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M2L11 Infinite Series - Summary
M2L11 Infinite Series - Summary
M2L11 Infinite Series - Summary
For any series , evaluate lim 𝑎𝑛 . For with positive terms, compare with a series
𝑛→∞
Conclusions: by evaluating
Conclusions:
» If 𝑎𝑛 ≥ 𝑏𝑛 for all 𝑛 ≥ 𝑁 and diverges, then
diverges. » If 0 ≤ 𝑝 < 1, the series converges absolutely
Comments: Often used for series involving factorials or Divergent sequence – a sequence that is not convergent is
exponentials. divergent
Root Test
Explicit Formula – a sequence may be defined by an explicit
formula such that 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑛)
For any series , let 𝜌 = 𝑛√|𝑎𝑛|
𝑎𝑛+1
Geometric sequence – a sequence {𝑎𝑛 } in which the ratio is
Conclusions:
𝑎𝑛
the same for all positive integers 𝑛 is called a geometric
» If 0 ≤ 𝑝 < 1, the series converges absolutely sequence
» If 𝑝 > 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑝 = ∞, the series diverges. Geometric Series – a series that can be written in the form
Comments: Often used for series where Harmonic Series – series that takes the form
Key Terms
Absolute Converge - If the series converges, the series Index Variable – the subscript used to define the terms in a
sequence is called the index
is said to converge absolutely.
Infinite series – a series is an expression of the form
Alternating Series - a series of the form
where 𝑏𝑛 ≥ 0 is called an
alternating series. p-series – a series of the form
Divergence Test
p-series
» lim 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0, then the series diverges.
𝑛→∞
functions.
accurate up to an error 𝑅𝑁 where
» If {𝑎𝑛 } and {𝑏𝑛 } are convergent sequence that converge to 𝐴 Comparison Tests
and 𝐵, respectively, and 𝑐 is any real number, then the
» The comparison test are used to determine convergence or
sequence {𝑐𝑎𝑛 } converges to 𝑐 ∙ 𝐴, the sequences {𝑎𝑛 ± 𝑏𝑛 }
divergence of series with positive terms.
converge to 𝐴 ± 𝐵, the sequence {𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑏𝑛 } converges to 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵,
and the sequence {𝑎𝑛 /𝑏𝑛 } converges to 𝐴/𝐵, provided 𝐵 ≠ 0.
» When using the comparison tests, a series is often
» If a sequence is bounded and monotone, then it converges, compared to a geometric or p-series.
but not all convergent sequences are monotone.
Infinite Series