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Redeveloped Division Initiated Self-Learning Module

Department of Education – Division of Palawan

i
Biology 1 – Grade 12
Redeveloped Division Initiated - Self-Learning Module
Quarter 2 – Module 7: Role of Oxygen in Respiration
Second Edition, 2021

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represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education, Division of Palawan

Schools Division Superintendent:
Roger F. Capa, CESO VI
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendents:
Rufino B. Foz
Arnaldo G. Ventura

Development Team for

Development Team
Redevelopment Activity

Writer: Wenalyn S. Fabre Writer: Wenalyn S. Fabre

Editors: Maribeth Q. Adier
Divina G. Adier
Management Team:
Aurelia B. Marquez
Rosalyn C. Gadiano
Rodgie S. Demalinao
Editors: Maribeth Q. Adier
Divina G. Adier
Layout Artist: Armando N. Villagracia, Jr.
Reviewer & Quality Assurance:
Maribeth Q. Adier
Management Team:
Aurelia B. Marquez
Rosalyn C. Gadiano
Rodgie S. Demalinao

Department of Education – MIMAROPA Region – Division of Palawan

Office Address: PEO Road, Barangay Bancao-Bancao, Puerto Princesa City
Telephone: (048) 433-6392
E-mail Address: palawan@deped.gov.ph
Website: www.depedpalawan.com

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Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need
to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 Biology 1 The Role of Oxygen in Respiration
Second Quarter and the Pathways of Electron
Week 7 Flow in the Absence of Oxygen

MELC: Describe the role of oxygen in respiration and describe the pathways of
electron flow in the absence of oxygen. STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-10

Objective/s:
1. To describe the role of oxygen in respiration.
2. To identify the pathways of electron flow in the absence of oxygen.
3. To recognize the importance of oxygen in respiration to the normal
functioning of an organism.

What I Know
Directions: Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write
the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is TRUE about oxygen?

A. Oxygen is an element made by human.
B. Oxygen is made by tress and other plants through photolysis.
C. Oxygen is an essential component for the optimal production of usable energy -
which occurs through cellular respiration.
D. All of the above.

2. Why breathing is essential for human life?

A. The body cannot store oxygen for later use as it does food.
B. The body can store oxygen for later use as it does food.
C. It helps the lungs to get enough oxygen and other gases.
D. A human deprived of oxygen will remain conscious and will survive.

3. When does your breathing rate increase most?

A. Sleeping C. Running
B. Walking D. Singing

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4. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
A. Respiration rate correlates with energy use.
B. That correlation reflects the link between oxygen and energy metabolism.
C. There is a chemical process inside your cells that consume oxygen to produce
usable energy.
D. The chemical process inside your cell that consumes oxygen to produce usable
energy is called cellular digestion.

5. Why do wine-making tanks like these need pressure-release valves?

A. The yeasts produce O2 gas by cellular respiration.
B. The yeasts produce CO2 gas by lactic acid fermentation.
C. The yeasts produce CO2 gas by alcohol fermentation.
D. The yeasts produce CO2 gas by cellular respiration.

6. Gwen is investigating how exercise affects the rate at which she can squeeze a ball.
After several minutes, she begins to experience muscle soreness and fatigue. She
knows that this means her muscles are beginning to run out of oxygen. Which process
is likely causing the soreness in her muscle cells?
A. Photosynthesis
B. Alcohol fermentation
C. Krebs Cycle
D. Lactic acid fermentation

7. In the absence of oxygen, some organisms produce ethanol (alcohol) and ATP from
pyruvate and NADH. What is the name of this anaerobic pathway?
A. Krebs Cycle
B. Alcohol fermentation
C. Glycolysis
D. Lactic acid fermentation

8. When do organisms use anaerobic pathways to generate energy?

A. When the Krebs cycle is moving too slowly.
B. When glucose is available as a reactant.
C. When the cytoplasm is unavailable for cellular respiration.
D. When there is not enough oxygen available to undergo aerobic cellular
respiration.

9. What cells in the body may undergo lactic acid fermentation during exercise?
A. Fat cells
B. Liver cells
C. Skin cells
D. Muscle cells

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10. Fermentation is cellular respiration without which molecule?
A. CO2
B. H2O
C. C6H12O6
D. O2

11. What is the process carried out by yeast that causes bread to rise?
A. Alcoholic fermentation
B. Lactic acid fermentation
C. Yeast mitosis
D. Aerobic cellular respiration

12. How are lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation similar?

A. They have the same products.
B. They both require oxygen.
C. They have the same reactants.
D. They occur in the same organisms.

13. Which of the following examples is NOT made by fermentation?

A. Bread
B. Yogurt
C. Olive oil
D. Wine

14. What are the products of anaerobic cellular respiration?

A. glucose and oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide and water
C. Carbon monoxide
D. Lactic acid

15. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in your muscles after a workout because your cells
are struggling to get _______________ .
A. Glucose
B. Oxygen
C. Sunlight
D. Water

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 What is It

The Role of Oxygen in Respiration

Plants tend to make their own food through the process of photosynthesis. They
utilize carbon dioxide to produce oxygen which is beneficial to mankind. We know that
we need oxygen to live. It is an essential component for the production of usable energy.

What do you think will happen to a man who’s deprived of oxygen for more than
a few minutes? Yes, they will quickly become unconscious and die. Respiration is
essential for human life, because the human body cannot store oxygen for later use as
it does food. A constant supply of oxygen gas is merely important to life.

To begin and appreciate the role of oxygen inside your body, think about that
when you run, jog and jump, your breathing rate increases. Respiration rate correlates
with energy use, and that correlation shows the link between oxygen and energy
metabolism. The chemical process inside your cells that consume oxygen to produce
usable energy is known as cellular respiration. In order to produce a usable energy,
Adenosine triphosphate or ATP is needed. Cellular respiration can either be aerobic or
anaerobic respiration, but both of these will start of glycolysis, or the splitting of six Carbon
sugar molecules into two pyruvate molecules. The pyruvate molecules will undergo
another series of reaction that uses electron transport chain to generate more ATP. This
reaction requires electron acceptor. This could be oxygen, sulfate, nitrate, etc. As we
mentioned earlier, aerobic respiration uses oxygen to drive its reaction. But what is in
oxygen that makes it generate a lot of ATP? It is because oxygen is the most efficient
electron acceptor due to high electronegativity, where it can pull electrons towards it.
When glucose combined with oxygen, the high energy electrons will be transferred to
oxygen, so it will gain potential energy which can be used to make ATP.

Without oxygen, this reaction will not happen. Our body cells can’t produce
enough ATP. Although cells can extend their lives or performance in the absence of
oxygen through anaerobic respiration, prolongation of the absence of oxygen will result
to cell malfunction and will suddenly causing death.

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Pathways of Electron Flow in the Absence of Oxygen (Anaerobic respiration)

When oxygen isn’t around to act as an acceptor at the end of electron transport
chain, there is an alternative glucose breakdown pathway that occur.

These fermentation pathways consist of glycolysis with some extra reactions at

the end of the process. In your muscles, the extra reaction make lactic acid, and alcohol
among the yeast. Fermentation is a common pathway, but it is not the only way to get
energy from fuels anaerobically (in the absence of oxygen). Other organisms such as
bacteria and archaea uses sulfate as a final electron acceptor for an electron transport
chain, and that process is called anaerobic respiration.

Anaerobic cellular respiration

Anaerobic cellular respiration is similar to aerobic cellular respiration in a sense

that electrons extracted from a fuel molecule are passed through an electron transport
chain, driving ATP synthesis. Some organisms use sulfate as the final electron acceptor
at the end of the transport chain, while others utilize nitrate, sulfur, or one of a variety of
other molecules.

To break down fuels, some prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea living in
low-oxygen environments rely on anaerobic respiration. For example, some archaea
called methanogens can use carbon dioxide as a terminal electron acceptor, which
produces methane as a by-product. These can be found in soil and in the digestive
systems of ruminants, a group of animals including cows and sheep. Sulfide is a
byproduct when bacteria and archaea use sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor.

Fermentation

With one or two extra reactions tacked on at the end, fermentation is another
anaerobic pathway for breaking down glucose. The only energy extraction pathway in
fermentation is glycolysis.

Fermentation and cellular respiration begin in the same way with glycolysis which
is the only energy extraction in fermentation. However, the pyruvate made in glycolysis
does not run the electron transport chain through oxidation and the citric acid cycle,
because the electron transport chain isn't functional. The NADH made in glycolysis can’t
drop its electrons off there to turn back into NAD+.

Regenerating the electron carrier NAD+ from the NADH produced in glycolysis is
the purpose of the extra reactions in fermentation. The extra reactions accomplish by
NADH drop its electrons off with an organic molecule that allows glycolysis to keep
running by ensuring a stable supply of NAD+.

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Lactic acid fermentation

In lactic acid fermentation, it generates lactate as a byproduct as NADH transfers

its electrons directly to pyruvate. The bacteria that make yogurt performs lactic acid
fermentation, as do the red blood cells in your body, which don’t have mitochondria
and thus can’t perform cellular respiration. Glycolysis and NADH regeneration are the
two types of lactic acid fermentation.

Figure 1: Diagram of lactic acid fermentation

Image Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-
respiration-and-fermentation/variations-on-cellular-
respiration/a/fermentation-and-anaerobic-respiration

During glycolysis, there are two net ATP and two NADH produced by one glucose
molecule converted to two pyruvate molecules. During NADH regeneration, the two
NADH donate electrons and hydrogen atoms to the two pyruvate molecules that
produce two lactate molecules and regenerating NAD+.

For instance, if you’ve been exercising very hard, your muscle cells carry out lactic
acid fermentation when they have small amount of oxygen for aerobic respiration. The
accumulation of lactate in muscles was responsible for soreness caused by exercise, but
recent research suggests this is probably not the case.

Lactic acid accumulated in your muscle cells is transported through the

bloodstream to the liver, where it’s converted back to pyruvate and processed normally
in the remaining reactions of cellular respiration.

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Alcohol Fermentation

It produces ethanol when NADH donates its electrons to a derivative of pyruvate.

There are two-step process going from pyruvate to ethanol. In the first step, two-carbon
molecule called acetaldehyde is produced. A carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate
and released as carbon dioxide. In the second step, NAD+ will be regenerated that
forms ethanol as NADH passes its electrons to acetaldehyde. During glycolysis, one
glucose molecule is converted to two pyruvate molecules that gives two net ATP and
two NADH.

Figure 2: Diagram of alcohol fermentation

Image Credit: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-
respiration-and-fermentation/variations-on-cellular-
respiration/a/fermentation-and-anaerobic-respiration

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 What I Can Do
Activity 1. Complete Me!

Directions: Fill out the missing terms to complete the lactic acid fermentation and
alcoholic fermentation. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

3
1 2

5 4

Image Credit: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-

fermentation/variations-on-cellular-respiration/e/fermentation-and-anaerobic-respiration

Activity 2. Check Your Understanding!

Directions: Identify the following characteristics as true for anaerobic respiration, aerobic
respiration, or both. Put a check (/) mark on the circle if the statement has the
given characteristics. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Image Credit: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-

fermentation/variations-on-cellular-respiration/e/fermentation-and-anaerobic-respiration

8
 What’s More

Activity 3. What an Idea!

Directions: Based from the figures given below, answer the following questions. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Image Credit: http://pnhs.psd202.org/documents/rkieft/1500931436.pdf

1. The pathway labeled B in the figure above is called ______________________.

2. Based on the figure above, ____________________ ATP molecules are formed
3. In the figure above, only the pathway labeled ____________________ requires oxygen.
4. Which process is used to produce beer and wine?

Activity 4. Give Me Your Best Answer!

Directions: Give at least 10 products of lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic

fermentation that contribute to health, food production, and other
household products. Identify these products that are found in your home or
in your barangay. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

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 What I Have Learned
Directions: Complete each statement below as to the insights you have learned from
the lesson. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Let me tell you about some of the important things I’ve learned about the
lesson. First, I’ll start with…
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Next I’ll tell you about…

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Something else I learned was…

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Lastly, I now truly understand about…

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

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 Assessment

Directions: Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write
the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Why is yeast used to bake bread?

A. The waste gas, CO2, makes bread rise.
B. The yeast consumes O2, causing bread to rise.
C. The alcohol produced makes bread dangerous.
D. The yeast produced makes bread dangerous.

2. Which of the following correctly describes the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
A. It is reduced in glycolysis as glucose is oxidized.
B. It combines with H+ diffusing through ATP synthase to produce H 2O.
C. It is the final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain.
D. It combines with the carbon removed during the citric acid cycle to for CO2

3. Fermentation produces less ATP than cellular respiration because

A. NAD+ is regenerated by alcohol or lactate production, without the electrons of
NADH passing through electron transport chain.
B. Pyruvate still contains most of the “hilltop” electrons that were present in glucose.
C. Its starting reactant is pyruvate and not glucose.
D. Both a and b are correct.

4. These bacteria can switch between aerobic respiration and anaerobic pathways
(fermentation or anaerobic respiration) depending on the availability of oxygen.
A. facultative anaerobe C. obligate anaerobe
B. facultative aerobe D. obligate aerobe

5. What is the early energy extraction pathway of fermentation?

A. Krebs’s cycle C. citric acid cycle
B. oxidative phosphorylation D. glycolysis

6. Which of the following uses sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor, producing

hydrogen sulfide as a byproduct?
A. Archaea B. Bacteria C. Animals D. Plants

7. In lactic acid fermentation, NADH transfers its electrons directly to pyruvate,

generating _________ as a byproduct.
A. Lactate B. Oxygen C. Water D. Glucose

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 8. Which of the following can live and grow only in the absence of oxygen?
A. facultative anaerobe C. obligate anaerobe
B. facultative aerobe D. obligate aerobe

9. What are the two process of lactic acid fermentation?

A. glycolysis and NADH regeneration
B. ATP synthesis and NADH regeneration
C. ATP synthesis and NAD+ regeneration
D. Glycolysis and NAD+ regeneration

10. Which of the following is not an electron acceptor?

A. Oxygen B. Sulfate C. Nitrate D. Iron

11. What is the first step of alcoholic fermentation going from pyruvate to ethanol?
A. A carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate and released in as carbon dioxide,
producing a two-carbon molecule called acetaldehyde.
B. A hydroxyl group is removed from pyruvate and released in as carbon dioxide,
producing a two-carbon molecule called acetaldehyde.
C. A hydroxyl group is added from pyruvate and released in as carbon dioxide,
producing a two-carbon molecule called acetaldehyde.
D. A carboxyl group is added from pyruvate and released in as carbon dioxide,
producing a two-carbon molecule called acetaldehyde.

12. What happens during glycolysis?

A. One glucose molecule is converted to two pyruvate molecules, producing two net
ATP and two NADH.
B. Two glucose molecule is converted to two pyruvate molecules, producing two net
ATP and two NADH.
C. One glucose molecule is converted to one pyruvate molecule, producing two net
ATP and two NADH.
D. Two glucose molecule is converted to one pyruvate molecule, producing one net
ATP and two NADH.

13. What is the purpose of extra reaction in fermentation?

A. To regenerate the electron carrier NAD+ from the NADH produced in glycolysis.
B. To regenerate the electron carrier NADH from the NAD+ produced in glycolysis.
C. To remove the electron carrier NAD+ from the NADH produced in glycolysis.
D. To add the electron carrier NADH from the NAD+ produced in glycolysis.

14. During NADH regeneration, how many pyruvate molecules are first converted to two
acetaldehyde molecules?
A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four

15. Where do lactic acid produced in muscle cells transported?

A. bloodstream to the liver C. Bloodstream to lungs
B. Liver to bloodstream D. Lungs to bloodstream

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 13
What’s More
Act. 3. What an Idea!
Assessment
1. Alcoholic
fermentation
2. 2 1. A 6. A 11. A
3. Pathway C 2. C 7. A 12. A
4. Alcoholic 3. D 8. C 13. A
fermentation 4. A 9. A 14. B
5. D 10. D 15. A
Act. 4. Give Me Your
Best Answer
1. yogurt What I Can Do
2. beer Act. 2. Check Your Understanding
3. wine
4. milk
5. antibiotic
6. cider
7. kimchi
9. monosodium
glutamate
10. Cheese
What I
Know
1. B What I Can Do
2. A Act. 1. Complete Me
3. C
4. D
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. D
9. D
10. D
11. A
12. C
13. C
14. D
15. B
Answer Key
 References

Online Sources:

“Metabolism without oxygen” by OpenStax Biology, CC BY 3.0. Download the original

article for free at http://cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-
f14f21b5eabd@9.85.
"Metabolism without oxygen," in Principles of Biology, by Robert Bear, David Rintoul,
Bruce Snyder, Martha Smith-Caldas, Christopher Herren, and Eva Horne, CC
BY 4.0. Download the original article for free
at http://cnx.org/contents/db89c8f8-a27c-4685-ad2a-19d11a2a7e2e@24.18.
Danovaro, R., A. Dell'Anno, A. Pusceddu, C. Gambi, I. Heiner, and R. M. Kristensen.
"The first metazoa living in permanently anoxic conditions." BMC Biology 8
(2010): 30. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1186/1741-7007-8-30.
Kimball, J. W. "Blood." Kimball's Biology Pages. https://www.biology-
pages.info/B/Blood.html
Kimball, J. W. "Glycolysis." Kimball's Biology Pages. https://www.biology-
pages.info/G/Glycolysis.html
"Raven, J. B., L. A. Urry, M. L. Cain, S. A. Wasserman, P. V. Minorsky, and R. B. Jackson.
"Cellular Respiration and Fermentation." In Campbell Biology, 162-84. 10th ed.
San Francisco, CA: Pearson, 2011.
Raven, P. H., G. B. Johnson, K. A. Mason, J. B. Losos, and S. R. Singer. "How cells harvest
energy." In Biology, 122-146. 10th ed. AP ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2014.
Terry, R. "Anaerobic respiration." CK-12. August 16,
2012. http://www.ck12.org/user:dGVycnlyQHZhbGxleTI2Mi5vcmc./section/An
aerobic-Respiration-%253A%253Aof%253A%253A-Photosynthesis-and-Cellular-
Respiration/.

Image Source:

1. Accessed Date: August 20, 2021. Retrieved from

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-
fermentation/variations-on-cellular-respiration/a/fermentation-and-anaerobic-
respiration
2. Accessed Date: August 20, 2021. Retrieved from
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-
fermentation/variations-on-cellular-respiration/a/fermentation-and-anaerobic-
respiration
3. Accessed Date: August 15, 2021. Retrieved from
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-
fermentation/variations-on-cellular-respiration/e/fermentation-and-anaerobic-
respiration
4. Accessed Date: August 15, 2021Retrieved from
http://pnhs.psd202.org/documents/rkieft/1500931436.pdf

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO Palawan

Curriculum Implementation Division Office

2nd Floor DepED Palawan Building
Telephone no. (048) 433-3292

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Telephone No. (048) 434-0099

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