Question 1:

If the average velocity of a rock layer stretching from the surface of the
earth to the surface of a reflective layer below the surface of the Earth is
3000 m / s, the first geophone is located is 330 meters from the source
point. The reflected wave arrival time is measured at this point. then The
geophone was moved another distance of (330) meters, the new distance
from the first source point is 660 meters Thus, for a distance of (3300)
meters, the results were recorded as in this Table

STA. DISTANCE TIME DEPTH

NO. (M) (SEC) (M)
G1 333 57.1
X2 663 57.3
X3 993 57.1
X4 5333 5793
X5 5613 5791
X6 59.3 5793
X7 3353 5793
X8 3663 57.1
X9 39.3 57.3
X10 3333 57.1
Calculate the depth (Z) at each point, then draw a deep section showing
the shape of the reflector and its depth from the surface?

1.
√

2.
√

3.
√

4.
√

5.
√
 6.
√

7.
√

8.
√

9.
√

10.
√

)8-2( ‫جدول‬
STA. NO. DISTANCE (M) TIME (SEC) DEPTH (M)
X1 332 1.75 6662
X2 662 1.82 6682
X3 992 1.85 6732
X4 1362 1.92 6773
X5 1652 1.95 6826
X6 1982 1.92 6673
X7 6312 1.92 6625
X8 6642 1.85 6442
X9 6972 1.82 6655
X10 3322 1.75 6642

Cross-section of the reflective surface of seismic waves

If the first velocity is (1500) m / s, the second velocity (2500) m / s. Find
the angle of refraction of the seismic waves which fall on the surface
separating between two layers below the Earth's surface at angle(5º, 10º,
15º, 30º), then calculate the critical angle refraction between the two
layers?

Solution question No: 3

: We apply the Snell law

.1

Sin i2 = 8.33°

.6

.3

Sin i2 = 0.43 ,
 .4

Sin i2 = 0.833 ,

: ‫نحسب الزاوية الحرجة‬ .5

oil
--natural gas
--potash, coal, iron, copper
--and many other minerals.
In addition, the properties are used to identify environmental hazards and
evaluate areas for dams or building construction sites.
For mapping of near-surface sediment layers,
--- For location of the water table ,
--- In an engineering context,
--- In site investigation of foundation conditions including the
determination of depth to bedrock.
--- Detection of subsurface cavities.
--- Crustal structure and tectonics.