LEADING

MGT 162
SIR JOHARI
 Leader
A person who leads
the subordinates in
doing group work

Definition Leading
Instruction is given by
the leader to motivate
or give orders to the
subordinates.

Leadership
A skill in leading the
subordinates as a team
works in achieving
goals
 Leadership Approach: Behavioral Theories
Behavioral
Theories

Michigan
Ohio Studies Managerial Grid
Studies
• Is a survey that has been carried out by a
• group of researchers to ask questions about
▪ Identified the leadership styles that
❖ A self-assessment tool by which
how the leader’s behaviour affects the
members of the group in the group’s work
produced the highest employee individuals and organizations
satisfaction and productivity

Definition •
performance.
Divided into two categories which are initiating
structure behavior and consideration behavior.
• Leaders exhibit two types of behaviours,
Initiating Structure and Consideration in
managing employees to achieve goals.
▪ Identify the principles and types of
leadership styles that led to greater
productivity and enhanced job satisfaction
can help identify a manager's or
leader's style
▪
among workers
A well-known series of leadership studies
❖ Was founded by Robert R. Blake
that commenced at the University of and Jane S. Mouton in the 1960s
Michigan in the 1950s

❖ Puts 'result-oriented' managerial

• Helping in managing • Identified three critical
How does it
styles on the horizontal axis and
employees in the company characteristics of effective 'people-focused' styles on the
and organizations in leaders: task-oriented behavior, vertical axis

work? achieving goals relationship-oriented behavior,

and participative leadership.
❖ Helps managers identify how they
stand with respect to their concern
for production and people.

How to apply • Helping the leader to ▪ Less direct pressure and ❖ Used to help managers
the theory to the improve their leadership control allow employees to analyse their leadership
organization? skills based on the be more productive and styles through a
opinion of those who fill engaged with their tasks. technique known as grid
in the survey training
LEADERSHIP APPROACH: CONTINGENCY THEORIES
Definition
• The leader has to match the leadership
style according to the readiness of
subordinates which moves in stage and
has a cycle. Therefore, this theory is also
known as the life-cycle theory of
Life-cycle leadership.
Theory • Describes how leaders should adjust their
leadership style in response to their
subordinates’ situation that evolving
desire for achievement, experience,
ability, and willingness to accept
responsibility
➢ A leader's traits and
behaviours can directly affect
the satisfaction, motivation,
and performance of their team
Path goal members
Theory ➢ How successful a leader is can
be determined by their ability
to promote their subordinates'
contentment, goals, and skills.
How does it
work?
❖ Assumes that household
members choose their
current expenditures
optimally, taking account
of their spending needs
and future income over
the remainder of their
lifetimes
➢ Leaders must clarify the paths
to goals and remove obstacles
to performance for employees.
➢ Must provide information,
support, and other resources,
like training, so employees
can complete the tasks,
projects, and work needed to
achieve their goals.
How to apply the
theory to the
organization?
❖ That behaviour has
predictable patterns that
result in foreseeable crises
❖ Can determine whether an
organization moves to the
next stage of development or
fails.
➢ Achievement-oriented
➢ Overcome challenges in training
➢ Achieve training-related goals
➢ Boost productivity, motivation,
and confidence
 POWER: POSITION
How does it How to apply in
DEFINITION organizations?
work?

❖ The formal authority is given to a person within

❖ This power comes when employees in the ❖ Those with legitimate power
organization recognize the authority of the may not only create changes
an organization.

LEGITIMATE
individual.
❖ It comes from a position or job title, legitimate in the behaviour of others
❖ Based on a person holding a particular
power is a form of positional power
❖ Power that comes from one's organizational role
position of authority within an organization. but also have the power to
This gives them power over others and lets
or position. For example, a boss can assign
them make decisions within the broader create and change the social
projects, a policeman can arrest a citizen, and a
teacher assigns grades.
system norms of the group

➢ A capacity to influence others that

are based on one's knowledge of
INFORMATION ➢
facts relevant to the situation.
A form of personal or collective
power that is based on controlling
information needed by others in
order
▪ A type of power that
employs the use of force,
COERCIVE threats, and other forms
of coercion to stimulate
an outcome
➢ The ability to influence the ➢ Having control
behaviour of others with or
without resistance by using
over information
a variety of tactics to push that others need
or prompt action.
or want
▪ Forcing employee compliance
through the use of threats ▪ To force an employee to follow
▪ For example, a supervisor who
an order by threatening the
threatens to demote, terminate, employee with punishment if
or suspend an erring employee, the employee does not comply
for example, uses coercive with the order.
power

• Use rewards that interest your

• Enhancing employee skills, employees. You can't incentivize
• The formal power is knowledge, and abilities to people to take action if you're not

REWARD
given to a work leader to achieve organizational offering a reward they want
give out rewards to objectives • All the monetary, non-monetary,
other employees. • When employees are rewarded, and psychological payments that an
they feel like they trust their organization provides for its
employees in exchange for the work
employer and feel supported they perform
 POWER: PERSONAL

HOW DOES IT How to apply in

DEFINITION
WORK? organizations?

❖ The ability of a leader or boss ❖ Be honest. Honesty and

to influence an employee
through respect, admiration,
REFERENT
influence, or identifying with the
leader
❖ A type of power that stems from
a leader's ability to inspire and
influence others
❖ Empowering your team, integrity are some of the
helping and guiding most powerful ways to use
them, if needed, but not and foster referent power in
the workplace
monitoring every step
❖ Recognize good work
they take at work

➢ Someone who has deep expertise in the

area that they are leading
➢ Can motivate your ➢ Try to confidently
➢ Expert power is the ability an employee
has, regardless of seniority, to show team members to display your skills
EXPERT ➢
expertise in a subject or situation
For example, if no one else in the improve their expert when employees need
department knows how to run a certain
knowledge them during your
software program and a specific employee
does, that employee has the expert power workday
in that situation
THANK YOU
BY: LAVAGNI LAURA & NATASHA LEONORA
AC1101E