CS 454 Revision 0 5.

Assessment actions

Table 5.32c Width factors

Footway width Width factor
0m to 2m 1.00
3m 0.95
4m 0.89
5m 0.85
6m 0.83
Note: Interpolation is permitted

5.32.1 The pedestrian live load should be applied in the parts of the footway to cause the most severe effect
on the member or element under consideration.

Wind actions
5.33 Where the assessment includes wind actions, the characteristic wind actions shall be defined using a
representative model.
5.33.1 Where all of the following conditions are satisfied, the characteristic actions for wind loading may be
determined using a simplified wind model consisting of a pressure of 6kN/m2 applied to the vertical
projected area of the bridge or structural element under consideration, neglecting areas where the load
is beneficial:

1) the structure is a highway bridge of concrete slab, or beam and slab construction;
2) the structure has a span of 20m or less;
3) the structure has a width of 10m or more;
4) the structure is at normal height above ground.

5.33.2 Where a simplified wind model is not valid, or a more detailed assessment is proposed, the
characteristic actions for wind loading may be determined in accordance with the model given in
Appendix D.
NOTE 1 The wind loading model given in Appendix D allows the effects of wind actions to be simulated using
static analytical procedures.
NOTE 2 The wind loading model given in Appendix D does not account for the effects of any dynamic
responses due to turbulence or aerodynamic effects.
NOTE 3 The wind loading model given in Appendix D is suitable for highway and rail bridges of up to 200m span
and footbridges of up to 30m span.

Thermal actions
5.34 Where the assessment includes thermal actions, the characteristic thermal actions shall be defined
using a representative model.
5.34.1 The characteristic actions for thermal loading on bridge superstructures may be determined in
accordance with the model given in Appendix D.
NOTE 1 The thermal loading model given in Appendix D is not suitable for modelling the effects of changes in
temperature on bridge piers, towers or cables.
NOTE 2 Coefficients of thermal expansion for construction materials are provided in Section 4.

Longitudinal traffic loading

5.35 Where the assessment includes longitudinal traffic loading, the characteristic longitudinal actions
arising from the following shall be defined using a representative model:

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