LESSON 1: WHAT IS ART?

means of a SENSOUS something that will

INTRODUCTION AND ASSUMPTION MEDIUM like color, stimulate change.
 Art is something that is perennially sound, marble, words, Albert Einstein - a German
around us and film. physicist who made significant and
 The word art comes from the Latin - These sensuous mediums major contributions in science and
word ars which means a “craft or are fashioned into humanity demonstrates that
specialized form of skill” like symbolic language imagination is more important than
carpentry or smiting or surgery.” marked by beauty of knowledge. He said that
(Collingwood,1938). Art then design and coherence in "knowledge is limited, imagination
suggested the capacity to produce form. encircles the world.”
an intended result from carefully - These symbols appeal to Humanities?
planned steps or method. When a our mind, arouse our - Humanities from the
man wants to build a house, he emotions, kindle our Latin word HUMANUS
plans meticulously to get to what imagination, and enchant which means human,
the prototype promises, and he our senses. cultured, and refined.
executes the steps to produce the COMPONENTS OF ART - The humanities constitute
said structure then he is engaged in Composed of an ARTIST who one of the oldest and
art. To the Ancient World, art only exhibits exceptional talents or skills most important means of
meant using the bare hands to in music, design, drawing or expression developed by
produce something that will be writing; and man (Dudley et al., 1960)
useful to one’s day-to-day life. The PERFORMER who interprets - Human history witnessed
 Ars in Medieval Latin came to the art. how man evolved not just
mean something different. It physically but also
meant, any special form of book- What is Creativity? culturally from cave
learning, such as grammar or logic, - The act of a person painters to men of
magic or astrology” (Collingwood, through imaginary, makes exquisite paintbrush
1938). During Renaissance Period something new such as a users of the present. Even
that the word reacquired a product, a solution or a if one goes back to the
meaning that was inherent in its work of art that has time before written
ancient form of craft. Early value. records of man’s
Renaissance Creative artist - this artist does civilization has appeared,
  not simply copy or imitate another he can find cases of man’s
Art Tree artist's work. he/she does not attempts of not just
- Art is composed of two imitate the lines, flaws, colors, and crafting tools to live and
sections: The visual art patterns in recreating nature. it survive but also
which is comprised of means that creativity stands for expressing his feelings
painting, sculpture, and originality. and thoughts. The
architecture. Jean Paul Sartre - he is a famous Galloping Wild Boar
- The performing art which French philosopher of the found in the cave of
comprised of music, twentieth century, he described the Altamira; Spain is one
theatre, dance, and role of art as a creative work that such example.
literature. depicts the world in a completely ASSUMPTIONS OF ARTS
different light and perspective and  Art is Universal.
 Art as a Language the source is due to human What is Literature?
-  Is charged with feelings freedom. Literature comes from the Latin
and significance, the What is Imagination? word “Litera” which literally means
desire to create a - It is one able to craft an acquaintance with letters, the
universal language. something bold, root definition of literature. It is a
- Concerns itself with something new and body of literary productions, either
communication of certain something better in the oral, written, or visual, containing
ideas and feelings by hopes of creating imaginative language that
realistically portrays thoughts,
emotions, and experiences of the
human condition.
Literature is a language in use that
provides insights and intellectual
stimulation to the reader. As one
explores literature, he likewise
discovers the beauty of language.
Among the most popular ones
being taught in school are the two
Greek epics, the Iliad, and the
Odyssey. The Sanskrit pieces
Mahabharata and Rayamana are
also staples in this field. These
works, purportedly written before
the beginning of recorded history,
are believed to be man’s attempt at
recording stories and tales that
have passed on, known, and sung
throughout the years. Art has
always been timeless and universal,
spanning generations and
continents through and through.
In every country and in every
generation, there is always art.
Oftentimes, people feel that what is
considered artistic are only those
which have been made long time
ago. This is a misconception. Age is
not a factor in determining art. An
art is not good because it is old, but
old because it is good. (Dudley et
al., 1960).
Some Filipino works that have been
required in school.
- Florante at Laura
- Ibong Adarna
- El Filibusterismo
- Noli Me Tangere
 ART IS NOT NATURE.
One important characteristic of art
is that it is not nature. Art is man’s
expression of his reception of
nature. Art is not a nature. Art is
made by man, whereas nature is a
given around us. It is in this
juncture that they can be
considered opposites. What we are
found in nature should not be
expected to be present in art too.
Art is like each men’s view of the
elephant. It is based on an
individual’s subjective experience
of nature. It is not meant, after all,
to accurately define what the
elephant is really like in nature.
Artists are not expected to
duplicate nature just as even
scientist with their elaborate
laboratories cannot make nature.
 ART INVOLVES
EXPERIENCE
Art is just experience. By
experience, we mean the actual
doing of something. (Dudley et al.,
1960).
 ART AS EXPRESSION
Robin George Collingwood, an
English philosopher who is best
known for his work in aesthetics,
explained in his publication The
Principle of Art (1938) that what an
artist does to an emotion is not to
induce it, but express it. Through
expression, he can explore his own
emotions and at the same time,
create something beautiful out of
them.
Visual Arts
Film
Performance Art
Poetry Performance
Architecture
Dance
Literary Art
Theatre
Applied Arts.
FUNCTIONS OF ART
- All arts have function, for
man, the maker, creates
things because he has a
need for them. Must art
communicate? What is
communicated by
achurch? A vase? Some
furniture?
Arts functions can be classified into:
1. Motivated (Functional)
Examples: Architecture,
weaving, furniture-making
2. Non-motivated (Non-
functional) Pablo
Picasso
Examples: Painting,
sculpture, literature,
music, and the theater
arts
Personal Function Arts are vehicles
for the artists’ expression of their
feelings and ideas. The arts also
serve as means of expression for us.
The therapeutic value of music
cannot be ignored. Works of art
make us aware of other ways of
thinking, feeling, and imagining that
have never occurred to us before.
(see Pina Bausch choreography)
Social Functions
One cannot conceive of a society
without art, for art is closely related
to every aspect of social life.
Arts perform a social function
when:
Influences Social Behavior -It seeks
or tends to influence the collective
behavior of a people. (Guernica by
Pablo Picasso)
Display and Celebration- It is
created to be seen or used
primarily in public situation.
One function of sculpture and
painting is the commemoration of
important personages in society.
Social Description
- It expresses or describes social or
collective aspects of existence as
opposed to individual and personal
kind of experiences. Romana Carillo
by Justiniano Asuncion (1875)

Physical Function
- Tools and containers are objects
which function to make our lives
physically comfortable. Functional
works of art may be classified as
either tools or containers.
Form and Function
-The function of an object is
generally determining in the basic
form that it takes.
Architecture
-The design of the building is
determined primarily by its
operational function. What is the
building for? Who are going to use
it? How many are they? The design
that a building takes is also adapted
to the climate of the region. The
architect must take the physical,
psychological, and spiritual needs
of the family into account when he
designs a house.
Community Planning
-A community is more than just a
group of buildings. It is a group of
individuals and families living in a
particular locality because of
common interest and needs.
Community planning - involves the
efficient organization of buildings,
roads, and spaces so that they meet
the physical and aesthetic needs of
the community.
-takes into consideration the
assignment of areas for proper land
use.
These are:
Residential districts Special areas
-are assigned for residential
purposes.
Industrial and commercial areas
-These areas are usually located
near the source of raw materials. A
commercial area can be a cluster of
small neighborhood stores, a
shopping complex in the suburbs,
or a central downtown district.
Civic centers
-A community governs itself; it
therefore provides structures
where the functions of government
can be efficiently carried out, and
which would, in appearance, be
symbolic of
community dignity and pride.
Parks, plazas, and malls
-the need for a balance between
man-made structures and natural
areas is answered in the design of
plazas and malls.
Streets
- are large or small according to
their function.
LESSON 2: ART APPRECIATION:
CREATIVITY IMAGINATION AND
EXPRESSION
Art is a product of man's creativity,
imagination, and expression.
Not everyone can be considered an
artist, but surely, all are spectators
of art.
THE ROLE OF CREATIVITY IN ART
MAKING
Creativity requires thinking outside
the box.
-In art, creativity is what sets apart
one artwork from another.
Example:
The campaign ad "It's More Fun in
the Philippines", was allegedly
plagiarized from Switzerland's
tourism slogan “It's More Fun in
Switzerland." back in 1951.
ART AS A PRODUCT OF
IMAGINATION, IMAGINATION
PRODUCT OF ART
Imagination is more important that
knowledge. For knowledge is
limited to all we know and
understand while imagination
embraces the entire world.
Imagination is not constrained by
the walls of the norm but goes
beyond that.
WAYS OF EXPRESSING ONESELF
THROUGH ART
 Visual Arts
-Appeal to the sense of sight and
are mainly visual in nature.
Some mediums of visual arts
include paintings, drawings,
letterings, printing, sculptures,
digital imaging, and more.
 Film
-refers to the art of putting
together successions of still images
in order to create an illusion of
movement
Films can be created by using one
or a combination of some or all of
these techniques:
Motion-Picture Camera (also
known as movie camera)
Animation Techniques, Computer-
Generated Imagery (CGI)
 Performance Art
-A live art and the artist's medium is
mainly the human body
Usually consists of four important
elements:
time, where the performance took
place
the performer's or performer's
body
a relationship between the
audience
the performer(s) (Moma Learning,
n.d.).
 Poetry Performance
-an art form that expresses through
words.
-It uses a word's emotional,
musical, and spatial values, the
words were combined with
movements, tone, volume, and
intensity of the delivery, add to the
artistic value of the poem.
 Architecture
-Art is the pursuit and creation of
beautiful things while architecture
is the making of beautiful buildings.
-Buildings should embody these
three important elements (if they
wish to merit the title architecture
(Collins & Riley, 1931))
- plan
- construction
- design
Dance
-is a series of movements that
follows the rhythm of the music
accompaniment.
 Literary Art
-Literary art goes beyond the usual
professional, academic, journalistic,
and other technical forms of
writing.
Examples of famous literary artists
and their works:
-The Little Prince by Antoine de
Saint-Exupery
-Romeo and Juliet by William
Shakespeare
 Theater
-Uses live performers to present
accounts or imaginary events
before a live audience.
Theater also considers several
elements such as
- Acting
- Gesture
- Lighting
- sound effects
- musical score
- scenery
- props
-Some genres of theater include
drama, musical, tragedy, comedy,
and improvisation.
 Applied Arts
-Incorporating elements of style
and design to everyday items with
the aim of increasing their
aesthetical value.
-Industrial design, interior design,
fashion design, and graphic design
are considered
LESSON 3: FUNCTIONS AND
PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
ARISTOTLE
-Greek philosopher who claimed
that every particular substance in
the world has an end, or telos in
Greek, which translates into
“purpose”.
-This telos, according to Aristotle, is
intricately linked with function.
Man, in Aristotle’s view of reality, is
bound to achieve a life of
fulfillment and happiness, or in
Greek, eudaimonia.
FUNCTIONS OF ART
-When it comes to function,
different art forms come with
distinctive functions. There is no
one-to-one correspondence
between an art and it’s function.
Some art forms are more functional
than others.
-On the other end of spectrum, one
can only think of painting and
literature as forms of art that have
the least to do with purely practical
values.
PERSONAL FUNCTIONS OF ART
-The personal function of art are
varied and highly subjective.
An artist may create an art out of
the need for self-expression.
An art may also be therapeutic.
SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF ART
-Art is considered to have a social
function when it addresses a
particular collective interest.
Political art is very common
example of an art with a social
function. Art may convey message
of protest, contestation, or
whatever message the artist
intends his work to carry.
PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS OF ART
-The physical functions of art are
the easiest to spot and understand.
The physical functions of art can be
found in artworks that are crafted
in order to serve some physical
purpose.
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF ART
-Music as an art is also interesting
to talk about in relation to function.
Music in its original form was
principally functional. Music was
used for dance and religion. Music
also was essential to dance because
music assures synchronicity among
dancers.
Today, music has expanded its
function and coverage. Music is
listened to and made by people for
reason that was foreign to early
civilizations. There is now a lot of
music that has no connection
whatsoever to dance or religion.
-Sculpture, on the other hand, is
another functional art form that
has long existed for various
purposes.
Sculptures were also made in order
to commemorate important figures
in history.
PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON
ART
1. Art As An Imitation
2. Art As Representation
3. Art As Disinterested
Judgment
4. Art As A Communication
Of Emotion
LESSON 4: SUBJECT AND CONTENT
SOURCES AND KIND OF SUBJECT
Vincent Van Gogh

Jan Van Kessel The Elder
Francesco de Goya
CONTENT IN ART
-The meaning or message that is
expressed or communicated by the
artwork.
VARIOUS LEVELS OF MEANING
1. Factual Meaning
-The most rudimentary level of
meaning for it may be extracted
from the identifiable or
recognizable forms in the artwork
and understanding how these
elements relate to one another.
2. Conventional Meaning
-Pertains to the acknowledged
interpretation of the artwork using
motifs, signs, and symbols, and
other ciphers as bases of its
meaning.
3. Subjective Meaning
-When subjectivities are consulted,
a variety of meanings may arise
when a particular work of art is
read.
LESSON 5: ARTISTS AND ARTISANS
-Art-is one of the most significant
ways in which we try to grapple
with how the present unfolds. In
Robert Henri's The Art Spirit (1923),
he stated that " Art when really
understood is the province of every
human being.
-When the artist is alive in any
person, he become inventive,
searching, daring, self-expressing
creature. Artist enlightened and
open ways for better
understanding, while the not artist
are trying to close the book but the
artist show more pages as possible.
-In Peter Drucker's seminal book
Post-Capitalist Society (1993), he
stated that the real controlling
resource and the absolutely
decisive factor of production is
neither capital not land nor labor. It
is knowledge.
-Artists have treaded a long history.
Their roots can likewise be traced in
one of the major milestones in
human civilization.
Jerry Saltz
-He asserted that "these first artists
invented a way to get the three-
dimensional world in two
dimensions and attach value to
their own ideas. And all of the
history of art flows forth from this
invention."
-He is apparently referring to the
drawings and painted images or
animals, hurting scenes, and a
variety of symbolic figures created
during the Stone Age.
-It was in this light that artists
worked and most of the time. the
products considered as artworks at
but rather as craft or placed under
some category.
THE ARTIST AND HIS STUDIO
Pivotal Developments- moments
within the dynamics of the creative
act through the ongoing growth of
the artist’s work.
MOST OF PIVOTAL DEVELOPMENTS
INCLUDES:
-The transformation of the
craftsman to an artist, or an
independent artist.
-The widespread patronization of
secular art.
-The assertion of cognition, the will
and individuality.
-The site that saw this shift was a
very personal space for the artist
himself, which is the studio.
Studiolo - two segmented work
stations.
Bottega - it is where the work
usually happened.
Howard S. Becker
- All artistic work like all human
activity, involves the joint activity of
a number, often a large number, of
people. Through their cooperation,
the artwork we enventually see or
hear comes to be and continues to
be.
-The terrain in which the artist
traverses is becoming increasingly
complex. This network is what we
called the art world.
Global Network
-the terrain where the art is
distributed.
Curator
-the role of curators is more of the
interpretation and developement
of the artworks.
Institutional Curators – are
typically affiliated with museums
and galeries.
Independent or Freelance Curators
– they have the leeway to move
around various projects, platforms,
and art spaces in a multiplicity of
terms.
Buyers
-who initially assess and survey the
artwork that collectors are
interested in.
Collectors
-they are becoming more involved
well beyond extending their
wallets.
Art Dealers
-are those whose direct hand is in
the distribution and circulation of
the artworks through a variety of
means, such as direct sales.
-What this means is the museums
should involve themselves in the
sale of artworks. The predominant
role that museums are mandated
to fulfill is the display of artworks
for the education of the public and
the appreciation of these objects.
Production Process
-the reason why different art
styles ,periods, and movements
were made possible,is because
there was a form of flexibility given
to artists in terms of how to
conceptualize and execute their
ideas into reality.
The process is essentially tripartite:
1. Preproduction
the artist always begins
with an idea that he
wants to express or
communicate with his
audience.
2. Production
gathering sources the
material needed for the
creation of the artwork
3. Postproduction
if the artist decides that he
alone shoud see the work,then so
be it.
Medium-is the mode of expressions
in which the concept ,idea ,or
message is conveyed.
The technique of the artwork
shows the level of familiarity with
the medium being manipulated .It
alludes to the necessity of
additional tools or implements.
ENGAGEMENT WITH ART
In Paula Marincola’s What Makes a
Great Exhibition? (2006)
-exhibitions are strategically
located at the nexus where
artist ,their work,the
instituition,and many different
publics intersect.
Publications are also a good way to
introduce the artwork and opens it
up for appreciation ,critique, and
analysis.
AWARDS AND CITATIONS
The two major awards given to
artists in the Philippines are the:
1. Orden ng Pambansang
Alagad ng Sining ( Order
of National Artists)
2. Gawad sa Manlilikha ng
Bayan (National Living
Treasures Award)
The very first recipient of this
award was painter Fernando
Amorsolo, who was touted as the “
Grand Old Man of Philippine
Art”.He was the sole awardee in
the year 1972,a National artist for
visual art.
Some Artworks of Fernando
Amorsolo:
-Dalagang Bukid
-Making of the Philippine Flag
-Fruit Gatherer
-The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng
Bayan or the National Living
Treasures Award was created in
1992 under the Republic Act
No.7355.
-There are Ginaw Bilog , a master
of the Ambahan poetry
-Masino Intaray, a master of
various traditionl musical
instruments of Palawan people.
-Samaon Sulaiman, a master of the
kutyapi and other instruments.
LESSON 6: ELEMENTS AND
PRINCIPLES OF ART
ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS
- the basic visual tools artists use
when making an artwork.
color, line, shape, value, form,
texture, and space.
arts
 LINE
 a mark with length and
direction, a mark made by
a moving point
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL LINES
– refers to the orientation of the
line, while vertical lines connote
elevation or height.
DIAGONAL AND CROOKED LINES –
diagonal lines convey movement
and instability, while crooked or
jagged lines are reminiscent of
violence, conflict or struggle.
CURVED LINES – these are lines
that bend or coil.
 TEXTURE
 the feel of the actual
surface
-appearance of roughness or
smoothness of an object.
-can be created using lines, shapes,
and values.
 SHAPE/FORM
 an enclosed space or area
GEOMETRIC – these shapes find
origin in mathematical
propositions.
ORGANIC – are those readily  TEXTURE
occurring in nature, often irregular  Can be either Dynamics
and asymmetrical. real or implied; -refers to the loudness or quietness
 SPACE experienced of music
 distance through the
between lines sense of touch. Classical terms are used to refer to
and shapes, or TEXTURE IN THE TWO the different levels pertaining to
the illusion of DIMENSIONAL PLANE – texture can this:
depth. be implied using one technique. •Pianissimo [pp] - very quiet
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SPACE – SURFACE TEXTURE – refers to the •Piano [p] - quite
positive is the space where shadow texture of three dimensional art •Mezzo-piano [mp] - moderately
is heavily used, while negative is object. quite
usually identified with the white PICTURE PLANE – is the actual •Mezzo-forte [mf] - moderately
space surface of painting or drawing. loud
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE – can 3 TYPES OF PERSPECTIVE •Forte [i] - loud
be simulated through a variety of -One Point Perspective – often use •Fortissimo [ff] - very loud
techniques such as shading. in depicting, roads, tracks, hallways, Melody
 COLOR or rows of trees. -refers to the linear presentation
 Enhances the -Two Point Perspective – pertains (horizontal) of the pitch.
appeal of an to a painting or drawing that make Harmony
artwork. use of two vanishing point. -can be described in terms of its
HUE – this dimension of colors -Three Point Perspective – the "harshness": dissonance is the
gives it name. viewer is looking at a scene from harsh-sounding combination while
-Primary color above or below. consonance is the smooth-sounding
-Secondary colors ELEMENTS OF ARTS combination. It is vertical.
-Tertiary colors Auditory is often likened to the color of
VALUE – this refers to brightness or -together with literature, music as music.
darkness. an art form is classified as an Timbre
-Light colors – taken as the source auditory art. -it is a quality that distinguishes a
of light in the composition. Rhythm voice or an instrument from
-Dark colors – the lack or even -is the element of music that another.
absence of light situates it in time. It is the pulse of Texture
-Tint – this a lighter color than the the music. -the number of melodies.
normal value.
-Shade – this is a darker color than Classical music are used to refer to Monophonic - single melodic line
the normal value. the variations in tempo, some of Polyphonic - two or more melodic
INTENSITY – this is the color’s which are: lines
brightness or dullness. •Largo - slowly and broadly Homophonic - main melody
-Bright or warm colors – positive •Andale - walking pace accompanied by chords.
energy •Moderato - at moderate speed
-Dull or cool colors – •Allegro - fast PRINCIPLES OF ART
sedate/soothing, seriousness or •Vivace - lively 1. Balance
calm •Accelerando - gradually speeding -this refers to the distribution of the
MONOCHROMATIC HARMONIES – up visual elements in view of their
use the variation of a hue. •Rallentado - gradually slowing placement in relation to each other.
COMPLEMENTARY HARMONIES – down
involves two colors opposite each •Allargando - getting slower, 3 FORMS OF BALANCE
other in the color wheel. broadening a. Symmetrical Balance
ANALOGOUS HARMONIES – make •Rubato - literally robbed time -the elements used on one side are
use two colors beside each other in rhythm is played freely for reflected to the other.
the color wheel. expressive affect . b. Asymmetrical Balance
-the elements are not the same on
each side.
c. Radial Balance
-There is a central point in
composition, around which
elements and objects are
distributed.
2. Scale and Proportion
-Scale pertains to the size in
relation to what is normal for the
figure or object in question, while
Proportion is the size of the
components in relation to one
another when taken as a
composition or a unit.
Proportion can be:
a. Natural
-relates to the realistic size of the
visual elements in the artwork,
especially for figurative artworks.
b. Exaggerated
-refers to the unusual size relation
of visual elements.
c. Idealized
-most common to those that follow
canons of perfection, which achieve
the most ideal size-relations of
elements or objects.
3. Emphasis
-allows the attention of the viewer
to a focal point(s), accentuating or
drawing attention to these
elements or objects.
4. Contrast
-is the disparity between the
elements that figure into the
composition.
5. Unity
-are intended to imbue a sense of
accord or completeness from the
artwork.
6. Variety
-is the principle that aims to retain
the interest by allowing patches or
areas that both excite and allow the
eye to rest.
7. Harmony
-the elements or objects achieve a
sense of flow and
interconnectedness.
8. Movement
-refers to the direction of the
viewing eye as it goes through the
artwork, often guided by areas or
elements that are emphasized.
9. Rhythm
-this is created when an element is
repeated, creating implied
movement.
10. Repetition
-lines, shapes, colors, and other
elements may appear in an artwork
in a recurring manner. There is a
sense of predictability that is
conveyed.
11. Pattern
-the image created out of
repetition. It can be regular or
irregular.
COMBINED ART
• These refer to events that
combine a variety of media or
materials which can be both seen
and heard, and which exist in both
space and time.
 It can refer to a collection
of different art mediums
such as painting, singing
and musical
performances. It can also
refer to organizations
that work over multiple
platforms and venues to
promote artistic
endeavors.
One element that is common with
combined arts is the LOCUS– the
specific space in which music, film
and theatre and other combined
arts occur. This is also called as
Spatio- temporal frames.
The Display skills in the Combined
Arts
• Performance enjoyment. is one
of the integral aspects in the
combined arts. - It consists the
display of certain technical skills by
human beings for the public’s
pleasure or
• Theater - display of prowess by
actor/actress in staging
• Music – virtuosity.
• Cinema - aural and visual images
and mixed media
EXAMPLE OF COMBINED ARTS
1. PERFORMANCE
-is an artwork or art exhibition
created through actions executed
by the artist or other participants.
2. THEATRE
- is a collaborative form of
performing art that uses live
performers, usually actors or
actresses, to present the
experience of a real or imagined
event before a live audience in a
specific place, often a stage.
3. MUSIC
-is the art of arranging sounds in
time to produce a composition
through the elements of melody,
harmony, rhythm, and timbre.
4. FILM/ MOVIE
-a film, also called a movie, motion
picture or moving picture, is a work
of visual art used to simulate
experiences that communicate
ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings
etc.
HYBRID ART
- is a contemporary art movement
that incorporates scientific and
technological advancements into
art.