UNIT 3

Osilaloy s
tohich ay used
T au Osillalb Any Cfaut
ac inprb Sigral
athout an

deneale a Pesiodic votage

ostMate (-High frequetieyd tris
m
is alled au

elicdic vellge he
cirut 4 atplicd
To
geetae le
Sousce
Cnecsgy rom a de
i
Sinwoidal a) Hamohic OsGIa
csllatehs
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a Congtauty vai
outp egra e a dekved fseawsy
Clasiictionef as|latrs
i thefellnsng dlfercal t
esillos are clasisel

the oaveams geneiated

1.Accesding Halnonic oslatb2s
osi/atdes
Sinioidad osci/lbdér )
Sinusoida C8C|sht,
e) Non
Relaxakon oscillatóz
Sinuiecal velleges
cscIledoyGenesades
Sinueidal
ime
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Sinusoidal ost lLts

iga):
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kme in a le
me
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osillhions s h o n belou
as

ks fuwdametas mechansns nvelveel

. Accoding
aNegalie reistan.ce stRlal3s

)Feedbatk asclators
osclladt used tte
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s neutalze he poftie sesdoue denke ue
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ujeg

Cnterion
 e
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a) Audio rquenoy aer/laty (afo): upto 3ck

(). adio heg osallai(kFo): B0ok4t3 30m3
ves-Hgh fey (vn) utllata,: 30mthh k
o
cscllak: 3eomt 3GH3
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ni(reoase feq.

Cceding t te peircuit uscel, SeAcane

as
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=O

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+
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. 9 214

esalldin
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necexsaly
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ye Cpli
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tte
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e

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at
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shilt
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t Volnge V lond te othate V, by Iso

 Oa

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 18 deleanui- re osaliehin m muyt be e9pa!

K6)=o )d=C
CRR JZ

V
2T RC V6
The Condhion mainanarce osdILA a Hire
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e
Je

2
Can no bemacle
en2 a tyan'dh sith 42
gain <29
a Cicui and lhe reepuens
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ascelte
e
vadked 6y chang any
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h te phae d E g
mpedanee elemeF

ec 6
2 RC
R
Ad andes C I deesno vequre nducdss A anifoles
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Operation
The circuit when switched ON oscillates at the resonant frequency fo. The output Eo of the

produces a phase shift of

amplifier is fed back to RC feedback network. This network

and Ei appears at its output. This voltage is applied to the transistor

180 a voltage
amplifier.

The feedback applied will be

m=Ei/Eo
The feedback is in correct phase, whereas the transistor amplifier, which is in CE

180° phase shift. The phase shift produced by network and the
configuration, produces a

transistor add to form a phase shift around the entire loop which is 360°.

Advantages
The advantages of RC phase shift oscillator are as follows-

It does not require transformers or inductors.

It can be used to produce very low frequencies.

The circuit provides good frequency stability.

Disadvantages
The disadvantages of RC phase shift oscillator are as follows-

Starting the oscillations is difficult as the feedback is small.

T h e output produced is small.

Another type of popular audio frequency oscillator is the Wien bridge oscillator circuit.

This is mostly used because of its important features. This circuit is free from the circuit

fluctuations and the ambient temperature.

The main advantage of this oscillator is that the frequency can be varied in the range of

10Hz to about 1MHz whereas in RC oscillators, the frequency is not varied.

Wien bridge oscillator

Construction
The circuit construction of Wien bridge oscillator can be explained as below,. It is a two-
stage amplifier with RC bridge circuit. The bridge circuit has the arms RICL, Ra, RaCa and the
tungsten lamp Lp. Resistance R, and the lamp L, are used to stabilize the amplitude of the

output.
The following circuit diagram shows the arrangement of a Wien bridge oscillator.

Vcc

R R
R,

Tunmlamww-ww-np Output

R1

The transistor Ti serves as an oscillator and an amplifier while the other transistor Tz serves

as an inverter. The inverter operation provides a phase shift of 180°. This circuit provides
-

positive feedback through RiC1, CR2 to the transistor Ti and negative feedback through the

voltage divider to the input of transistor T2.

and parallel element
The frequency of oscillations is determined by the series element R1C1

RC2 of the bridge.

1
27RC1R2C:
IfR Ra and C = Ca =C

Then,

2RC
 Now, we can simplify the above circuit as follows

Amplifier Amplifier
1 2

Feedback
network

The oscilator consists of two stages of RC coupled amplifier and a feedback network. The
voltage across the parallel combination of R and C is fed to the input of amplifier 1. The net

phase shift through the two amplifiers is zero.

The usual idea of connecting the output of amplifier 2 to amplifier 1 to provide signal
regeneration for oscillator is not applicable here as the amplifier 1 will amplify signals over
a wide range of frequencies and hence direct coupling would result in poor frequency

stability. By adding Wien bridge feedback network, the oscillator becomes sensitive to a
particular frequency and hence frequency stability is achieved.

Operation
When the circuit is switched ON, the bridge circuit produces oscillations of the frequency
stated above. The two transistors produce a total phase shift of 360° so that proper
positive feedback is ensured. The negative feedback in the circuit ensures constant output.
This is achieved by temperature sensitive tungsten lamp L. Its resistance increases with

current.
If the amplitude of the output increases, more current is produced and more negative
feedbackis achieved. Due to this, the output would return to the original value. Whereas, if
the output tends to decrease, reverse action would take place.

Acdvartages
The advantages of Wien bridge oscillator are as follows -

.The circuit provides good frequency stability.