Mth404dynamic Short Notes Final Term Exams

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MTH404(Dynamic) short Notes for Final Term Exams
Dynamics (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Composed by Yaseen Bilal
Dynamics MTH (404) Notes For Final Term Preparation
Lecture (23)
Projectile Motion
Projectile motion is a form of motion where an object moves in a bilaterally
Symmetrical, parabolic path. The path that the object follows is called its
trajectory.
Projectile motion only occurs when there is one force applied at the beginning
on the
Trajectory, after which the only interference is from gravity.
Trajectory of a Projectile
Let a particle of mass ‘m’ is projected from a point ‘O’ with initial velocity ‘vo’
making an angle ‘  ’ with horizontal. Take ‘O’ as origin and horizontal
and vertical lines through ‘O’ as x-axis and y-axis respectively.

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r  xiˆ  yjˆ
dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
 i j
dt dt dt
 dx dy ˆ
v  iˆ  j
dt dt

F   mg ˆj
F  ma
 d2x d2y ˆj 
 mg ˆj  m  2 iˆ  2
 dt dt 
2 2
d x d y
0.i  g ˆj  2 iˆ  2 ˆj
dt dt
d2x d2y
 2 0, g
dt dt 2
d 2 x dx
 dt 2  dt  A
d 2 y dy
 dt 2  dt   gt  B
dx
t0  V cos 
dt
dy gx 2
 V sin  y  x tan   sec 2 
dt 2V 2
A  V cos  B  V sin 
dx dy
 V cos     gt  V sin  x  V cos  t
dt dt
1 2
y  V sin   gt
2
x
x  V cos    C t
V cos 
t2  x 
y  V sin   t  gD y  V sin   
2  V cos  
1  x 
t0 ,x  0 ,y 0  g 
2  V cos  
c0 , D0

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Definition:
Trajectory is the path described by any projectile.
Lecture (24)
Properties of projectile
Objects experiencing projectile motion have a constant velocity in the

horizontal direction, and a constantly changing velocity in the vertical
direction. The trajectory resulting from this combination always has the shape
of parabola.
Notice that the trajectory is a parabola.

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 h, k 
y 2  4ax
 x  4   4ay  k
2
 4 a  y  k 
Latus Rectum
The line through a focus of a conic section,
Perpendicular to the major axis, which has both endpoints on the curve.
Focus of a Parabola
A parabola is set of all points in a plane which arte an equal distance

away from a given
Point and agiven line. The point is called the focus of the parabola and
the line is called the directrix.

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The focus lies on the axis of symmetry of the parabola.
Finding the focus of a parabola given its equation
if you have the equation of a parabola in vertex from y  a  z  h 2  k ,
then the vertex is a
1
is at (h,k) and the focus is  h, k   .
 4 

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Lecture (25)

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Examples of projectile Motion -1
Question
Determine the maximum possible range for a projectile fired from a

cannon having
muzzle velocity v0 and prove that the height reached in this case is
v 2
4g
Solution:
Range = horizontal velocity ⨯ Time of flight
2v sin 
 v cos  
g
v 2 sin 2

g
sin 2 is max
sin 2  1
2  sin 1 1
2  90
  45
v 2
Range 
g
v 2
Rangemax 
g
v  1mile / sec  1760  3 / sec
 5280 mile / sec
Rmax   5280 
2
g  9.8m / sec 2
 32

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Lecture (26,27,28,29,33) are included
Examples of Projectile Motion –(II),(III),(IV),(V),(VII)
Question
A projectile having horizontal range T , reaches a maximum height H.

Prove
that it must have been launched d with
a) an initial speed equal to
g  R 2  16 H 2 
8H
b) at an angle with horizontal given by
 4H 
sin 1  
 R _  16 H 2
2 
 
Solution:
Let Vo be the velocity of projection and  is the angle of projection.

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v 2
R sin 2
g
4v 4 sin 2  cos 2 
 R2  .................  i 
g2
V 2 sin 2 
Given H is the maximum height of the projectile. H  ........  ii 
2g
R 2 4v 2 sin 2  cos 2  2g
Divide  i  and  ii    2 2
H g 2
v sin 
R 2 8V 2 cos 2 
 
H g
gR 2
 V 2 cos 2  ...............  iii 
8H
From equation  ii  2 gH  V 2 sin 2  ...................  iv 
gR 2
Adding equation  iii  and  iv   2 gH  V 2 cos 2   V 2 sin 2 
8H
gR 2  16 H 2
V 2  ...............  v 
8H
gR 2  16 H 2
Thus, V 
8H
Now, we find the angle ' '.
2 gR
From equation  ii  , sin 2  
V 2
2 gH 2 gH  8 H
 sin 2   
g  R  16 H
2 2
 g  R 2  16 H 2 
8H
16 H 2
 sin 2   2
R  16 H 2
4H
 sin  
R  16 H 2
2
 4H 
Thus,   sin 1  
2 2
 R  16 H 
Example:

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Example:

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V
vy
2
H


a

g
t
t2
in
ytv

btc

,s
ins2
tvV

i2ns0
i2ns
V

H
20
H

2
gt
gt122

42
V
 
ins42 g
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Lecture (30)
Speed of Projectile Examples
Question:
A shell fired with speed V at an elevation  , hits an airship at height H...

Which is moving
horizontally away from the gun with speed Vo. Show that if
 2V cos   v  v 2
sin 2   2 gH   vV sin 
The shell might also have hit the air ship if the latter had remained
stationary in the position it occupied when the gun was actually fired.
Solution:

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2V sin   4V 2 Sin 2  4  g  2 H 
t
2g
V sin   V 2 Sin 2  2 gH
So, t 
g
V sin   V 2 Sin 2  2 gH
Thus, t1  is the time of motion of shell from ' O ' to ' A '
g
V sin   V 2 Sin 2  2 gH
t2  is the time of motion of shell from 'O' to ' B '
g
2 V 2 Sin 2  2 gH
Thus, t2  t1  .................... 1
g
This the time for shell to move from ' A ' to ' B '
Now, the horizontal dis tan ce cov ered by the shell in time t2  t1 with uniform horizontal speed V cos  is
AB  V cos   t2  t1  u sin g S  vt 
2V cos  V 2 Sin 2  2 gH
or AB  .....................  2 
g
Now, the shell will hit the airship at point ‘B’ if the time taken by the ship to
move from ‘A’ to ‘B’ is equal to the time for shell to move from O to B.
So, the time for airship to move from A to B is also t2 given by

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V sin   V 2 Sin 2  2 gH
t2 
g
Now, AB  V t2  for ship to move from A to B 
V sin   V V 2 Sin 2  2 gH
So, AB  ...............  3
g
From equations  ii  and  iii  , we have
2 V cos   V V 2 Sin 2  2 gH V sin   V V 2 Sin 2  2 gH

g g
1 1
 2VCos V 2 Sin 2  2 gH  2
 V sin   V V 2 Sin 2  2 gH  2
1 1
or 2VCos V 2 Sin 2  2 gH  2
 V V 2 Sin 2  2 gH  2
 VV sin 
Thus,
1
(2VCos  V ) V 2 Sin 2  2 gH  2
 VV sin 
Example

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The vertical velocity of a projectile changes by 9.8m/s each second, The

horizontal motion of a projectile is independent of its vertical motion.
Time Horizontal Velocity Vertical Velocity

0s 73.1 m/s, 19.8m/s, up
Right
1s 73.1 m/s, 9.8m/s, up
Right
2s 73.1 m/s, 0m/s
Right
3s 73.1 m/s, 9.8 m/s,
Right down
Example
For example, you throw the ball straight upward, or you kick a ball and
give it a speed at
an angle to the horizontal or you just drop things and make them free
fall; all these are examples of projectile motion. In projectile motion, gravity is
the only force acting on the object.
Lecture (31)
Parabola of Safety
For a given launch velocity v and launch angle 
The parabola of safety or safety parabola in the envelope of the

parabolic trajectories of projectiles

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Parabola of Safety:
In classical mechanics and ballistics, the parabola of safety or safety parabola is

the envelope of the parabolic trajectories of projectiles shot from a certain
point with a given speed at different angles to horizon in a fixed vertical plane.
Define safety of parabola and derive its equation.
The parabola of safety is the boundary curve in a vertical plane which include
all possible paths of projectile with the same (a given) initial velocity.
The maximum range of a projectile having initial velocity Vo, on an inclined

plane making an angle  with horizontal is

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V 2
R
g 1  sin  
V 2
or R 1  sin   
g
V 2
R  R sin    But R Sin   y 
g
V 2
 R y 
g
2
V2 V 2
2 
or R  y squaring both sides , R     y
g  g 
V 4 2V 2 y
 x2  y2 
g2
 y 2

g
 R 2
 x2  y 2 
V 4 2V 2 y
So, x2  
g2 g
2V 2 y V 4
or x2    2
g g
2V 2 y  V 2 
  x  0 
2
 y  
g  2g 
This is the equation of the parabola of safety.
 V2 
1 vertex v  0,  
 2g 
V 2
 2 Length of latus rectum 
2g
 3 Focus S  0, 0 
Lecture (32)
Range on Inclined Plane
Question:
A particle is projected in a vertical plane with velocity V o making an angle 
with horizontal line. Find the maximum range of projectile and the time of
flight on an inclined plane making an angle       with the horizontal line.
Solution:

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Given that the particle is projected
with velocity Vo making an angle ‘  ’
with horizontal. During its flight, the
particle hits the inclined plane OA at
point P(x,y) making an angle ‘  ’ with
horizontal.
But x  R cos  y  R sin 
So, coordinates of P are  R cos  , R sin   .
As p  R cos  , R sin   lies on the path of parabola whose equation is

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gx 2 sec 2 
y  x tan  
2V 2
So, we have
gR 2 Cos 2  Sec 2
RSin   RCos  tan  
2V 2
gR 2 Cos 2  Sec 2
 Sin   Cos  tan  
2V 2
gR 2 Cos 2  sin 
  Cos  Sin 
2V Cos 
2 2
cos 
gR 2 Cos 2  Sin  C os   C os  S in 

2V 2 Cos 2 Cos 

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2V 2 Cos
 R Sin    
gCos 2 
V 2
or R  [2 Sin     Cos ]...............  i 
gCos 2 
V 2
R [2 Sin        Sin      ]
gCos 2 
V 2
Thus R [ Sin  2     Sin ]
gCos 2 
Now, in order to find the time of flight 'T ', we use the equation .
x  V cos   t
So, R cos   V cos   T
R cos 
 T
V cos  
cos   V 2 
U sin g equation  i  , T   {2sin     cos  } 
V cos    gCos 
2

2V
Thus, T sin    
gCos 
Now, we find the maximum range. Take
V 2
R [ Sin  2     Sin  ]
gCos 2 
R is maximum if Sin  2    is maximum i.e., Sin  2     1
 
or Sin  2     Sin  2   
2 2
2
V
Thus Rmax  1  Sin 
gCos 2 
V 2 1  Sin  
Rmax 
g 1  Sin  1  Sin  
V 2
Thus, Rmax 
g 1  Sin  
This is the maximum range.
Question:
Find the range of the projectile on the inclined plane which is projected
perpendicular
to the inclined plane with velocity 20 m/s as shown in figure.

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Solution:
UX  0
U y  20m / s
3
a x  g sin 37  g
5
4
a y  g cos 37  g
5
1
5 y  4 y t  ayt 2
2
1
0  20t     g cos 37   t 2
2
1 4
20t   10   t 2
2 5
2
20t  4t
t  0,5s
1
5 x  U x t  axt 2
2
1 3
  10 5   20  5
2 5
 7.5m
Lecture (34)
Introduction to orbital motion
Central Force:

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If a particle is moving in an orbit under the influence of a force whose line of
action passes through some fixed point, then such a force is called central
force and the fixed
point is called its centre. The central force may be attractive or repulsive.
THEOREM: The orbit of a particle moving under a central force is necessarily

a plane curve.
Proof:

Let F be the central force acting on a particle of mass “m” and the origin “O”
be the centre of

F as shown in the figure.

Let p  r  be the position of the particle at any time t.

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 
So, OP  r
 
Since, F and r are along the same line,
   
So, r  F  0. But F  ma
  
dv   dv 
or F m  a  
dt  dt 

 dv
r m 0
dt

 dv
 r  0............  i 
dt
 
Now, v v  0
 
dr    dr 
or  v  0.................  ii   v  
dt  dt 
Adding equation  i  and  ii  , we have
 
dv dr 
r  v  0
dt dt
d  
 r  v   0 interchanging both sides,
dt
  
r  v  h ..................  iii 

Where h is the cons tan t of int egration.

Now, Dot multiply both sides by r in equation  iii 
    
r . r  v   r . h
    
 0  r. h    
 a. a  b  0
 
or r. h  0
This shows that the position vector of the particle at any time is perpendicular

to the fixed cons tan t vector h and hence lies in a plane.
Lecture (35)
Orbital Motion Theorem 2
Theorem:
When a particle moves under a central force, the areal velocity is constant.
Where areal velocity is the rate at which area is swept out by a particle as it
moves along a curve.

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Solution:

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 F  ma
   
2
r  r rˆ  2r  r s]
 F  m[  ˆ

r  r 2
 m[   rˆ  1r  2rr  r  s]ˆ
2
1d 
 F  m[  
r  r 2 rˆ  r dt
 
ˆ
rˆ s]
 Fr rˆ  F sˆ  ...........
 F  m 
r 
r  r 2 
m d 2  
 F  
r  dt
 
r 

F  0
m d 2
r dt
 
r  0
d 2

dt
 
r  0
 r 2  cons tan t  h

A  Area of OP  Area of OPR
1
 OQ  PR
2
1
  r  r  r sin 
2
1 2
  r sin   r.r sin  
2
A 1  2   
 r  r.r. 
t 2  t t 
to having lim it as t  0 , r  0 ,   0
A 1 2 
 r   r. . 
t 2
1
 r 2
2
1
 h
2

2 dA
dt
h 
 h is equal to twice the Areal speed .
Lecture (36)
Differential Equation of the Orbital in Pedal Form

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As we know the differential equation of the orbit of a particle in polar form is
d 2u F
 u  2 2 ............  i 
d hu
2
1  du 
Also, we have  u2    Differentiating w.t .r . ' ',
 d 
2
p
 du   d u 
2
dp du
2 p 3 .  2u .  2  2 
d d  d   d 
1 dp du du d 2 u
 .  u  .
p 3 d d d d 2
1 dp du du  d 2u 
or  . .   u  
p 3 d  d d   d 2 
1 dp d 2 u
 .  u u sin g equation  i 
p 3 du d 2
1 dp F
 3.  2 2
p du h u
1 dp dr F 1 1
 3. .  2 2 ...................  ii  But r   u 
p dr du h u u r
dr 1
   2  r 2
du u
1 dp F
Equation  ii  becomes  3 . .  r 2  
p dr  1
h2  2 
r 
h 2 dp
 . F
p 3 dr
This is the differential equation of the orbit of a particle in pedal form.
Lecture (37)
Apse and Apsidal Distance
Apse:
An apse is a point on an orbit at which the tangent to the orbit is perpendicular

to the radius
vector drawn from the centre of force. An apse is shown in the figure.

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Apsidal Distance:
The distance of an apse from the centre of force is called apsidal distance.
Apse line:
The line joining an apse to the centre of force is called apse line.
Apsidal Angle:
The angle between two consecutive apse line is called an apsidal angle.
The Condition for An Apse:
As we know that the angle  between the tangent to the orbit at a point
P  r , 
 d 
and radius vector r is given by tan   r , for an apse,  
dr 2
 d d
So, tan r r
2 dr dr
1 dr
 . 0
r d
dr
So,  0,...................  i  is the required codition
d
1
Also, r
r
dr 1 du
  2.
d u d
1 du
Equation  i  becomes  2 . 0
u d
du
So,  0,..............  ii 
d
equation  i  and  ii  are the required conditions.
Lecture (38)
Classification of Orbits in Term of Energy

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Theorem:
Show that the orbit described by the planet around sun is a conic.
The planet will described an ellipse, a parabola or a hyperbola according as

total energy per unit area is negative , zero or positive.
Proof:
We consider the motion of the planet round the sun and the force is governed
by Newton’s Law of Gravitation. If ‘M’ and ‘m’ are the mass of sun and the
planet then they attract each other with a force MmG/r2 where G is constant
of gravitation. Take the sun as the pole, the differential equation of the orbit is

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d 2u F
 u  2 2 ............. 1
d 2 hu
F  MmG 2
r
2 MmG 2
d u r
 u 
d 2 h2u 2
 d 2u 
h 2 u 2  2  u   MmG 2
 d   r
 d 2u 
h2 u 2  2  u     u 2 MmG  
 d  
d 2u  1
u  2 u
d 2 h r
2 1
u  2
r
d 2u 
u 2  0
d 2 h
d2     
u  2   u  2 0
d 2  h   h 
 
D  1  u  2   0
2
 h 
m 2  1  0  m  1

u  A cos   B sin 
h2

u  2  C cos  cos   C sin  sin 
h

u  2  C cos     
h
  0
 1
u  C cos  u
h2 r
 
1   C 
 1  cos  
r h2   
 h 2 
h2 h2 C
 1 cos  ......................  2 
ur 
h2  h2 c
 1 cos  .
r 
l
 1  e cos 
r
h2 c
l  h2  e


u  2  cos  ...........................  A 
h
Total Energy  K .E  P.E
E  T V
V    F  r dr

   dr
h2
Lecture (39)

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Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
1) Each plant describes an ellipse with sun as focus.
2) The areal speed of the radius vector in any orbit is constant.
3) The square of time period for describing the whole orbit is proportional to
the
cube of the major axis of this orbit.
1ST LAW OFKEPLER’S
Each planet describes an ellipse with sun as focus.
Proof:

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Areal Velocity:
The area swept out by the radius vector per unit time of a particle moving in a
central orbit, is called the areal velocity of the particle.
2nd LAW OF KEPLER’S:

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The areal speed of the radius vector in any orbit is constant.

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3RD LAW OF KEPLER’S:
Square of the time period for describing whole orbit is proportional to the
cube of major axis of this orbit.
Proof:

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Example:

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Lecture (40, 41) include
(Example of Orbital Motion), (Example of Orbital Motion II)
Example:

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Example:

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Lecture (42)

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Collision of Particles
Direct Collision:
Two bodies are said to be Impinge (collide) directly when the direction of each
is along
the common normal at the point of contact.
Oblique Collision:
When the direction of motion either or both is not along the common normal.
This impact is said to be oblique.
Elastic Collision:
In an Elastic collision K.E is the same before and after collision.
Inelastic Collision:
If the K.E. before and after collision is not same then the collision is said to be
inelastic collision.
Newton’s Law Experimental View or Newton’s Law of Restitution
Case a:

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Motion Perpendicular to The Line of Impact:

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Direct Collision Between A Particle And Fixed Barrier:
Lecture (43)
Damped Harmonic Oscillator

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The Harmonic Oscillator:
A mathematical model describing problems of oscillations in the form of

rectilinear simple
Harmonic motion is usually called for Harmonic oscillator e.g. simple pendulum
Damped Harmonic Oscillator:
When some sort of velocity dependent retarding (or damping) force, due to
resistance of the
medium or some other possible cause is ordinary present when the damping
force is taken into account. The harmonic oscillator is termed as the Damped
Harmonic Oscillator.
Damped Oscillation under the Damping Force Proportional ( to the 1st power
of ) Velocity:
Suppose a particle of mass m is moving along the x-axis having fixed origin O.
Let P be the
position of the particle at time t from O. The forces acting on the particle are

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i  a restorative force  mw2 xi and

 ii   , where k is  ve cons tan t .
a damping force  mkxi
  mw2 xi  mkxi
The equation of motion is mxi 
or x  kx  w2 x  0.............  i 

d
set D  1 becomes
dt
D 2
 kD  w2  x  0
if k  0 and w  0, this gives S .H .M . if k  0 then the auxiliary equation is
 k  k 2  4 w2  k k2
Hence p    w2
2 2 4
Now we discuss the three cases for the solution of different equation according as
k2
the disc   w2  0
4
Case I:
k2
when  w2  0
4
k2
 w2   n 2
4
k
p n
2
Therefore the general solution of different equation is
k
t
x  e 2 [C1 cos nt  C 2 sin nt ]
put C1  a cos  , where C1 , C 2 , a,  are cons tan t we get
k
t
x  ae 2
[sin  cos nt  cos  sin nt ]
k
t
x  ae 2
sin  nt    ...............  ii  as t  , x  0
Case II:
k2 k2
when  w2  0 Let  w2   2
4 4
k
p  
2
 k   k 
    t     t
 2 
Therefore the equation is x  Ae  2 
 Be
as t  , x  0

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Case III:
k2 k k k
when  w2  0 then p   ,  Let w
4 2 2 2
 p   w,  w
 The solution of different equation is
x   A  Bt  e  wt as t  , x  0
Lecture (44)
Damped Forced Oscillations

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Lecture (45)
Vertical Motion with air Resistance
Case I: Vertically downward Motion:

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Case II: Vertically Upward Motion

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Mth404dynamic Short Notes Final Term Exams

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MTH404(Dynamic) short Notes for Final Term Exams

Dynamics (Virtual University of Pakistan)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Composed by Yaseen Bilal

Dynamics MTH (404) Notes For Final Term Preparation

Projectile motion is a form of motion where an object moves in a bilaterally

Trajectory, after which the only interference is from gravity.

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Trajectory is the path described by any projectile.

Objects experiencing projectile motion have a constant velocity in the

Notice that the trajectory is a parabola.

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The line through a focus of a conic section,

A parabola is set of all points in a plane which arte an equal distance

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The focus lies on the axis of symmetry of the parabola.

Finding the focus of a parabola given its equation

if you have the equation of a parabola in vertex from y  a  z  h 2  k ,

then the vertex is a

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Examples of projectile Motion -1

Determine the maximum possible range for a projectile fired from a

Range = horizontal velocity ⨯ Time of flight

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Lecture (26,27,28,29,33) are included

Examples of Projectile Motion –(II),(III),(IV),(V),(VII)

A projectile having horizontal range T , reaches a maximum height H.

that it must have been launched d with

a) an initial speed equal to

b) at an angle with horizontal given by

Let Vo be the velocity of projection and  is the angle of projection.

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Speed of Projectile Examples

A shell fired with speed V at an elevation  , hits an airship at height H...

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So, the time for airship to move from A to B is also t2 given by

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The vertical velocity of a projectile changes by 9.8m/s each second, The

Time Horizontal Velocity Vertical Velocity

For a given launch velocity v and launch angle 

The parabola of safety or safety parabola in the envelope of the

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In classical mechanics and ballistics, the parabola of safety or safety parabola is

Define safety of parabola and derive its equation.

The maximum range of a projectile having initial velocity Vo, on an inclined

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Range on Inclined Plane

A particle is projected in a vertical plane with velocity V o making an angle 

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