Chapter 3

MATH 401 – DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER III
DERIVATIVES OF TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
So far you have studied one of the elementary functions – the algebraic
functions. In this chapter, the learners will study the derivatives of the remaining
elementary functions – the transcendental functions. Theorems presented in this
chapter are taken from [1] Larson, R. (2018), [2] Leithold, L. (2002) and [3]
Stewart, J. (2016)
At the end of this chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define the derivatives of transcendental functions such as trigonometric,

inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential and hyperbolic functions.
2. Apply the theorems of differentiation in finding the derivatives of

transcendental functions.
3.1 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
With this section we are going to start looking at the derivatives of

functions other than polynomials or roots of polynomials. We will start this
process off by taking a look at the derivatives of the six trigonometric functions.
The basic six trigonometric functions include the following six functions:
sine (sin x), cosine (cos x), tangent (tan x), cotangent (cot x ), secant (sec x), and
cosecant (csc x). All these functions are continuous and differentiable in their
domains.
Before we actually get into the derivatives of the trigonometric functions

we need to recall a couple of limits that will show up in the derivation of two of
the derivatives.
lim lim
3.1.1. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
The derivatives of the six trigonometric functions are summarized

in the following theorem.
69
Theorem 3.1. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
Proof: Let f be the sine function, so that
From the definition of the derivative of a function, the derivative for

the sine function can be written as
To evaluate this limit, we will need to use the trigonometric identity
For the proof of the derivative of cosine function, we can follow a

similar process
Let g be the cosine function, so that
70
From the definition of the derivative of a function, the derivative for

the cosine function can be written as
To evaluate this limit, we will need to use the trigonometric identity
The derivatives of tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions

are obtained from the trigonometric identities involving sine and cosine
functions as well as the above derivatives of the sine and cosine functions,
and the previous theorems on differentiation of algebraic functions.
For the tangent function, we will use the trigonometric identity
71
Applying the Quotient Rule of differentiation, we have
For the cotangent function, we will use the trigonometric identity
For the secant function, we will use the trigonometric identity
72
For the cosecant function, we will use the trigonometric identity
73
Let us have the following examples:
Example 3.1.1.1 Differentiate
Solution: We will need to use the Product Rule of differentiation on the

first term. Also the constant 2 will be considered part of the first function
in the product of the first term. Here is the derivative of the function y
Example 3.1.1.2 Find the derivative of

second term. Be careful with the minus sign in front of the second term
and make sure it gets dealt with properly. There are two ways to deal with
this. One way is to make sure that you use a set of parentheses as follows:
Another way to do this is to consider minus sigh as part of the first

function in the product of the second term. Doing this gives
74
So regardless how you approach this problem, you will get the same
derivative.
Example 3.1.1.3 Find the derivative of at .

Solution: Just differentiate each term using the formula above.
At . the value of the first derivative of h(x) is
Solution: We will use the quotient rule of differentiation to evaluate the

derivative of this function.
We can still simplify this by factoring out 3 in the last two terms in
the numerator and use the Pythagorean identity
75
Since the numerator is exactly a factor of the denominator, we can

canceled them and gives
Solution: We need to use the product rule of differentiation for both terms.
Combining like terms, we have
3.1.2. Chain Rule of the Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
In this section, we will determine the derivatives of trigonometric

functions using the Chain Rule. This rule deals with composite functions
involving trigonometric functions.
The Chain Rule versions of the derivatives of the six trigonometric

functions are as follows: Let u be a differentiable function of x
76
Example 3.1.2.1 Apply the Chain Rule to find the derivative of the following
functions:
(a) (b)
Solution: Solution:
(c) (d)
Solution: Solution:
(e) (f)
Solution: Solution:
Example 3.1.2.2 To understand the mathematical conventions regarding

parentheses, apply the Chain Rule to find the derivative of the following
functions:
Function Derivative
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
77
Example 3.1.2.3 Find the derivative of the following:
(a)
Solution: We must use the Product Rule and Chain Rule.
(b)
Solution: We must use the Quotient Rule along with the Chain Rule.
(c)
Solution: Recognize here that we have function that

is inside the function; that is . We will start
using the General Power Rule, then the Chain Rule by approaching this
step-by-step.
78
To express this in terms of trigonometric function only, we can use the

Pythagorean identity
3.1.3. Higher-Order Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
The higher-order derivatives are denoted as follows:
First Derivative :
Second Derivative:
Third Derivative:
Fourth Derivative:
nth Derivative:
Let’s have the following examples:
Example 3.1.3.1 Find the second derivative of the following:
(a) (b)
Solution: Solution:
( ) (d)
Solution: Solution:
(d)
79
Solution:
Using the Pythagorean identity
Example 3.1.3.2 Find the third derivative of the following:
at
Solution:
at
(b)
Solution:
Use the Power Rule and Chain Rule
Use the Product Rule, Power Rule and Chain Rule
80
As an alternative, the final answer can be expressed in terms of

tangent function only.
(c)
Solution:
Use the Product Rule, Power Rule, and Chain Rule
Use the Product Rule, Power Rule, and Chain Rule in each term
(d)
Solution:
Its third derivative is
Expressing this in terms of one function only, use the Pythagorean identity
81
As an alternative, the final answer can be expressed in terms of cotangent

functions only.
Example 3.1.3.3 Find the 4th derivative of the following:
(a) (b)
Solution: Solution:
Remarks: The higher-order derivatives of sin x and cos x follow a repeating

pattern. Once we recognize the pattern of derivatives, we can find any
higher-order derivative by determining the step in the pattern to which it
corresponds. For example, every fourth derivative of sin x equals sin x , so
while
The pattern of derivatives is that the first derivative of sin x equals

its 5th derivative. The 2nd derivative of sin x equals its 6th derivative. The
nth derivative of the function . For n greater
than 4, we can perform division algorithm n/4 = q + r/4, where q is the
quotient and r is the remainder. It is now evident that for the nth
derivative of sin x, , it follows that , where
.
Example 3.1.3.4 Evaluate the indicated nth derivative of sin x.
(a) Find the 50th derivative of sin x.
Solution:
Using the algorithm, 50 = 4(12) + 2
Since r = 2, then
82
(b)Find the 111th derivative of sin x.
Solution:
Since r = 3, then
(c)Find the 1200th derivative of sin x.
Solution:
Since r = 0, then
The same pattern for the nth derivative of the function

which is .
Example 3.1.3.5 Evaluate the indicated nth derivative of cos x.
(a)Find the 25th derivative of cos x.
Solution:
Since r = 1, then
(b)Find the 335th derivative of cos x.
Solution:
Since r = 3, then
(a) (b)
Solution: Solution:
x
83
Remarks: A similar pattern of higher-order derivatives can be observed for

the functions and , where is a constant. The only
difference is the numerical coefficient which is equal to .
For instance, the 4th derivative of is .
In (b), the 3rd derivative of is .
Example 3.1.3.7 Evaluate the indicated nth derivative:
(a) Find the 99th derivative of
Solution:
Since r = 3 and then
(b) Find the 77th derivative of
Solution:
Since r = 1 and then
3.1.4. Implicit Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
In this section, we will apply the process of implicit differentiation

for equations involving trigonometric functions. Implicit differentiation is
a technique based on a Chain Rule that is used to find the derivative when
the relationship between the variables is given implicitly rather than
explicitly (solved for one variable in terms of the other).
Example 3.1.4.1 Find the given that
(a) .
Solution: Since it is difficult to express y in terms of x only, we will

differentiate implicitly with respect to x.
84
(b)


(a)
Solution : Using the result of of the Example 3.1.4.1 (b), we can evaluate
the 2nd derivative as follows
By implicit differentiation with respect to x, we have
85
Substitute the expression of
(b)
Solution: Start with the implicit differentiation with respect to x
To evaluate the , perform another implicit differentiation with respect to

x. Use Product Rule on the right side.
Substitute the expression for y’
86
Exercise 3.1. Find the derivative of the following functions:
1. ans.
2. at ans.
3. ans.
4. at ans.
5. ans.
6. ans.
Find the indicated nth derivative of the following:

7. 250th derivative of ans.
Use implicit differentiation to find the

9. of ans.
10. of sin ans.
3.2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
In this section, we are to explore the process of finding the derivatives of

the six inverse trigonometric functions.
3.2.1. Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
The following theorem lists the derivatives of the six inverse

trigonometric functions.
Theorem3.2 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
87
Let u be a differentiable function of x.
It can be noted that the derivative of Arccos u, Arccot u, and Arccsc u

are the negatives of the derivatives of Arcsin u, Arctan u, and Arcsec u,
respectively.
Proof for Arcsin u:
Let . So, , and you can use

implicit differentiation with respect to x as follows.
Then use the Pythagorean identity
So
If u is a differentiable function of x, then you can use the Chain Rule to

write
Proof for Arctan u:
88

If u is a differentiable function of x, then you can use the Chain Rule to

write
Proof for Arcsec u:

If u is a differentiable function of x, then you can use the Chain Rule to write
Let us analyze the following examples:
Example 3.2.1.1 Find the derivative of the following functions:
89
(a) (d)
Solution: Solution:
Let , then Let , then
(b) (e)
Solution: Solution:
Let , then Let , then
(c) (f)
Solution: Solution:
Let , then since the derivative of Arccsc u if
the negative of that of Arcsecu, then
Solution: Apply the Product Rule on the second term.
90
3.2.2 Chain Rule of the Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
In this section, we will determine the derivatives of inverse

trigonometric functions using the Chain Rule. This rule deals with
composite functions involving inverse trigonometric functions.
Example 3.2.2.1 Find the derivative of the following function:
(a)
Solution:
(b)
Example 3.2.2.2 Use Chain Rule to find the derivative of the following:
(a)
Solution:
91
(b)
Solution:
3.2.3 Higher-Order Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
In this section, we are to evaluate the higher-order derivatives of

inverse trigonometric functions.
Example 3.2.3.1 Find the second derivative of

Solution:
We have determined in Example 3.2.2.1 (a) its first derivative as
Now to find its 2nd derivative, apply the Quotient Rule
Example 3.2.3.2 Find the third derivative of

Solution:
Its first derivative with respect to x is
92
Then its second derivative with respect to x is
So the third derivative is
3.2.4 Implicit Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

for equations involving inverse trigonometric functions.
Example 3.2.4.1 Use implicit differentiation to find the derivative of
Solution:
Solution:
93
Exercise 3.2.
1. Verify each differentiation formula

(a)
(b)
(c)
2. True or False.
The for all x in the domain. ans. True
Find the derivative of the following functions:

3. ans.
4. ans.
5. ans.
6. ans.
94

7. 2nd derivative of ans.

Use implicit differentiation to find the derivative of:
9. ans.
10. y ans.
3.3. Logarithmic Functions
The definition of the logarithmic function that you encountered in

Chapter 1 was based on exponents, and the properties of logarithms were
then proved from the corresponding properties of exponents. In this
section, we will consider the derivatives of the natural logarithmic
function, denoted by ln, as well as the derivative of logarithmic function to
base .
3.3.1. Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
The derivative of the logarithmic function is determined by the

following theorem.
Theorem 3.3 Chain Rule of the Derivative of Logarithmic Function
Let be a positive real number and let u be a differentiable

function of x and , then
The second formula is a special case of the first formula since the
natural logarithm . In the first formula we can set
thus .
(a) y
where is constant
Solution:
95
y
y
Solution:
y
(b)
Solution:
y
(c)
Solution: Another Solution:

y Rewrite the given using a logarithmic property
y ,
y y
(d) y
Solution: where
y Solution:
y y
y y
y
(e) y
Solution:
Rewrite the given as: Take note that
y
Use the Power Rule and Chain Rule to evaluate its derivative
y
96
(a) y 0
Solution: where are constants
y
ln 0 Solution:
y
(b) y
Solution:
y
y
ln
y
ln
y
3.3.2. Higher-Order Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
In this section, we will evaluate the nth derivatives of logarithmic

functions.
Example 3.3.2.1 Find the second derivative of the following functions:
(a) y
Solution:
y
y 1 x x
(b)
Solution:
y
(c)
97
Solution:
y
Example 3.3.2.2 Find the third derivative of the following functions:

(a)
Solution:
(b)
Solution: We can rewrite the given as .
(c)
Solution:
3.3.3. Implicit Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions
98

for equations involving logarithmic functions.
(a) .
Solution: We can rewrite the second term applying the logarithmic

property and
Since it is difficult to express y in terms of x only, we will

(b)

99
3.3.4. Logarithmic Differentiation
In this section we will evaluate the derivatives of some complicated

functions by using logarithms. That process is called logarithmic
differentiation which was developed in 1697 by Johann Bernoulli(1667-
1748).
Let’s see how this works in the following examples:

Example 3.3.4.1 Find the derivative of the function
Solution:
The derivative of this function can be evaluated by using the Product Rule
and Quotient Rule but it is somewhat a complicated process. To simplify
the process, we can take the logarithms of both sides.
We need to use the properties of logarithms to expand the right side as

follows.
Perform implicit differentiation, we have
100
Multiply both sides by y and substitute the expression for y, we have
This can still be simplified using algebraic rules.
Example 3.3.4.2 Find the derivative of the function
Solution:
The derivative of this function can be evaluated by using the Product Rule
Power Rule and Chain Rule but it is somewhat a complicated process. To
simplify the process, we can take the logarithms of both sides.
Use the properties of logarithms to expand the right side as follows.
Multiply both sides by f(z) and substitute the expression for f(z), we have
101
Simplifying this algebraically
Exercise 3.3.
Find the derivative of the following function:

1. ans.
2. ans.
3. ans.
4. ans.
5. ans.
6. ans.

Use implicit and/or logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative y’ of:

9. ans.
10. ans.
102
3.4. Exponential Functions
Because the natural logarithmic function is increasing on its entire domain,

then by the inverse function theorem, it has an inverse that is also an increasing
function. The inverse of ln is called the natural exponential function, denoted
by exp. It is defined by if and only if . In general, the exponential
function to the base is defined by , where is any positive number and
x is any real number.
In this section, we will explore the derivatives of these exponential

functions.
3.4.1. Derivatives of Exponential Functions
Theorem 3.4.1 Derivatives of Exponential Functions
Let be a positive real number
Proof :
Let then applying logarithms on both sides, we have
Apply implicit differentiation with respect to x on both sides
103
Multiply both sides by y
Replacing y by , we obtain
The proof of the first formula is given as follows:

From the relationship between exponential and logarithmic
function that , we set and using the property of
logarithm , then
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
Example 3.4.1.1
Exponential Functions Derivatives
Before moving on to the next section we need to be aware of the

distinction between these two derivatives:
It is important to note that with the Power Rule the exponent n MUST be
constant and the base x MUST be a variable while for the derivative of an
exponential function, the exponent x MUST be a variable and the base
must be a constant.
In cases where both the exponent and the base involve variables will be
considered in a later section.
104
3.4.2. Chain Rule of the Derivatives of Exponential Functions
Theorem 3.4.2 Chain Rule of Derivatives of Exponential Functions
Let be a positive real number and let u be a

differentiable function of x
Observe that the derivative of the function defined by ,

where k is a constant, is itself. The only other function we have previously
encountered that has this property is the constant function zero; actually,
this is the special case of when .
functions:
(b)
Solution: Solution:
(d)
Solution: Solution:
(e) (f)
Solution: Solution:
Use the property of exponent
Differentiate both sides
105
y
where are constants
Solution:
Solution:
y ln
y
y ln
y
(b) y 0 y k
Or
Solution:
y
y ln 10 0
y ln 10 0 y k
y ln 10 0
3.4.3. Higher-Order Derivatives of Exponential Functions
In this section, we will evaluate the nth derivatives of exponential

functions.
Example 3.4.3.1 Find the second derivative of the following functions:

(b)
Solution: Solution:
Example 3.4.3.2 Find the nth derivative of , m is constant.

Solution:
So the nth derivative of can be written as
106
3.4.4. Implicit Differentiation of Exponential Functions

for equations involving exponential functions.
Example .4.4.1 Use implicit differentiation to find the derivative y’ of
(a) .
Solution: We can rewrite the 3 rd term applying the rules of exponents
Since it is difficult to express y in terms of x only, differentiate implicitly

with respect to x.
Combining like terms
(b)
Solution: Since it is difficult to express y in terms of x only, differentiate

implicitly with respect to x.
Combining like terms
107
3.4.5. Logarithmic Differentiation
Logarithmic differentiation can also be used to evaluate the

derivative of function of this form:
These are the cases where both the exponent and the base involve
variables.
Example 3.4.5.1 Differentiate the function
We have encountered the derivative of two similar functions like this,
But neither of the two will work here because both the base and the
exponent are variables. Logarithmic differentiation can be used in this
case.
To simplify the process, we can take the logarithms of both sides.
Multiply both sides by y and substitute , we have
Now let us consider a more complicated example of this.
108
Solution: Again the Power Rule and the derivative of exponential functions
will not work here because both the base and the exponent are variables.
Logarithmic differentiation can be used in this case.
Solution: Again the Power Rule and the derivative of exponential functions
will not work here because both the base and the exponent are variables.
Logarithmic differentiation can be used in this case.
109
Exercise 3.4.
Find the derivative of the following exponential functions:

1. ans.
2. ans.
3. ans.
Find the indicated nth derivative of the following functions:

Use implicit differentiation to find the derivative y’ of the following:
6. 0 ans.
7. 0 0 ans.
Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of the following:
8. ans.
9. ans.
10. ans.
110
3.5. Hyperbolic Functions
Because hyperbolic functions can be written in terms of the exponential

functions, you can easily derive rules for their derivatives.
In this section, we will explore the derivatives of the hyperbolic functions.
3.5.1. Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
Theorem3.5. Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
d
sinh x   coshx  d
cosh x   sinh x 
dx dx
d
tanhx   sec h 2 x  d
cot hx    csc h 2 x 
dx dx
d
sec hx   sec hx  tanhx  d
csc hx    csc hx cothx 
dx dx
Proof:
Recall the definition of hyperbolic sine function
Differentiate both sides with respect to x
111
Next, for the hyperbolic tangent function, it is defined as
Differentiate both sides with respect to x
Use Quotient Rule on the right side
Use the hyperbolic identity

first term. Also the constant 2 will be considered part of the first function
in the product of the first term. Here is the derivative of the function y
112

second term. Be careful with the minus sign in front of the second term
and make sure it gets dealt with properly. There are two ways to deal with
this. One way is to make sure that you use a set of parentheses as follows:
Example 3.5.1.3 Find the derivative of .

Solution: Just differentiate each term using the formula above.
Solution: We will use the quotient rule of differentiation to evaluate the

derivative of this function.
We can still simplify this by factoring out 3 in the last two terms in the
numerator and use the hyperbolic identity
113
3.5.2. Chain Rule of the Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
In this section, we will determine the derivatives of hyperbolic

functions using the Chain Rule. This rule is applied on differentiating
composite functions involving hyperbolic functions.
The Chain Rule versions of the derivatives of the six hyperbolic functions
are as follows: Let u be a differentiable function of x
functions:
(b)
Solution: Solution:
114
(d)
Solution: Solution:
(e) (f)
Solution: Solution:
Example 3.5.2.2 To understand the mathematical conventions regarding

parentheses, apply the Chain Rule to find the derivative of the following
functions:
Solution:
Function Derivative
(a)
Example 3.5.2.3 Find the derivative of the following:
115
Solution: We must use the Product Rule and Chain Rule.
Solution: We must use the Quotient Rule along with the Chain Rule.
Solution: Recognize here that we have function

that is inside the function; that is . We
will start using the General Power Rule, then the Chain Rule by
approaching this step-by-step.
To express this in terms of hyperbolic function only, we can use the

hyperbolic identity
116
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
3.5.3. Higher-Order Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
Example 3.5.3.1 Find the second derivative of the following:
(b)
Solution: Solution:
( ) (d)
Solution: Solution:
(e)
Solution:
117
Expressing this in terms of hyperbolic secant only, we can use the

hyperbolic identity
(d)
Solution: This a composite function, where . Use Chain Rule
Then differentiate to get the second derivative
Example 3.5.3.2 Find the third derivative of the following:
at
Solution:
at
(b)
Solution:
118
13 13 13
Using the hyperbolic identity
(c)
Solution:
Use the Product Rule, Power Rule and Chain Rule in each term
(d)
Solution:

]
Using the hyperbolic identity
119
Differentiate each term to get the third derivative
Expressing this in terms of one function only, use the hyperbolic identity
As an alternative, the final answer can be expressed in terms of hyperbolic

cotangent functions only.
(b)
Solution: Solution:
Remarks: The higher-order derivatives of sinh x and cosh x follow a

repeating pattern. Once we recognize the pattern of derivatives, we can
find any higher-order derivative by determining the step in the pattern to
which it corresponds. For example, every second derivative of sinh x
equals sinh x , so
while
120
The pattern of nth derivative for hyperbolic sine function sinh x is
For hyperbolic cosine function cosh x, the pattern for nth derivative is
Let us have the following examples:
Example 3.5.3.4 Evaluate the indicated nth derivative of sinh x.
(a) Find the 50th derivative of sinh x.
Solution:
Using the pattern, since n = 50 and it is even, then
(b)Find the 111th derivative of sinh x.
Solution:
Using the pattern, since n = 111 and it is odd, then
Example 3.5.3.5 Evaluate the indicated nth derivative of cosh x.
(a)Find the 25th derivative of cosh x.
Solution:
Using the pattern, since n = 25 and it is odd, then
(b)Find the 3,350th derivative of cosh x.
Solution:
Using the pattern, since n =3.350 and it is even, then
3.5.4. Implicit Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions
121

for equations involving hyperbolic functions. Implicit differentiation is a
technique based on a Chain Rule that is used to find the derivative when
the relationship between the variables is given implicitly rather than
explicitly (solved for one variable in terms of the other).
(a) .

Combining like terms,
(b)

122
(a)
Solution : Using the result of of the Example 3.5.4.1 (b), we can evaluate
the 2nd derivative as follows
By implicit differentiation with respect to x, we have
Substitute the expression of
(b)
Solution: Start with the implicit differentiation with respect to x
To evaluate the , perform another implicit differentiation with respect to

x. Use Product Rule and Chain Rule on the right side.
123
Substitute the expression for y’
Exercise 3.5.
Verify the following differentiation formula:
1.
2.
3.
4.
124
5. ans.
6. ans.
7. ans.
Use implicit differentiation to find the derivative of
10. ans.
Problem Set No. 3

Derivatives of Transcendental Functions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7. 222nd derivative of
8. 115th derivative of
Use implicit and/or logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative y’ of:

9.
10.
125
CHAPTER IV
APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES OF ALGEBRAIC AND
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
We have learned from Chapter II and Chapter III how to find the
derivatives of algebraic and transcendental functions by applying both the
definitions and theorems of differentiation. This chapter discusses several
applications of derivatives. We shall now learn the concepts and the process of
solving problems involving techniques on approximation, tangent line and
normal line to a given curve, curve sketching, optimization problems and related
rates. Definitions and theorems presented in this chapter are taken from [1]
Larson, R. (2010), [2] Leithold, L. (2002) and [3] Stewart, J. (2016)
At the end of this chapter, the student might be able to:

1. Apply the concept of differential in error propagation and in
approximation.
2. Apply differentiation to determine the equations of tangent and normal
lines to a graph of function at a given point
3. Apply the concepts of Relative Extrema, First Derivative Test, Second
Derivative Test, Concavity and Points of Inflection in drawing a sketch
of the graph of algebraic and transcendental functions
4. Apply the concepts of derivatives in solving optimization problems and
in related rates problems
126

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MATH 401 – DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

At the end of this chapter, the student should be able to:

1. Define the derivatives of transcendental functions such as trigonometric,

2. Apply the theorems of differentiation in finding the derivatives of

3.1 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

With this section we are going to start looking at the derivatives of

Before we actually get into the derivatives of the trigonometric functions

3.1.1. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

The derivatives of the six trigonometric functions are summarized

Theorem 3.1. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Proof: Let f be the sine function, so that

From the definition of the derivative of a function, the derivative for

To evaluate this limit, we will need to use the trigonometric identity

For the proof of the derivative of cosine function, we can follow a

From the definition of the derivative of a function, the derivative for

To evaluate this limit, we will need to use the trigonometric identity

The derivatives of tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions

For the tangent function, we will use the trigonometric identity

Applying the Quotient Rule of differentiation, we have

For the cotangent function, we will use the trigonometric identity

Applying the Quotient Rule of differentiation, we have

For the secant function, we will use the trigonometric identity

Applying the Quotient Rule of differentiation, we have

For the cosecant function, we will use the trigonometric identity

Applying the Quotient Rule of differentiation, we have

Let us have the following examples:

Example 3.1.1.1 Differentiate

Solution: We will need to use the Product Rule of differentiation on the

Example 3.1.1.2 Find the derivative of

Solution: We will need to use the Product Rule of differentiation on the

Another way to do this is to consider minus sigh as part of the first

Example 3.1.1.3 Find the derivative of at .

At . the value of the first derivative of h(x) is

Example 3.1.1.4 Differentiate

Solution: We will use the quotient rule of differentiation to evaluate the

Since the numerator is exactly a factor of the denominator, we can

Example 3.1.1.5 Differentiate

Combining like terms, we have

3.1.2. Chain Rule of the Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

In this section, we will determine the derivatives of trigonometric

The Chain Rule versions of the derivatives of the six trigonometric

Example 3.1.2.2 To understand the mathematical conventions regarding

Example 3.1.2.3 Find the derivative of the following:

Solution: We must use the Product Rule and Chain Rule.

Solution: Recognize here that we have function that

To express this in terms of trigonometric function only, we can use the

3.1.3. Higher-Order Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

The higher-order derivatives are denoted as follows:

Let’s have the following examples:

Example 3.1.3.1 Find the second derivative of the following:

Using the Pythagorean identity

Example 3.1.3.2 Find the third derivative of the following:

Use the Power Rule and Chain Rule

Use the Product Rule, Power Rule and Chain Rule

Using the Pythagorean identity

Combining like terms, we have

As an alternative, the final answer can be expressed in terms of