VOLLEYBALL

LALUAN, Lizlee Cameron

 VOLLEYBALL is an Olympic sport in which two teams of 6 players are separated by a net.

 OBJECTIVE OF THE GAME

- Each team tries to score point by grounding the ball on the other teams’ court under organized rule

 HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL

 Dr. William G. Morgan - He is a physical instructor teacher in the YMCA in Holyoke Massachusetts, USA
 The game was created on the 9th of February, 1895.
 It was first called “Mintonette”
 Dr. Alfred Halstead suggested the name “volley” “ball”

 IMPORTANT DATES AND EVENTS

 1900- the year when the point system was adopted

 1910- Elwood Brown introduced volleyball in the Philippines
 1912- the year when rotation system was adopted
 1916- set and spike were introduced
 1917- the game was change from 21 to 25 points
 1918- the year when the player in the court fixed to 6 players per team
 1920- three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted
 1921- the year when the center line was imposed
 1922- the first YMCA national championship was held in Brooklyn New York
 1924- the year when Japan introduced the 9-man team with 21 points to win a set
 1930- the first two man beach game was played
 1934- the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees
 1964- volleyball was included in World Olympics in Tokyo, Japan

 FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

 A. PLAYING COURT

1. Dimension- the playing court is a rectangle measuring 18m (or 59 feet) long x 9m (or 29.5 feet) wide surrounded by a free
zone 3m measure and with a space free from obstruction to a height of at 7m from the playing surface

2. Playing Surface- the surface must be flat, horizontal and uniform. It must not present any danger of injury to the players. It
is forbidden to play on rough or slippery surface.

3. Service Line- the area from which the server may serve the volleyball, is marked 10 feet inside the ride sideline on
each back line

4. Center Line- the axis of the center line divides playing court into two equal courts measuring 9m x 9m each. This line
extended, beneath the net from the net from the side line to side line.

5. Attack Line- attack line, whose rear edge is drawn 3m back from the axis of the center line, marks the front zone

6. Boundary Line- all lines are 5mm in width. The lines must be light and of a different color from the floor and any other
lines. Two side lines and two end lines shall mark the playing court. Both side and end lines are included in the 18m x 9m
playing court.
 B. EQUIPMENT

 Net- the net shall be made 10 cm square dark stitches. A rope is thread through the bottom of the net and is tied to the
poles to tense the net.
The height of the net shall be 2.43m for men and 2.24m for women.

 Antennae- it is fastened on the outer edge of each vertical side band extending 80cm above the top of the net on opposite
sides of the net. They are considered part of the net and have side limits.

 Poles- two poles probably adjustable, round and smooth with a height of 2.55m support the net, one side each.

 Ball- it is spherical, made of flexible leather case with bladder inside made of rubber.
Circumference: 65 to 67 cm
Weight: 260-280g
Inside pressure: 0.30-0.35kg/cm

 Players Equipment- consists of jersey shorts, knee pads, sport shoes. Shorts must be uniform, clean and of the same color.

 BASIC SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL

 HERE ARE 5 BASIC SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL, NAMELY:

 Serving
 Receiving
 Tossing
 Spiking
 Blocking

 SERVING - To start the game. It is the most important element of volleyball. It is the attempt to drive the ball into the
opponent’s court.

TYPES OF SERVING

* Underhand Serve – the player need to hold the ball with their non-dominant hand, drop the ball slightly and finally hit the
ball with the dominant hand.

* Sidearm Serve – The ball is held at about hip level and is tossed about a foot into the air while the arm swings parallel to
the floor. If the player is right-handed, the left side of the body faces the net, left foot forward and swing the arm as similar as the
forearm swing.

* Overhand Serve – hold the ball with the non-dominant hand then toss the ball 2-3 feet I front of the body and then hit it
with the strong and hard surface of the dominant hand

 Receiving - the serve is vital to success for any team. Poor reception of serving puts teams hoping to get a side out at a huge
disadvantage right from the beginning.

TYPES :

* Dig – the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent’s serve or any form of attack

* Bump – a method used for passing the ball by bouncing it simultaneously off both forearms – used when the ball falls at
players waist or lower. A defensive hit.

 Tossing

TYPES :

* Finger toss or Set

* Ball Handling

 Spiking – an effective attack that a player can make

 Blocking – used to prevent the opponent from a successful attack hit

 POSITION OF PLAYERS IN COURT

1. Outside hitter (also called wing spiker, left side) 6. Libero

2. Right side hitter (wing spiker, right side)

3. Opposite Hitter (attacker)

4. Setter

5. Middle Blocker (center, middle hitter)

 OUTSIDE HITTER (ALSO CALLED WING SPIKER, LEFT SIDE) - is the player who carries the serve receive responsibility along
with the libero.
- most often attacks the balls which setter sets to the antenna to
the left side of the court. Therefore after the serve outside hitters place themselves to the left front position. Sometimes setters
run offensive plays in which outside hitters run to hit balls “inside” around the middle blockers. They play both the front row and
the back row. In modern high level volleyball outside hitters are responsible for hitting the 3 meter or 10 feet line attacks, usually
from the middle back position when playing in the back row.

 RIGHT SIDE HITTER (WING SPIKER, RIGHT SIDE) - has the similar role than outside hitter, they play front row and back row
and are carrying pass, attack, block, serve and defense responsibilities.
- aim to place themselves to the right front playing position.
- When playing top level international volleyball on the back court right side
hitter often have 3 meter or 10 feet attack responsibility from the middle back position.
- Right side hitter can be also called a wing spiker.

 SETTER - is the playmaker, point guard or the quarterback of the volleyball team. A setter’s responsibility is to run the team’s
offense and build up offensive scoring opportunities for the team.
- The setter plays both front row and back row, therefore s/he needs to be able to block, serve and play defense.
- The setter needs to have good blocking skills because in front row position s/he plays against the opponent’s
outside hitter who often carries big load of
the attacking responsibility for the team.
- The setter plays the right front or the right back position

 MIDDLE BLOCKER (CENTER, MIDDLE, MIDDLE HITTER) - Middle blockers main responsibility is to stop the opponent’s offense.
- The middle blocker builds a block which stops the ball, or allows the
team to dig the ball up.
- Middle blockers' job is to stop the opponent’s middle hitters or wing
hitters in co-operation with teammates.
- Middle blockers need to have great blocking, attacking and serving
skills.

Middle Blockers in the Back Row:

In competitive volleyball middle blockers usually play defense only on one rotation - after an own serve. After losing the
rally after an own serving turn, a libero usually comes in and replaces the middle blocker.

The middle blocker usually don’t master in defense because they hardly play any of it. However, at junior level practicing
defense and even passing is very recommended for the middles. Junior coaches should allow players to practice all the
skills equally to ensure their overall skill development. This improves their athleticism and prepares players to play other
positions - i.e. they may not be tall enough to play middle in the future.

 LIBERO - The libero wears a different color shirt in the team and is allowed to enter and exit the game without substitution
request.
- The libero can replace any player on the court and most often replaces middle blockers.
- The libero is not allowed to serve the ball. (Some leagues in US allow liberos to serve.)
- Since playing in the back court only, the libero needs to have the best passing and defensive skills in the team. The
libero need to have exceptional serve receive skills because often they pass a larger area than other serve receivers in the
team.

 BASIC RULES IN VOLLEYBALL

 6 players on a team, 3 on the front row and on the back row

 Maximum of three hits per side
 Player may not hit the ball twice in succession (A block is not considered a hit)
 Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on a serve
 A ball hitting a boundary line is “in”
 A ball is “out” if it hits….
an antennae,
the floor completely outside the court,
any of the net or cables outside the antennae,
the referees stand or pole,
the ceiling above a non-playable area
 It is legal to contact catch the ball with any part of the player’s body
 It is illegal to catch, hold, or throw the ball
 If two or more players contact the ball at the same time, it is considered one play and either players involved may make the
next contact (provided the next contact isn’t the teams 4th hit)
 A player can not block or attack a serve from on or inside the 10 foot line
 After the serve, front line players may switch positions at the net
 At higher competition, the officiating crews may be made up of two refs, line judges, scorer, and an assistant score

 BASIC VOLLEYBALL RULE VIOLATIONS

 Consecutive Contacts. - A player may not hit the ball 2 times consecutively except when blocking, provided the contacts take
place
simultaneously. However, a player may make consecutive contacts on the teams first team contact, provided the contacts occur
during one action.
 Four Hits. - It's a violation for a team to hit the ball 4 times before returning it.

 Assisted Hit. - It's illegal for a player or any object to assist a teammate in playing the ball.

 Catch. - It's illegal to catch or throw the ball. The ball must rebound from the hit.

 Ball Crossing the Net Outside the Crossing Space. - The ball must cross the net within the crossing space. The ball must cross
over the net, between the antennas and their imaginary extension, and without contacting the ceiling

 Reaching Over the Net. - Attacking when the ball is completely on the other side of the net is illegal.

- However, there are 4 situations in the official volleyball rules where you can legally block the ball
on the opponent's side of the court before the ball breaks the plane.

 The following are the 4 Situations you can legally reach over and block...

 1. After 3 contacts.
After a team has made 3 hits, you can reach over the net and block the ball even if the ball isn't in the vertical plane or going
to come across the net.

 2. After the ball is attacked.

After a teams 1st or 2nd team hit, if, in the referee's judgment, the ball is being attacked, the blocker can reach over and
block the ball.

 3. The ball is coming over and there isn't anyone there to make a play.
After a teams 1st or 2nd team hit, if, in the referee's judgment, the ball is coming over the net without an opponent there
able to make a play on the ball before it would have crossed the net, the blocker can block the ball. If, in the referee's
judgment, a player could have made a play on the ball if the blocker doesn't touch it, the block is illegal.

 4. The ball isn't coming over and there won't be anyone to make a play.
After a teams 1st or 2nd team hit, the ball is not going to come over the net and the opponent won't be able to make a play
on it, the blocker can reach over and block. If, in the referee's judgment, a player could possibly make a play on the ball if the
blocker wouldn't have touched it, the block is illegal.

 Penetration Under the Net. It's permitted for a player to step under the net into the opponents court provided that some
part of the penetrating hand or foot is in contact with or is directly above the center line.

 Contact with the Net. Contact with the net is only a fault if contact is made during the action of playing the ball or if it
interferes with play.

 Foot Fault. At the moment of service contact or take off for a jump serve, the server must not touch the court or the ground
outside the service zone. After contact, he/she may step or land outside the service zone or inside the court.

 Attacking Faults. The following are volleyball violations for attacking...

A back row player completes an attack hit from the front zone, if at the moment of contact, the ball is entirely above the top
of the net.

An opponent completes an attack hit on a served ball, when the ball is in the front zone and the ball is entirely above the top
of the net.

The libero completes an attack hit, if at the moment of contact, the ball is entirely above the top of the net.

A player completes an attack hit from higher than the top of the net when the ball is coming from an overhand finger pass
by a libero in the front zone.

 Blocking within the Opponents Space. A blocker may place his/her hands beyond the net provided this action doesn't
interfere with the
opponents play. It's legal to block beyond the net, provided...

The ball would have crossed the net if not touched by a player and no member of the attacking team was in position to
make a play.

The ball is falling near the net and no member of the attacking team is in position to make a play.

Contact with the ball is made after 3 team contacts.

 TERMINOLOGIES

 Ace: A serve that results directly in a point, usually when the ball hits the floor untouched on the receiving team’s side of the
court.

 Attack: The offensive action of hitting the ball.

 Attacker: Also “hitter” and “spiker.” A player who attempts to hit a ball offensively with the purpose of terminating play.

 Attack Line: A line 3 meters/10 feet away from, and parallel to, the net. Separates the front-row players from the back-row
players. A back-row player cannot legally attack the ball above the net unless he takes off from behind this line.

 Back row/court: Space from baseline (endline) to attack line. There are 3 players whose court positions are in this area
(positions 1, 6 & 5 on court)

 Back Row Attack: When a back-row player takes off from behind the attack line (10-foot/3-meter) line and attacks the ball.

 Back set: Set delivered behind the setter.

 Block: One of the 6 basic skills. A defensive play by one or more front-row players meant to intercept a spiked ball. The
combination of one, 2 or 3 players jumping in front of the opposing spiker and contacting the spiked ball with the hands.

 Blocking Error: Touching the net, crossing the centerline, blocking a set or serve or any other “local” violation that occurs
while making a block attempt.

 Dink: A one-handed, soft hit into the opponent’s court using the fingertips. Also called a tip.

 Double block: Two players working in unison to intercept a ball at the net.

 Double hit: Violation. Two successive hits by the same player.

 Free ball: Returning the ball to the opponent without the intent to get a kill. Usually a slow, arcing pass or “roll” shot rather
than a spike.

 Front-row: Three players whose court position is in front of the attack line (3M/10 Foot), near the net. These players are in
positions 2, 3 & 4 on the court.

 Game plan: Offensive and defensive emphasis for an opponent. Usually organized for each rotation by the coaching staff.
 Hitter: Also “spiker” or “attacker.” The player who is responsible for hitting the ball.

 Jump serve: The server uses an approach, toss, takeoff and serves the ball with a spiking motion while in the air. There are
two main types: jump float, jump spin.

 Kill: An attack that results directly in a point or sideout.

 Middle blocker: Usually plays in the middle of the net when in the front row and moves laterally to her blocking assignments.

 Off-Speed Shots: An attack that is intentionally slow. Ball spiked with less than maximum force but with spin. Also called
“roll” shot.

 Pancake: One-hand floor defensive technique where the hand is extended and slid along the floor palm down while the
player dives or extension rolls so the ball bounces off the back of the hand and is considered legal.

 Red card: Given by the official to a player or coach for flagrant misconduct resulting in a point/side out to the opponent.
Results in automatic ejection and a point/side out for the opponent.

 Rotation: The clockwise movement of players around the court and through the serving position following a side out. Players
must retain their initial rotational order throughout the entire game, but once the ball is contacted on serve they are
allowed to move anywhere.

 Yellow Card: Given by the official to a player or coach as a warning of misconduct. Two yellow cards result in an automatic
red card.