COURSE NAME : CEW431 – FLUIDS MECHANICS AND

HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
TEST NAME : BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

COURSE GROUP : PEC2213B1

GROUP MEMBERS : 1. NUR AQILAH BT MOHAMAD ALWI
(2019848784)
2. NURUL NAZIRA BINTI ALIAS (2019867946)
3. AZREEN BIN ALI (2018660568)

LECTURE’S NAMES : DR KUAN WOEI KEONG

DATE OF : 11/12/2020
SUBMISSION
INTRODUCTION
Bernoulli’s principle, which is normally known as Bernoulli’s equation defines the
conversation of energy in terms of non-viscous, incompressible and frictionless fluid
in steady flow. By considering two points, 1 and 2 on a streamline :
p ₁ v ₁² p ₂ v ₂²
+ + z ₁= + +z ₂ (1)
⍴g 2g ⍴g 2g
The term in equation 1 represents the pressure head (p/⍴g), velocity head (v²/2g) and
vertical elevation (z). The sum these three terms is known as the total head or total
energy. When the locations of the points 1 and 2 in the pipe are in the same datum
position where z₁ = z₂ and p = ⍴gh, Bernoulli’s equation can be written as :
v ₁² v ₂²
h ₁+ =h ₂+ (2)
2g 2g

OBJECTIVE
To verify Bernoulli’s principle when applied to the steady flow of water.
EQUIPMENT

Air bleed screw

Base board Manometer tube

Flow Control
Valve

14° tapered
Flow direction
section

PROCEDURE
1. Set up the equipment on the hydraulic bench for horizontal base.
2. Ensured the equipment is connected to the 14º tapered section
converging in the low direction.
3. Ensured each manometer tube is connected to the tapered section. The
manometer tube is used to measure the head at each section in the tapered
section.
4. Record the diameter of the tapered section connected to each
manometer tube and measured the distance between each measuring
point.
5. Ensured the bench valve and the flow control valve are closed and
started the pump. Gradually open the bench valve to fill the
manometer with water.
6. In order to bleed air from pressure tapping points and manometers, close
the bench valve and flow control valve.
7. Open the air bleed screw and the bench valve to allow flow through the
manometers to purge the air out.
8. Make sure there is no air trapped in each manometer and tighten the air
bleed screw.
9. Adjusted the bench valves and flow control valve and re-tighten the flow
control valve when the manometer levels reach a convenient height.
10. Open the flow control valve in order to give a convenient difference
between the highest and lowest manometer (H1 and H5). Then, take the
level reading for all manometers.
11. Take reading for volume and time in order to get the flow rate through the
system.
12. Repeat step 10 and 11 by adjusting the bench valve to give at least 3
readings at different flow rates through the system.
DATA

V iB
 2 g (hf  hi )

V iC = A
Q

1st trial

Volume of water = 10L

Time taken = 60 seconds
Flowrate = 0.00016

sectio Readin flowrat velocit Pressur Velocity diamete Tota

n g board e y e head head r l
head
1 0.245 0.00016 0.3400 0.59x10^- 0.025 0.251
2
2 0.198 0.00016 1.099 6.16x10^- 0.0139 0.260
2
3 0.150 0.00016 1.532 11.96x10^ 0.0118 0.269
-2
4 0.098 0.00016 1.858 17.6x10^- 0.0107 0.274
2
5 0.032 0.00016 2.217 23.06x10^ 0.010 0.263
-2
6 0.110 0.00016 0.330 0.59x10^- 0.025 0.116
2

Volume of water = 10L

Time taken = 67 seconds
Flowrate = 0.00015

sectio Readin flowrat Velocit Pressur Velocity diamete Tota

n g boarf e y e head head r l
head
1 0.223 0.00015 0.303 0.47x10^- 0.025 0.22
2 8
2 0.187 0.00015 0.980 4.9x10^-2 0.0139 0.23
6
3 0.150 0.00015 1.367 9.52x10^- 0.0118 0.24
2 5
4 0.110 0.00015 1.657 13.99x10^ 0.0107 0.25
-2 0
 5 0.057 0.00015 1.898 18.36x10^ 0.010 0.24
-2 1
6 0.116 0.00015 0.303 0.47x10^- 0.025 0.12
2 1

Volume of water = 10L

Time taken = 75 seconds
Flowrate = 0.00013

sectio Readin flowrat Velocit Pressur Velocity diamete Tota

n g board e y e head head r l
head
1 0.200 0.00013 0.271 0.37x10^- 0.025 0.20
2 4
2 0.175 0.00013 0.875 3.9x10^-2 0.0139 0.21
4
3 0.150 0.00013 1.220 7.59x10^- 0.0118 0.22
2 6
4 0.120 0.00013 1.479 11.15x10^ 0.0107 0.23
-2 2
5 0.085 0.00013 1.694 14.63x10^ 0.010 0.23
-2 1
6 0.123 0.00013 0.271 0.37x10^- 0.025 0.12
2 7

CALCULATION
2
πd
area=
4

volume
Q=
time

Q
v=
A
DISCUSSION

Pressure Head, (h) vs Horizontal Distance

Pressure Head, h (m)

0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Horizontal Distance (mm)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Figure 1: Pressure Head (h) versus Horizontal Distance Graph

Velocity Head (V2/2g) vs Horizontal Distance

0.25
Velocity Head (V2/2g) (m)

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Horizontal Distance (mm)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
 Figure 2: Velocity Head (V2/2g) versus Horizontal Distance Graph

Total Head, (ht) vs Horizontal Distance

0.3

0.25
Total Head, (ht) (m)

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Horizontal Distance (mm)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trail 3

Figure 2: Total Head (ht) versus Horizontal Distance Graph

CONCLUSION
Flow enters the nozzle at a low speed and leaves the nozzle at pressure. Flow
will through a siphon. Siphon is used to drain a fluid from a reservoir at a higher to
level to a lower level. It is required to find the velocity which the fluid leaves the
siphon. Bernoulli is used in drainage system in civil engineering.
The goal of this experiment was to discuss the behavior of the ideal and actual
fluid, and it can be inferred on the basis of the test result that the experiment was
successful because measured and theoretical values differ. This is because of the
friction losses in the true fluid; there are no friction losses in the ideal fluid. It can be
inferred from the experiment that there is a rise in velocity and decrease in the flow
pressure of the fluid with a decrease in the area of flow.

DISCUSSION

From the experiment , three trial was done with same volume of water with
different flowrate and reading board value . The data gathered was got with some
errors happen in and during experiment which is parallax error and with equipment
error . We can say that when flowrate are decrease , the velocity head was also
decrease gradually . So the relationship of the two aspect is directly proprotional .
Some of error in parallax error for this laboratory work is , wrong in taking diameter
due to human error and equipment . so it causes the error in the hose and another
area . The calculation also will be different than the real ones . It also by reapting the
step for certain times , it was hard to get the same flowrate before we get continue
with another step . So it also causes erorr in the data calculated .

REFERENCES
1) Experiment #2 : Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration from
https://uta.pressbooks.pub/appliedfluidmechanics/chapter/experiment-2/

2) Laboratory Manual, Bernoulli’s Equation

3) Lecturer Videos. Bernoulli’s Equation Demo Video