This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication.
ANN based data integration for multi-path ultrasonic
flowmeter
Huichao Zhao, LihuiPeng, Member, IEEE, Tsuyoshi Takahashi, Takuya Hayashi, Kazuyoshi Shimizu
Toshihiro Yamamoto
Abstract—This paper presents an artificial neural network
(ANN) based data integration method for a 4-path ultrasonic
flowmeter to improve its performance under complex flow
profiles. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used to
obtain the flow profiles inside a single elbow and an out-plane
double-elbow pipeline, respectively, to extract the flow velocities
on different individual sound paths and the corresponding mean
flow velocities on the cross-sections located at 5 and 10 times pipe
diameter downstream the elbow. The results from the CFD
simulation for Reynolds number in the range from 3.25 ×103 to
3.25×105 were used to construct the data set. A three-layer ANN
was designed, in which the flow velocities on individual sound
paths and the cross-sectional mean flow velocity are taken as the
input and output, respectively. Part of the data set is used to train
the ANN. The other part of the data set is used to test the
feasibility of the ANN. It was found that the error of the estimated
cross-sectional mean flow velocity based on the ANN is within ±
0.3% without the requirement of any flow conditioner for
Reynolds number in the range from 3.25 ×103 to 3.25×105, which
is significantly better than the results from the traditional
weighted integration method. The proposed ANN based data
integration method is of extending the limitation of straight pipe
length for the installation of multi-path ultrasonic flowmeter and
promoting its practical applications under complex flow profiles.
Index Terms—multipath ultrasonic flowmeter, ANN, CFD, flow
profile.
I. INTRODUCTION
Multipath ultrasonic flowmeters are considered to be able to
provide a more accurate measurement of mean flow velocity on
a cross-section of a pipe by taking into account the effect of
flow profile and integrating the flow velocities measured from
different sound paths. However, the practical limitations of
industry sites, space constrains and various upstream pipe
configurations may not allow for a sufficiently long straight
pipe, which will result in the flow field on the measurement
section not fully developed or even seriously distorted and the
meter’s readings erroneous [1], [2]. For these reasons, the
investigation of proper weighted integration of the flow
velocities measured from different sound paths is desired to
obtain a robust and accurate estimation of the mean flow
Manuscript received xx, xx, xxxx.
Huichao Zhao, and LihuiPeng are with Tsinghua National Laboratory for
Information Science and Technology, Department of Automation, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, China (corresponding author. phone:
0086-10-62773623; e-mail:lihuipeng@ tsinghua.edu.cn).
Tsuyoshi Takahashi, Takuya Hayashi, Kazuyoshi Shimizu and Toshihiro
Yamamoto are with the Tokyo Keiso LTD, 1-7-24, Shibakoen, Minato-Ku,
Tokyo, Japan105-8558 (e-mail:tsuyoshi.takahashi@tokyokeiso.co.jp;
takuya.hayashi@tokyokeiso.co.jp; kazuyoshi.shimizu@tokyokeiso.co.jp;
toshihiro.yamamoto@tokyokeiso.co.jp).
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1
velocity on a cross-section of the pipe.
The best way to estimate the mean flow velocity on a
cross-section of a pipe is to use as much information about the
velocity distribution as possible. Much work has been done,
including experiment method, simulation and theoretical
analysis, such as collecting spatial velocity and turbulence field
data by Laser Doppler anemometry (LDA)[3][4][5], modeling
the complete velocity field in a closed conduit to optimize the
positions and weights of the acoustic paths by mathematic
functions [6][7][8][9], getting the complete velocity
distribution of rotating and swirling turbulent flows in circular
pipes by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to
investigate the effect of distorted flow profiles [10][11][12][13].
Some researchers reconstructed the flow profile by ultrasound
tomography to improve the performance of multipath
ultrasonic flowmeters under distorted flow field [14][15][16].
However, in order to get enough paths distributed on the
cross-section, the proposed ultrasound tomography system
required more than 16 ultrasonic transducers installed around
the pipe in order to obtain sufficient measurement data, which
makes the measurement system very complex and not
cost-effective. Luntta and Halttunen introduced a neural
network with linear neurons to compute the optimum weights
for dual-path and three-path ultrasonic flowmeters, which
improves the accuracy of the meter in the case of distorted flow
profiles. However, the results show that the error still depends
on the distorted flow conditions [17]. One possible reason may
that a linear ANN was used to fit the nonlinear relationship
between the mean flow velocity over the cross-section of the
pipe and the distorted velocity profile. Yeh et al. introduced an
intelligent ultrasonic flowmeter with flow field recognizer
software based on ANN [18], but the error with the meter was
not provided.
Based on the aforementioned literature survey, it is still open
to investigate the ANN based method with the prior knowledge
of the pipe configuration to improve the performance of
multipath ultrasonic flowmeters in the case of complex flows
with strong asymmetric and swirling velocity profiles. The
contribution of this paper is that a neural network based data
integration method was developed to improve the performance
of a 4-path ultrasonic flowmeter in the case of complex flow
profiles regarding two different pipe configurations specified in
OIML R32 [19][20], which are the single-elbow and the
out-plane double-elbow.
The paper is organized accordingly: Section II introduces the
proposed ANN based data integration method, and Section III
shows the results and discussion. Finally, conclusions are
drawn in Section IV.
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2

II. ANN BASED WEIGHTED INTEGRATION OF FLOW VELOCITIES weights of individual ultrasonic paths. However, the
ON INDIVIDUAL SOUND PATHS performance of this method becomes deteriorated because of
the non-linear relationship between the flow velocities on the
A. Principle of multipath ultrasonic flowmeter
individual sound paths and the mean flow velocity over the
Fig.1 shows a schematic of a 4-path ultrasonic flowmeter. To cross-section in the case of a strong asymmetric flow and
obtain an accurate estimation of the mean flow velocity over swirling profile. To improve this, we designed a 3-layer
the cross-section of the pipe, the weighted integration of the feed-forward ANN with a strong non-linear mapping and
flow velocities on the individual sound paths is carried out, learning ability. The structure of the proposed neural network is
which can be described as
4
shown in Fig 2. It consists of 4 neurons in the input layer,
V   wi vi (1) whose input values are corresponding to the flow velocities
i=1 along the 4 individual sound paths. There is only 1 neuron in
where vi is the measured flow velocity on the ith acoustic path, the output, whose output value is the mean flow velocity over
the cross-section of the pipe. A hidden layer is inserted between
and wi is the integration weight related to the ith acoustic path. the input layer and the output layer to promote the non-linear
mapping ability of the network by using the “logsig” non-linear
Y transfer function [23]. In the output layer, the “purelin” linear
X transfer function is used [23].
 In order to obtain a good mapping and a good generalization
ability, the number of neurons in the hidden layer is determined
  60o
according to the empirical formula [23]
Z
n  ni  no  a (2).
where ni is the number of neurons of input layer, no is the
number of neurons of the output layer, and a is set to 1 to
strengthen the generalization ability. For the case of a 4-path
(a)
ultrasonic flowmeter, ni is 4, no is 1, and the number of
X down
Y neurons in the hidden layer is 3 according to equation (2).
y1 1 down
1 up y2 2 down
  60 o

Z 2 up
y3 3 down X
3 up y4 4 down
4 up

up
(b) (c)
Fig.1. Schematic of a 4-path ultrasonic flowmeter. (a) Three-dimensional
model; (b) longitudinal cross-section (c) transverse cross-section.

The integration weights in equation (1) depend on both, the Fig.2. ANN for weighted data integration of a 4-path ultrasonic flowmeter.
positions of sound paths and the flow profile. The Equal-Tab,
the Gauss-Jacobi [21], and the OWICS [22] are three C. Training data set obtained by using CFD simulations
commonly used integration method in a 4-path ultrasonic Before the ANN can be used, it must be trained and tested by
flowmeter. The corresponding integration weights are given in using a data set. The data set should include the flow velocities
TABLE I. on the individual sound paths and the mean flow velocity over
the cross-section of the pipe for different Reynolds numbers
TABLEI Positions and integration weights for a 4-path ultrasonic flowmeter corresponding to the conditions under which the flowmeter is
Equal-Tab GAUSS-JACOBI OWICS supposed to be used. We constructed the data set by means of
CFD simulations. Two cases, a single-elbow and an out-plane
yi wi yi wi yi wi double-elbow shown in Fig.3, were taken into account. The test
±0.25 0.304499 ±0.309017 0.361803 ±0.303783 0.356780 pipe has a diameter D of 6 inches. The corresponding curvature
±0.75 0.195501 ±0.809017 0.138197 ±0.799639 0.142163 radius of the elbow pipe is 1.5D. To guarantee that the flow is
fully developed, the pipeline length from the entrance to the
B. ANN for weighted data integration of multipath ultrasonic first bend was set to 10D and the length from the second bend to
flowmeters the export to 40D. The flow velocities on the individual sound
In [17], a neural network with linear neurons was designed, paths and the mean flow velocities over cross-section of 5D and
in which the weights of the neurons directly correspond to the 10D downstream the elbow were extracted from the CFD

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simulation results to construct the data set for training and test of the ANN.

Traverse=90°
D=158.4
Y
90.0°

R=237.6 40D Z X
Traverse=0°

10D
Y
1 up 1 down
2 up 2 down

3 up 3 down
X
4 up 4 down

(a)

10D
D=158.4
90.0°
Y
R=237.6
Traverse=90°

Z X
40D
Traverse=0°

Y
1 up 1 down
2 up 2 down

3 up 3 down
X
4 up 4 down

(b)
Fig.3. Pipeline configurations for CFD simulations. (a) Case I: Single-elbow pipeline; (b) Case II: Out-plane double-elbow pipeline.

To obtain reasonable results consistent with the practical
flow inside the pipe with single and double elbows, the
Reynolds stress model (RSM) for turbulences and the enhanced
wall treatment (EWT) were used in our simulations [11]. The
flow medium was set to incompressible ideal air, whose
temperature is 300k, density is 1.225kg/m3, and viscosity is
1.789410-5Pa· s. The operation pressure was set to 0.1 MPa.
The flow velocities range from 0.3m/s to 30 m/s resulting in
Reynolds number varying from 3.25 ×103 to 3.25×105. A total
of 22 groups of flow velocity data on individual sound paths
and cross-section were collected from CFD simulation results.
15 groups of the obtained data were used to train the neural
network. The remainder 7 groups of data were used to test the
mapping ability of the network.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Flow velocity distribution
Fig.4 and Fig.5 show the flow velocity distributions across
the cross-section extracted from CFD simulations for the
flowmeter installed 5D and 10D downstream the single-elbow
and Reynolds number in the range from 3.25 ×103 to 3.25×105. A
strong asymmetrical flow profile compared to the fully
developed flow in a straight pipe can be seen. The profile of the
axial flow velocity is distorted by centrifugal forces, which

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distortion becomes more serious with the increase of Reynolds
number.
Fig.6 and Fig.7 show the flow velocity distributions across
the cross-section of an out-plane double-elbow. It is found that
the flow profile inside the pipe is significantly asymmetric but
different from the profile in the case of the single-elbow. The
maximum flow velocity is located at different positions with
the increase of Reynolds number. In addition, it can be seen that,
by comparing the results across the cross-section of 5D and
10D, the secondary flow is significant after the double-elbow
and has an obvious rotation with changing Reynolds number.
By comparing the results in Fig.4, 5, 6, and 7, it is also found
that the flow velocity gradient changes in a complex way from
the pipe wall boundary layer to the central part of the pipe. All
these nonlinear changes of the flow profile affect the
measurement uncertainty of the multi-path ultrasonic
flowmeter. Since the ultrasound propagation paths are fixed but
velocity distribution changes nonlinearly with changing
Reynolds number, the relationship between the flow velocities
on the individual sound paths and the mean flow velocity is
highly nonlinear and no analytical description exists. For this
reason, the traditional weighted integration of flow velocities
on the individual sound paths, in which the weights are fixed, is
significantly affected by the flow profile. However, the ANN
based method may improve this by using its nonlinear mapping
ability.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Fig.4 Velocity distributions across the cross-section of 5D downstream the elbow of a single-elbow pipeline. (a) Reynolds number is 3.25×103; (b) Reynolds
number 1.08×104; (c) Reynolds number is 1.08×105; (d) Reynolds number is 3.25×105.

(a) (b)

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(c) (d)
Fig.5 Velocity distributions across the cross-section of 10D downstream the elbow of a single-elbow pipeline. (a) Reynolds number is 3.25×103; (b) Reynolds
number is 1.08×104 ; (c) Reynolds number is 1.08×105 ; (d) Reynolds number is 3.25×105 .

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Fig.6 Velocity distributions across the cross-section of 5D downstream the elbow of an out-plane double-elbow pipeline. (a) Reynolds number is 3.25×103; (b)
Reynolds number is 1.08×104 ; (c) Reynolds number is 1.08×105 ;(d) Reynolds number is 3.25×105.

(a) (b)

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(c) (d)
Fig.7 Velocity distributions across the cross-section of 10D downstream the elbow of an out-plane double-elbow pipeline. (a) Reynolds number is 3.25×103;(b)
Reynolds number is 1.08×104; (c) Reynolds number is 1.08×105; (d) Reynolds number is 3.25×105.

Reynolds number. Fortunately, the error of the ANN based

B. Performance of ANN based data integration of a 4-path
ultrasonic flowmeter with complex flow profile method is consistently within ±0.2%.

Based on the cross-section velocity integration of ANN

model proposed in the previous section, the CFD simulation
results were taken as the training and test data sets to find the
relationship between the flow velocities on the four individual
sound paths and the mean flow velocity. For a quantitative
evaluation of the ANN based method and the traditional
weighted method, the error defined in (3) was used
Vmeas  Vref
m[%]  100 (3)
Vref
where Vmeas is the mean flow velocity obtained based on the
flow velocities on the four individual sound paths by using the
ANN based method or the traditional weighted method. Vref is
the mean flow velocity extracted by using the area integration (a)
of the flow distribution obtained from the CFD simulations.
Fig.8 shows a comparison between the traditional weighted
integration method and the ANN based method for the pipeline
with the single-elbow for Reynolds number in the range from
3.25×103 to 3.25×105. It can be seen that the error for the
traditional method is generally about 1% when the flowmeter is
installed 5D downstream the elbow, and smaller ±0.5% at 10D.
Additionally, the peak of the velocity profile is located in the
outside of the elbow and varies with changing Reynolds
number, which makes the error for the traditional method with
fixed integration weights fluctuate accordingly. Meanwhile, it
is found that the error from the ANN based method is within ±
0.1% for both, the training data and the test data under the
installation scenarios of both, the 5D and the 10D downstream
(b)
the elbow, which is a significant improvement compared to the Fig.8. Comparison of the traditional weighted integration method and the ANN
traditional method. based method for a 4-path multipath ultrasonic flowmeter in a single-elbow
Fig.9 depicts the results for the pipeline with the out-plane pipeline. (a) 5D downstream the elbow; (b) 10D downstream the elbow.
double-elbow for Reynolds numbers in the range from
3.25×103 to 3.25×105. Due to the much stronger disturbance of To give a further intuitive comparison of the traditional
the out-plane double-elbow, the error of the traditional weight weighted integration method and the ANN based method, the
integration method is about±3% at 5D position and ±1.5% at weights and corresponding thresholds for the ANN depicted in
10D. Both cases of 5D and 10D show a fluctuation due to the Fig.2 were listed. TABLE II and TABLE III show the weights
nonlinear flow profile changes with the variation of the and thresholds corresponding to the results of the single elbow
in Fig.8. TABLE IV and TABLE V show the weights and

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thresholds corresponding to the results of the out-plane TABLE IV Weights and thresholds corresponding to the results in Fig.9 (a)
double-elbow in Fig.9. It is found that the weights and the Input Hidden
layer
w1,1i w1,2i w1,3i layer
w2,1 j
thresholds are significantly different, particularly for the case of
v1 -1.1196 0.1157 -0.7631
the out-plane double-elbow, which means a strong nonlinear a1,1 -1.5578
relationship between the input and the output of the ANN. v2 0.3397 -0.4314 -0.1758
a1,2 -4.4423
v3 0.1380 -0.4750 0.4508
v4 -0.4235 -0.0046 -0.4492 a1,3 -1.5830

b1,1 b1,2 b1,3 b2,1

-2.4252 0.7669 -2.3977 3.2887

TABLE V Weights and thresholds corresponding to the results in Fig.9 (b)

Input Hidden
layer
w1,1i w1,2i w1,3i layer
w2,1 j
v1 -0.4171 -0.2078 0.1833
a1,1 -0.7694
v2 -1.0500 -0.0135 -1.0012
a1,2 -3.7393
v3 0.1086 -0.5508 -0.4866
v4 -0.6655 -0.2851 -0.0706 a1,3 -1.0778

(a) b1,1 b1,2 b1,3 b2,1

-2.0668 1.0834 -2.8562 2.9220

In order to validate the generalization ability of the proposed

ANN based method, Gaussian random noise with different
variance was added into the raw data from CFD simulation
results to test the performance of the ANN based method.

(b)
Fig.9. Comparison of the traditional weighted integration method and the ANN
based method for a 4-path multipath ultrasonic flowmeter in an out-plane
double-elbow pipeline. (a) 5D downstream the elbow; (b) 10D downstream the
elbow.

TABLE II Weights and thresholds corresponding to the results in Fig.8 (a)

Input Hidden (a)
layer
w1,1i w1,2i w1,3i layer
w2,1 j
v1 -0.3320 -0.3366 -0.9045
a1,1 -1.3899
v2 -0.4665 -0.5131 -0.4311
a1,2 -2.3550
v3 -0.5288 -0.5581 -0.3389
v4 -0.5120 0.0718 -0.9585 a1,3 -0.6015

b1,1 b1,2 b1,3 b2,1

-2.6119 0.2370 3.2205 1.9893

TABLE III Weights and thresholds corresponding to the results in Fig.8 (b)
Input Hidden
layer
w1,1i w1,2i w1,3i layer
w2,1 j
v1 -0.8055 0.2032 -0.4089
a1,1 -1.3657 (b)
v2 -0.3995 -0.6567 -0.2994 Fig.10. Comparison of the flow velocities on individual sound paths located at
a1,2 -2.5378
5D downstream the out-plane double-elbow. (a) Data from CFD simulations; (b)
v3 -0.4025 -0.5986 -0.6104
a1,3 -0.7564 data from CFD simulation contaminated with noise (SNR is 30dB).
v4 -0.3819 -0.2762 -1.0630

b1,1 b1,2 b1,3 b2,1 Fig.10 shows an example of a comparison between the raw
-3.1904 0.1930 3.2172 2.1523 data and noise data with a 30dB SNR of velocity distributions

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on the four paths at the cross-section of 5D downstream the by the Gaussian random noise added to the raw data.
double-elbow. It can be seen that the flow profile is degenerated

(a) (b)
Fig.11. Comparison of the traditional weighted integration method and the ANN based method for the flow velocities on individual paths contaminated with
Gaussian random noise for the single-elbow. (a) 5D downstream the elbow; (b) 10D downstream the elbow.

(a) (b)
Fig.12. Comparison of the traditional weight integration method and the ANN based method for the flow velocities on individual paths contaminated with Gaussian
random noise for the out-plane double-elbow. (a) 5D downstream the elbow; (b) 10D downstream the elbow

Fig.11 and Fig.12 show the results for the traditional
weighted integration method and the proposed ANN based
method for the pipeline with the single-elbow and the out-plane
double-elbow for an SNR of the test data of 30dB and 40dB. In
comparison to the results for the noise free data scenarios
depicted in Fig.8 and Fig.9, it can be seen that the noise in data
degenerates slightly the performance of both, the traditional
weighted integration method and the proposed ANN based
method. However, the error based on the proposed ANN based
method is overall much smaller than that of the traditional
weighted integration method. Particularly, the generalization
ability of ANN based method is more significant when the pipe
flow profile is seriously distorted.
All aforementioned results are based on the training and test
data sets obtained from CFD simulations, which shows that the
ANN based data integration method can not only decrease the
measurement uncertainty to satisfy the relevant standards but
also have a good generalization ability. From the point view of
practical applications, how to train the network plays an import
role for the proposed ANN based method. Although CFD
simulations are of providing cost-effectively and conveniently
the training and test data sets, the training and test data sets
obtained from experiments are more attractive for promoting
the practical application of the proposed ANN method. There
are still certain challenges with the training of the network by
using the first-hand experimental data. One is the related cost
with the industrial-scale experiment set-up that is able to
provide different pipeline configurations such as the
single-elbow and the out-plane double-elbow. The other is that
experiment data used for training may contain noise due to the
statistical nature of the turbulent flow. The future work will
focus on the validation of the proposed ANN based method by
using experimental data as training data set.
IV. CONCLUSION
An artificial neural network (ANN) based data integration
method for a 4-path ultrasonic flowmeter has been presented,
which is able to improve the performance under complex flow
profiles. The discussed system uses a 3-layer feed-forward
ANN with a strong non-linear mapping and learning ability in
order to measure the mean flow velocity on a cross-section of a
pipe from the flow velocities on the individual sound paths. The

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results based on the training and test data sets obtained from [20] S.Smørgrav, A. K. Abrahamsen, “OIML R 137-1, the first ultrasonic
meter to be tested to accuracy class 0.5?” 27th North Sea Flow
CFD simulations show that the method is able to provide an
Measurement Workshop20th – 23rd October 2009.
estimation of the mean flow velocity, which significantly [21] CEI/IEC 60041: Field acceptance tests to determine the hydraulic
reduces the error due to distorted flow profiles under complex performance of hydraulicturbines, Storage, pumps and pump turbines,
pipeline configurations with a single elbow or an out-plane IEC 1991
[22] A. Voser: Analyse und Fehleroptimierung der mehrpfadigen akustischen
double elbow.
Durchflussmessung in Wasserkraftanlagen, ETH Zürich Dissertation Nr.
13102, 1999
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