economic development which had gained
momentum in North America during the 1980s (Ebewo, 2014). Since then it has been
accepted as a popular mode of holistic development for impoverished communities in Asia
(Handy et al., 2011; Lyons, 2002; Sharma, 2006), Africa (Nelson, 2000), Latin America
(Peredo, 2005) and socially backward areas in developed countries (Johnstone and Lionais,
2004; Lyons, 2016). As a topic of research, it is slowly gaining prominence among scholars
JEC across disciplines which are reflected in the continuous rise in the number of publications on
CBE.
Table 1 shows the number of papers published from 1990 to 2021. The publications have
shown an upward trend with the number of documents getting published in an increasing
order since 2012.

Types of documents
An extensive search resulted in 113 articles, 13 review papers, 2 books and 21 book chapters
that focused on various aspects of CBE. The distribution of documents by type is depicted in
Table 2.
Table 2 shows that the majority of documents published on CBE are journal articles
followed by book chapters and review. Hence, journals are being considered as the major
channel of communication for the researchers in the field of CBE.

Distribution by subject area

Table 3 shows the number of publications on CBE under various knowledge domains.
The results indicate the versatility of this topic and its popularity among scholars
from various disciplines. The distribution of publications by subjects is depicted in
Table 3.
Table 3 reveals that the highest number of papers emanated from the area of Business
Management and Accounting with 92 publications followed by Economics, Econometrics
and Finance with 66 publications.

Sl. no. Year No. of publications Cumulative no. of papers

1 2021 17 17
2 2020 14 31
3 2019 13 44
4 2018 15 59
5 2017 12 71
6 2016 9 80
7 2015 9 89
Table 1. 8 2014 7 96
Number of CBE 9 2013 7 103
papers published 10 2012 5 108
from 1990 to 2021 11 1990–2011 44 152

Rank Document type No. of publications

1 Article 113
Table 2. 2 Book chapter 21
Distribution of 3 Review 13
publications on CBE 4 Book 2
by document type 5 Conference paper 1
Distribution by countries and institutions Global
It is essential to know the countries that have contributed to the growth of literature in research
CBE. The distribution of documents by countries and institutions is depicted in
Tables 4 and 5.
Table 4 shows USA as the leading country with 38 publications followed by the UK with
25 publications. Canada and Australia are in 3rd and 4th position with 22 and 10
publications, respectively.
Table 5 shows that University of Montreal has the highest contribution of five articles
followed by Pennsylvania State University, University of Victoria, Delft University of
Technology and Nordlands Forskning with four publications each.

Research
Rank Area No. of publication

1 Business, Management and Accounting 92

2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance 66
3 Social Science 65 Table 3.
4 Environmental Science 20 Subject wise
5 Agricultural and Biological Sciences 16 distribution of papers

Ranking Countries No. of publications

1 USA 38
2 UK 25
3 Canada 22
4 Australia 10
5 The Netherlands 9
6 New Zealand 9
7 India 7 Table 4.
8 Italy 6 Countries where CBE
9 Norway 6 research has been
10 Sweden 5 published

Rank Affiliation No. of publications

1 University of Montreal 5
2 Pennsylvania State University 4
3 University of Victoria 4
4 Delft University of Technology 4
5 Nordlands Forskning 4
6 Manipal academy of Higher Education 3
7 University of Otago 3 Table 5.
8 University of Canterbury 3 Affiliation wise
9 The Artic University of Norway 3 distribution of
10 University of St Andrews 3 publications
JEC Distribution by journals
It is very much essential on the part of a researcher to know the key journals that publish
research papers in the field of CBE. Ranking of top 10 journals that have published papers in
this area is depicted in Table 6.
Table 6 shows that Journal of Enterprising Communities leads the table with 14
documents. It is published by Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. The overall ranking of this
journal is 10,901 and SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) is 0.456. Business and International
Management, Economics and Econometrics, Strategy and Management are the areas of
focus of this journal and its impact score is 2.07. The second position is occupied by the
journal Entrepreneurship and Regional Development which is published by Taylor and
Francis with SJR of 1.673 and it covers key areas such as Business, Management and
Accounting and Economics and Econometrics among others.

Prominent authors
Measuring research performance at the micro-level of an individual researcher is relatively
hard when undertaking a bibliometric examination of research in a certain domain
(Bornmann and Daniel, 2007). There are two basic causes for this issue. To begin,
researchers must produce a high level of research output in a reasonable amount of time to
acquire statistically reliable indications. Second, the number of publications and impact in
terms of citation are not always correlated (Rey-Marti et al., 2016). However, due to scarcity
of resources, the scientific output must be quantified for assessment and comparative
reasons to guide funding or tenure decisions (Hirsch, 2005).
Two of the most common bibliometric markers used to judge an article’s quality are the
number of citations it gets and the studies it references (Rey-Marti et al., 2016). Nonetheless,
the number of citations gained by an article may be due to the author’s or study field’s
popularity rather than the piece’s importance. Table 7 shows the top 10 authors that our
search yielded. In this section, we have used the term articles instead of documents. This is
because we have filtered all the documents that are not articles from the database to ensure
consistency with the number of citations as well as h index. Maria Costanza Torri occupies
the top slot with five articles. Her work has highlighted the role of CBE in the socio-economic
development of underprivileged and marginalized sections of society. She has worked on the
case study of an herbal medicine sector in India and proposed for holistic programs to
overcome poverty and provide sustainable growth opportunities for the underprivileged
communities. Her works have established a positive relationship between CBE and
community development. The author is currently working in the University of New
Brunswick, Fredericton. Canada. In terms of citation, however, Ana Maria Peredo leads with

Rank Journals No. of publications

1 Journal of Enterprising Communities 14

2 Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 7
3 Agris On-line papers in Economics and Informatics 3
4 International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 3
5 International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small business 3
6 Community Development 3
Table 6. 7 Journal of Sustainable Tourism 3
Journals that have 8 Territorio 3
published research 9 Journal of Business Venturing Insights 2
on CBE 10 Journal of Ecotourism 2
Rank Authors Country No. of publications Citations h index C/P
Global
research
1 Torri, M.C. Canada 5 35 1 7
2 D’souza, D.J India 3 5 0 1.66
3 Dana, L.P. France 3 102 3 34
4 Joshi, H.G. India 3 5 0 1.66
5 Sitabutr, V. Thailand 3 3 0 1
6 Vestrum, I. Norway 3 44 3 14.66
7 Alter, T.R. USA 2 74 2 37
8 Butler, M. USA 2 1 0 0.5
9 Choudhary, D. India 2 10 2 5
10 Deebhijarn, S. Thailand 2 1 0 0.5
11 Dentoni, D. The Netherlands 2 20 0 10
12 Gartner, W.B. USA 2 20 0 10
13 Haugh, H.M. UK 2 34 0 17
14 Honig, B. Canada 2 7 0 3.5
15 Jaafar, M. Malaysia 2 10 1 5 Table 7.
16 Kleinhans, R. The Netherlands 2 19 2 9.5 Authors who have
17 Peredo, A.M. Canada 2 661 2 330.5 published papers on
18 Tricarico, L. Italy 2 9 2 4.5 CBE

661 citations for 2 articles. Her article titled “Toward a theory of community-based
enterprise” is one of the seminal paper on CBE. The author is currently working in the
University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
Hirsch (2005) suggests a micro-level research performance indicator. The Hirsch Index,
also known as the h-index, is a single statistic that represents a single researcher’s scientific
output. This index is a revolutionary, straightforward metric that captures the quantity as
well as the visibility of writers’ published work (Egghe, 2006; Egghe and Rousseau, 2006;
Van Raan, 2006). An h index of 40 implies that a scientist has published 40 papers and each
paper has got a minimum of 40 citations. This in turn means that the h index can never
decrease. Conversely, as new research is published and cited, this index will normally rise
(Cronin and Meho, 2006). An h index of 0 means inactive authors who have had no
noticeable impact, even if they have written at least one paper.
Ranking of prominent authors by number of publications is depicted in Table 7.
Table 7 reveals that Torri, M.C. of Canada leads the table with five articles followed by
D’souza, D.J of India, Dana, L.P. of France, Joshi, H.G. of India, Sitabutr, V. of Thailand and
Vestrum, I. of Norway (three articles each). Moreover, it is found that majority of ranked
authors hail from the USA and India.

Citation analysis
The use of citation patterns to analyze scholarly communication has been widely used to
identify scientific collaboration, assess the influence of research outcomes and monitor
knowledge transfer across domains (Ding et al., 2013). Citation analysis entails calculating
how many times a research article or scientist has been cited, with the expectation that
prominent scientists and significant works would be cited more often than others (Meho,
2007).
Document citation analysis of the 152 documents by putting a threshold of a minimum of
10 citations per document resulted in 48 documents. Out of the 152 documents, 44
documents have a citation of more than 10 which means only 30.34% of documents have
been cited more than 10 times. This indicates that the field of CBEs is still at a very nascent
JEC stage and researchers are yet to explore and understand this area. Figure 2 shows the
network visualization map of the most cited documents, and it can be seen that the
document authored by Peredo and Chrisman (2006) “Toward a theory of community-based
enterprise” is at the top of the list with 641 citations.
Table 8 shows the top ten cited documents on CBE alonwith their author and number of
citations. The article entitled, “Toward a theory of community-based enterprise” by Peredo,
A.M., Chrisman, J.J. published in 2006 was found to be the most highly cited paper with
citation count of 641 followed by the article, “Community-based tourism enterprises
development in Kenya: An exploration of their potential as avenues of poverty reduction” by
Manyara, G., Jones, E. with 250 citations.

Keyword analysis
Keyword analysis is a method for quantifying and evaluating the frequency of keywords in
scientific studies (de la Hoz-Correa et al., 2018).The strength between the keywords is
measured by their frequency of appearing together (Tan Luc et al., 2020). Keyword analysis
investigates the association between keywords in the published scientific documents (Ding
et al., 2001; Lee and Su, 2010). Moreover, it helps in identifying the scientometric themes
underlying the information provided in a published document (Grant, 2010; Hartley and
Kostoff, 2003; Leung et al., 2017; Pesta et al., 2018).
Figure 3 shows the network visualization of keyword co-occurrence. A total of 633
keywords were generated from the 155 published documents.
Figure 3 shows the network analysis of keywords. Keywords such as “ecotourism”,
“community resource management”, “community development” are seen in Cluster 1, “social
capital”, “social entrepreneurship” in Cluster 2 and “sustainability”, “sustainable
development”, “poverty alleviation”, “economic development” in Cluster 3 getting an
increased attention by scholars in this domain.
Some major research themes that can be derrived from these clusters are scaling
community entrepreneurship, role of social capital in CBEs, business model and CBEs,
factors promoting success of CBEs, sustainable utilization of community natural resources

Figure 2.
Network
visualization map of
the most cited
documents
Rank Author/Authors Document title Year Total citations
Global
research
1 Peredo, A.M., Chrisman, Toward a theory of community-based 2006 641
J.J. enterprise
2 Manyara, G., Jones, E. Community-based tourism enterprises 2007 260
development in Kenya: An exploration
of their potential as avenues of poverty
reduction
3 Salafsky, et al. A systematic test of an enterprise 2001 166
strategy for community-based
biodiversity conservation
4 Somerville et al. Situating community enterprise: A 2011 107
theoretical exploration
5 Johannisson B. Community entrepreneurship-cases 1990 98
and conceptualization
6 Stone, L.S., Stone, T.M. Community-based tourism enterprises: 2011 90
Challenges and prospects for
community participation; Khama Rhino
Sanctuary trust, Botswana
7 Nebel, G., Quevedo, L., Development and economic 2005 63
Bredahl Jacobsen, J., significance of forest certification: The
Helles, F. case of FSC in Bolivia
8 Humphires et al. Local perceptions of forest certification 2006 56
for community-based enterprises
9 Dana, L.-P., Light, I. Two forms of community 2011 54
entrepreneurship in Finland: Are there
differences between Finnish and Sami
reindeer husbandry entrepreneurs?
10 Lyons, T.S. Entrepreneurship and Community: The 2021 50
Next Frontier of Entrepreneurship Table 8.
Inquiry Top ten documents

Rank Source Document Citation Link Link strength

1 Journal of Enterprising Communities 14 181 7 287

2 Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 7 315 7 247
3 International Journal of Entrepreneurial 3 47 6 163
Behaviour and Research
4 Journal of Business Venturing 3 29 6 140
Table 9.
5 International Journal of Entrepreneurship and 3 71 7 126
Small Business Top eight journals
6 Community Development 3 35 6 98 found in
7 Territorio 3 11 6 72 bibliographic
8 Journal of Sustainable Tourism 3 355 24 5 coupling analysis
JEC

Figure 3.
Network
visualization map of
top keywords

in CBEs, role of CBEs in socioeconomic development of communities, forestry and CBEs,

ecotourism and CBEs.

Co-citation analysis
Co-citation review is a novel approach to understand the cognitive framework of science. Co-
citation review entails following up on pairs of papers that are quoted in the same source
document. Clusters of research begin to form when several writers quote the same pair of
articles. These clusters of co-cited papers appear to have a common theme (Surwase et al.,
2011). A reference co-citation mapping is made up of a set of nodes (references) and edges
(the co-occurrence of nodes in the reference list of the map’s publications). The analysis of
reference co-citations is crucial for determining a certain area’s development and
evolutionary route (Chen et al., 2010; Culnan et al., 1990). Scholars engaged in this topic can
benefit from reference co-citation analysis because it will help them uncover some
prospective study prospects. Network visualization of the co-cited references is depicted in
Figure 4.
Figure 4 provides a glimpse of the largest node that is Peredo and Chrisman (2006) titled
“Toward a theory of community-based enterprise”, indicating that it is the most often co-
cited reference in the field of CBE to date.This research was published in The Academy of
Management Review in 2006 and made a significant addition to the topic of CBE.The high
citation of this document implies its popularity and reputation in the field of CBE.The
second largest node is of “Situating community enterprise:A theoretical exploration” by
Somerville and McElwee, (2011) and was published in Entrepreneuship and Regional
Development journal.
Bibliographic coupling Global
One of the most important bibliometric techniques is bibliographic coupling analysis (Most research
et al., 2018; Zhao and Strotmann, 2014). This form of analysis enables for the identification of
the field’s knowledge structure and new issues(Najera-Sanchez et al., 2020). This method
“identifies commonalities across papers independent of the frequency of citations” (Most
et al., 2018). As a result, bibliographic coupling analysis “describes the occurrence in which
two authors cite the same article(s) in articles that they both wrote” (Ma, 2012) (Figure 5).
A threshold of minimum 12 citations per document was kept which resulted in 40
documents. The largest set of connected documents has 35 documents.The bibliographic
coupling yielded six distinct clusters. Each cluster dealt with similar or related topics and an
analysis of the clusters provides six differet research streams that CBE work has focussed
on.The largest cluster is Cluster 1 (green color) with nine items in it.This cluster focusses on
the concept of CBE and its interpretation in different geographical locations. Cluster 2 (red
colour) foccussed on the different forms of entrepreneurial activities that communities have

Figure 4.
Network
visualization map of
co-cited references

Figure 5.
Network
visualization of result
obtained from
bibliographic
coupling of
documents
JEC taken up and their impact on the socioeconomic conditions of the communities.While Cluster
3 (blue colour) highlighted the resource mobilization process in CBEs, Cluster 4 (yellow
colour) highlighted the relation between CBE, poverty alleviation and sustainable livelihood
generation among economically backward communities. Cluster 5 (purple colour) focussed
on indigenous communitiues and their entrepreneurial activities. Finally, Cluster 6 (light
turquiose colour) focussed on tourism agriculture and forestry as a community based
ventures.We can find CBEs have been studied under various activities such as tourism,
animal husbandry, agriculture, forestry and community resource conservation.
Figure 6 shows that Journal of Enterprising Communities and Entreprepreneurship and
Regional Development are the journals/sources with maximum documents identified in this
bibliometric analysis. It is observed that the relatedness between these two journals is also
greater than other sources. Moreover, a few other journals such as Journal of Business
Venturing and Journal of Sustainable Tourism are also in the loop. The top eight journals
derived from this analysis are mentioned in Table 8.
Table 8 shows that Journal of Enterprising Communities is the top journal that has so far
published 14 papers followed by Entrepreneurship and Regional Development (seven
papers).

Key findings
The key findings of this study are presented below:
 The article entitled, “Community entrepreneurship: cases and conceptualization” by
Johannison published in the year 1990 was found to the first comprehensive
research on community based entrepreneurship.
 The year 2021 was found to be the most productive year with the highest number of
17 documents.
 It is found that Torri, M.C. of Canada leads the table for highest number of
publications on CBE with five articles followed by D’souza, D.J of India, Dana, L.P.
of France, Joshi, H.G. of India, Sitabutr, V. of Thailand and Vestrum, I. of Norway
(three articles each). Moreover, it is found that majority of ranked authors hail from
USA and India.
 The article entitled, “Toward a theory of community-based enterprise” by Peredo,
A.M., Chrisman, J.J. published in 2006 was found to be the most highly cited paper

Figure 6.
Network
visualization map of
bibliographic
coupling of sources
 with citation count of 641 followed by the article, “Community-based tourism Global
enterprises development in Kenya: An exploration of their potential as avenues of research
poverty reduction” by Manyara, G., Jones, E. with 250 citations.
 USA is found to be the leading country with 38 publications followed by the UK
with 25 publications. Canada and Australia are in 3rd and 4th position with 22 and
10 publications, respectively.
 Journal of Enterprising Communities is found to be the top journal that has so far
published 14 articles on CBE followed by the Entrepreneurship and Regional
Development with 7 articles.
 The study finds that University of Montreal has the highest contribution of five
articles followed by Pennsylvania State University, University of Victoria, Delft
University of Technology and Nordlands Forskning with four publications each.
 The key researched topics are found to be “community entrepreneurship”, “community
development”, “community based enterprise”, “social entrepreneurship”, “social
enterprise”, “community” and “social capital”.

Conclusion
This paper comprehended scholarly papers in the area of CBE through a bibliometric
analysis. The findings of this study reflect the quantitative and qualitative growth of
literature in this emerging field. Although the area is still in nascent stage, but the past few
years have witnessed a rising trend of publications. Moreover, this paper puts spotlight on
year wise distribution of papers, geographical distribution of papers, highly cited papers,
prolific authors, ranking of journals, keyword analysis and assorted facets.
The research keywords are from different areas across multiple disciplines like
economics, environment, management among others that not only indicates the complexity
of CBE but also the scope for further research in this area. Countries such as the UK and the
USA have been the major contributors so far as research in this field is concerned. Among
the top ten countries, only two are from a developing country which shows research in the
field of CBE is relatively less in developing countries. To encourage work on CBE research,
developing nations should expand collaboration with developed countries. Furthermore, to
enhance the research output in the field of CBE, funding for performing meaningful CBE
research should be made available to researchers in developing nations.
Keyword analysis identified three distinct clusters focussing on different aspects of CBE
that researchers have worked upon. The current trend depicts a close inclination towards
finding a balance between sustainable development and socio-economic development of
marginalized communities, and this trend is expected to continue as more and more work is
getting concentrated in the area of sustainable utilization of community resources. The
bibliographic coupling analysis identified six different clusters. The largest cluster dealt
with the concept and interpretation of CBEs across different geographical locations.
Researchers have studied CBEs under various lenses which are evident from the clusters
obtained in bibliographic coupling.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first bibliometric analysis carried out in the field of
CBE. We performed network analysis and cluster analysis using VOSviewer software which
provided an insight into the work done in this field along with the current status and trends.
But this paper also has some limitations. As we considered only the Scopus database for our
study, we might not have covered all the CBE literature and may have missed some valuable
works in conducting this analysis. This research offers a review of previous work in this field
JEC and points to future directions, which will help other studies step in the right direction.
Moreover, this study provides insights that can assist researchers in the field of CBE. Key
journals, the works of prolific authors and highly cited papers in the field of CBE may be used
as scaffolds to the future research.

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Corresponding author
Sasmita Samanta can be contacted at: drsasmita@kiit.ac.in

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