POINTERS UCSP

LESSON 1

SOCIOLOGY

-Scientific study of human society, it‟s origin, structure, function, and direction.

-The word Sociology was taken from two foreign words:

Socius a Latin term which means companion or associate 

Logos a Greek term for study

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIOLOGY

Sociology is a social science not a physical science.

Sociology is categorical not a normative discipline.

It is a pure science.

Sociology is the generalizing and not a particularizing or individualizing science.

Sociology is a general science not a special science.

Sociology is both rational and an empirical science.

Empiricism is the approach that emphasizes experience and the facts that result from observation and experimentation.

Rationalism is a stressed reason and the theories that result from logical inference.

ANTHROPOLOGY

-Anthropology is the broad study of humankind in all times and all places.

-Anthropology and sociology are both fields of social science that study the behavior of humans within their societies.

AUGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857)

• He developed the idea and coined the term “Sociology”

• He was the founder of Sociology

HARRIET MARTINEAU (1802-1876)

• She spoke out in favour of the rights of women. The emancipation of the slaves and religious tolerance

HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903)

• He proposed that there is parallelism between how society evolves in the same manner as the animal species do

EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917)

• He proposed four types of suicide, based on the degrees of imbalance of two social forces: social integration and moral regulation

MAX WEBER (1864-1920)

• He focused on how industrial revolution changed thoughts and action and how it brought about a process called rationalization
LESSON 2

CULTURE

Everything made, learned, or shared by the members of a society.

PARTS OF CULTURE

1. Material Culture
Visible parts of culture, such as food, clothing, cars, weapons, buildings, that members of society make, use, and share
2. Non-Material Culture
Abstract/intangible aspects of culture that influence people’s behavior

5 COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

1. TECHNOLOGY
• Manmade products (material culture) that make life easier
2. SYMBOLS
• Cultural representations of reality
3. LANGUAGE
• Most powerful of all human symbols
4. VALUES
• Determines character of people
5. NORMS
• Rules that guide human behavior
Folkways – distinguish between right and rude
Mores – distinguish between right and wrong
Laws - Established punishments for violating norms to protect the social well being

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

• the presence of multiple cultures and cultural differences within a society.

SUBCULTURES

• Smaller cultural groups that exist within but differ in some way.

COUNTERCULTURES

• In opposition to the norms and values of the dominant culture.

ETHNOCENTRISM AND CULTURAL RELATIVISM

ETHNOCENTRISM involves judging other cultures against the standards of one's own culture

CULTURAL RELATIVISM is the perspective that a culture should be sociologically evaluated according to its own standards, and
not those of any other culture.

CLASSIFICATION OF PEOPLE

• Group -Interact over time.

• Aggregates -a collection of people who happen to be at the same place at the same time but who have no other connection to
one another

• Categories-Collection of people who share a particular characteristic.

LESSON 3

FOUR DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES FOR SOCIAL CHANGE AND SOCIETAL EVOLUTION

1. KARL MARX-He believed that the history of all existing society is the history of class struggle (or class conflict) or the
conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society’s wealth and power.
2. MAX Weber -The Rationalization of Society is the historical change from tradition
3. EMILE DURKHEIM-He describes society as more than individuals. Society has a life of its own – beyond our personal
experiences.
4. GERHARD LENSKI-He said that sociocultural evolution is the change that occurs as a society acquires new technology.

SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION - It is the change that occurs as a society acquires new technology.

TYPES OF SOCIETY

HUNTING AND GATHERING STAGE - During this stage, man used simple tools to hunt animals and vegetation

HORTICULTURAL AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES - Horticultural societies use hand tools to raise crops. People started to stay in one
place and grow their own food.

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES - The invention of the plow led to the establishment of agricultural societies.

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES - Use advanced sources of energy, rather than humans and animals, to run large machinery

POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES - This type of society that has developed over the past few decades, features an economy based on
services and technology.

LESSON 4

SOCIALIZATION

• Socialization is the process by which children and adults learn from others skills, knowledge, norms, values of their society.

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

• Family • Media • Peers • Religion • Sports

COGNITIVE THEORY

-theory states that socialization happens in different stages of our mind’s development – from infancy to
adolescence or adulthood.

LESSON 6

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION is defined as the system of relationships between persons and among groups

FAMILY is defined by sociologists Ernest Burgess and Harvey Lock as a group of persons united by ties of marriage, blood or
adoption

KINSHIP is a system of social organization which is based on real or recognized family ties.

3 TYPES OF KINSHIP

CONSANGUINEOUS KINSHIP refers one’s relationship with other people through blood.

AFFINAL KINSHIP-refers to the bond that is formed through marriage.

KINSHIP BY RITUAL- refers to the relationship with godparents.

MARRIAGES CAN BE:

1. MONOGAMY -means that a person is married to one person only.

2. POLYGAMY-means that a person has more than one spouse at a time.
2 TYPES OF POLYGAMY
-POLYGYNY, or a husband can take many wives.
-POLYANDRY where a wide can have many husbands.
POLITICS OF KINSHIP

POLITICAL DYNASTY-A dynasty refers to a succession of rulers from the same family or lineage.
POLITICAL ALLIANCES-formed through lineage, compadrazgo and friendships.