Jaypee Vidya Mandir, Tomri

(Bulandshahr)

Physics Project
Topic : Induce current in a wire with a
magnet.
Submitted to : Mr. Jitendra Kumar
Submitted by : Himanshu Pal (Class- 12th)

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 Certificate
This is to certify that  H I M A N S H U P A L
 Of class XII (Science) of JAYPEE VIDYA
MANDIR, TOMRI (BULANDSHAHR) has
completed the Investigatory Project in Physics
titled “Induce current in a wire with a magnet.
” himself under the supervision and guidance of
Chemistry Teacher, MR. JITENDRA KUMAR
during the academic session 2022-23. The progress
of the project has been continuously reported and
has been in my knowledge consistently.

______________ _______________ _____________

Signature of Signature of Signature of
Principal External Subject
Invigilator Teacher

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 Acknowledgement
First of all, I am deeply thankful to my
Chemistry Teacher MR. JITENDRA KUMAR
for extending his valuable and scholarly
guidance throughout the preparation of this
project. I wish to extend my sincere thanks to
MRS. SANGITA SINGH respected Principal,
JAYPEE VIDYA MANDIR, TOMRI
(BULANDSHAHR) for her continuous
motivation and moral support for completing
the work.
I am also thankful to all my respected teachers,
library staff, office staff and staff members of
the Chemistry Laboratory of the school.
Last but not the least I am indebted to my
friends, classmates and parents for encouraging
and never let me down in my confidence while
completing the project.

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 INDEX
S.No. Topic
1. Introduction
2. Aim
3. Apparatus Required
4. Theory
 Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction

 Faraday’s First Law of Electromagnetic

Induction

 Changing the Magnetic Field Intensity in a

Closed Loop

 Faraday’s Second Law of Electromagnetic

Induction

 Lenz’s Law

 Faraday’s Law Derivation

 Applications of Faraday’s Law

5. Procedure
6. Result/Conclusion
7. Bibliography

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 INTRODUCTION
Michael Faraday was a 19th century English scientist who
is credited with many great discoveries in the realm of
physics and chemistry, specifically on the relationship
between current and magnets, and electrochemistry.

Current is the flow of electrons from one place to another,

and is how electricity is carried. Currents are known to
create their own magnetic fields, and the movement of
magnets is known to induce, or create, current in a wire. In
this lab, you will recreate Faraday’s famous experiment by
building a solenoid (a coil of wire) and experimenting with
magnets to produce current.

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 AIM
Induce current in a wire with a magnet.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

 Bar magnet
 Insulated copper wire
 Galvanometer (sensitive current-measuring device)
 Cardboard paper towel or toilet paper tube

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 THEORY
In Faraday's experiment, the magnet exerts a force from a
distance (within the tube) and acts on the electrons to
move them around. This is easy with copper wire because
the electrons move around with little resistance (explaining
why copper is such a great conductor). It is important that
the wire forms a closed loop (complete circuit) or this will
not work! The magnetic field acts on all parts of the loop in
slightly different ways, due to the direction of the magnetic
field. The field pushes the current in one direction or the
other, depending on which pole of the magnet is
approaching. This can be figured out with the right-hand-
rule.
A “thumbs-up” motion is made with the ride hand. The
thumb represents the direction of the magnetic field and
the curve of the fingers is representative of the direction of
the current in the loop.
Motors and generators use magnetic movement to create
current and send electricity to do useful work to power
machines.

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 Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction consists of
two laws. The first law describes the induction of emf in a
conductor and the second law quantifies the emf produced
in the conductor.

Faraday’s First Law of Electromagnetic

Induction
The discovery and understanding of electromagnetic
induction are based on a long series of experiments
carried out by Faraday and Henry. From the experimental
observations, Faraday concluded that an emf is induced
when the magnetic flux across the coil changes with time.
Therefore, Faraday’s first law of electromagnetic induction
states the following:
Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic
field, an electromotive force is induced. If the conductor
circuit is closed, a current is induced, which is called
induced current.

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 Changing the Magnetic Field Intensity in a
Closed Loop

Magnetic field intensity in a closed loop

Mentioned here are a few ways to change the magnetic

field intensity in a closed loop:

 By rotating the coil relative to the magnet.

 By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field.
 By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic
field.
 By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil.

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 Faraday’s Second Law of Electromagnetic
Induction
Faraday’s second law of electromagnetic induction states
that
The induced emf in a coil is equal to the rate of change of
flux linkage.
The flux linkage is the product of the number of turns in
the coil and the flux associated with the coil. The formula
of Faraday’s law is given below:

Where ε is the electromotive force, Φ is the magnetic flux,

and N is the number of turns.

Lenz’s Law
The German physicist Heinrich Friedrich Lenz deduced a
rule known as Lenz’s law that describes the polarity of the
induced emf.
Lenz’s law states that “The polarity of induced emf is such
that it tends to produce a current which opposes the
change in magnetic flux that produced it.”
The negative sign in the formula represents this effect.
Thus, the negative sign indicates that the direction of the
induced emf and the change in the direction of magnetic
fields have opposite signs

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 Faraday’s Law Derivation
Consider a magnet approaching a coil. Consider two-time
instances T1 and T2.
Flux linkage with the coil at the time T1 is given by NΦ1.
Flux linkage with the coil at the time T2 is given by NΦ2
Change in the flux linkage is given by
N(Φ2 – Φ1)
Let us consider this change in flux linkage as
Φ = Φ2 – Φ1
Hence, the change in flux linkage is given by
NΦ
The rate of change of flux linkage is given by
NΦ/t
Taking the derivative of the above equation, we get
N dΦ/dt
According to Faraday’s second law of electromagnetic
induction, we know that the induced emf in a coil is equal
to the rate of change of flux linkage. Therefore,

Considering Lenz’s law,

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From the above equation, we can conclude the following
 Increase in the number of turns in the coil increases
the induced emf
 Increasing the magnetic field strength increases the
induced emf
 Increasing the speed of the relative motion between
the coil and the magnet, results in the increased emf

Applications of Faraday’s Law

 Electrical equipment like transformers works on the
basis of Faraday’s law.
 Induction cooker works on the basis of mutual
induction, which is based on the principle of Faraday’s
law.
 By inducing an electromotive force into an
electromagnetic flowmeter, the velocity of the fluids is
recorded.
 Electric guitar and electric violin are musical
instruments that find an application of Faraday’s law.
 Maxwell’s equation is based on the converse of
Faraday’s laws which states that a change in the
magnetic field brings a change in the electric field.

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 PROCEDURE
 Wrap the copper wire tightly around the cardboard
tube to create a solenoid. Wrap as many times as you
can and be sure to leave a few inches at each end to
connect to the galvanometer.
 Connect each loose end of the wire to the positive
and negative terminals of the galvanometer.
 Switch on the galvanometer.
 Insert the magnet inside the cardboard tube and
move it around.
 Try moving the magnet faster or slower.
 Turn off the galvanometer and disconnect one of the
terminals.
 Reduce the number of turns in the solenoid.
Reconnect and switch on the galvanometer.
 Insert the magnet inside the cardboard tube and
move it around again.

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 RESULT/CONCLUSION
The faster the magnet moves, the more current is
generated in the loop. The same is true of the coils: the
more coils in the solenoid, the more current generated.

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Bibliography
 NCERT Class 12 Physics
 New Simplified SL Arora Class 12 Physics
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.slideshare.net
 www.byjus.com

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