{SETS}

A set is a collection of objects or elements.

1. Equal Sets:
Two sets A and B can be equal only if each element of set A is also the
element of the set B.
Also, if two sets are the subsets of each other, they contain the same
elements and they are said to be equal.
Example:
When two sets have the same elements, we say they are equal. The
order of the elements does not matter, only that the same elements
are present. For example: {2, 4, 6, 8} and {8, 4, 6, 2}.

2. Subset: Set A is said to be a subset of set B if all the elements of set A

are also present in set B.
In other words, set A is contained inside Set B.
Example:
If set A = {X, Y} and set B = {X, Y, Z}, then A is the subset of B because
elements of A are also present in set B.

3. Superset
In set theory, set A is considered as the superset of B, if all the elements
of set B are the elements of set A.
Example:
If set A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and set B = {1, 3, 4}, we can say that set A is the
superset of B. As the elements of B [1, 3, 4] are in set A.
Superset Symbol:
The superset is represented by using the symbol “⊃”. For example, the
set A is the superset of set B, then it is symbolically it is represented as
A ⊃ B.
4. Proper subset: (The symbol "⊂" means "is a proper subset)
A proper subset of a set A is a subset of A that is not equal to A.
In other words, if B is a proper subset of A, then all elements of B are in
A but A contains at least one element that is not in B.
Example:
If A= {1,3,5} then B= {1,5} is a proper subset of A.

5. Improper subset: (The symbol "⊆" means "is an improper subset)

A subset which contains all the elements of the original set is called an
improper subset.
Example:
Set A = {2,4,6} Then, the subsets of A are: {}, {2}, {4}, {6}, {2,4}, {4,6},
{2,6} and {2,4,6}.
Example:
If B= {2,4,6} (original set)
A= {6,4,2}
Then B is the improper subset of A.

6. Empty/Null Set:
An empty set is a set that contains no elements or no member. It is
denoted as ∅ or {}.
Empty set is also known as null or set void set.
Empty set is a finite set.
Example:
Let A = {x: 9 < x < 10, x is a natural number} then answer will be a null
set because there is NO natural number between numbers 9 and 10.

7. Singleton set:
If a set contains only one element, then it is called a singleton set.
Singleton set is also known as a unit set or one-point set.
The cardinality of a singleton set is one. The singleton set has two
subsets. Null set is a subset of every singleton set. The two subsets of a
singleton set are the null set, and the singleton set itself.
Examples:
A = {x : x ϵ N and x3 = 27} is a singleton set with a single element {3}
{1},{5},{9}.

8. Cardinality of a set: (cardinality is represented as |A| or n(A) or #A)

The cardinality of a set is the total number of unique elements in a set.
Example:
If A has only a finite number of elements, its cardinality is simply a
number of elements in A.
Example: if A = {2,4,6,8,10}, then |A|=5.
D= ∅ then cardinality of D = 0.

9. Power set: (Power set is represented as P(A) )

A set containing all the subsets of a set, the set itself and the empty set
is called power set.
Formula of power set is 2n. (where ‘n’ is the cardinality of a set)
Example:
A = {1, 2} then power set of A is P(A) = {∅, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}.
B = ∅ then the power set of B is 1 [(2n) where n = 0 then 20 =1]
C = {∅} then power set of C = 2 [(2n) where n = 1 then 21 =2] {∅, {∅}}