J. Mater. Shaping Technol. (1989) 7:33-47 9 1989 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Design of Forging Dies for Forming

Flashless Ring Gear Blanks Using
Finite Element Methods
Ravikiran Duggirala

Abstract. In the forging industry today, advanced mathematical techniques such as

finite element methods (FEM) are beginning to revolutionize the conventional trial-and-error
methods for die design and forging process development. Cost reduction programs are being
implemented to enable the forging industry to remain competitive in today's market. Material
reduction or weight savings in the quantity of metal required to make the forged part is proving
to be a significant factor contributing to cost reduction. Production of ring gear blanks without
producing flash reduces the input weight of metal needed to make the gear blank, thus pro-
viding cost savings on the forged part. The following paper discusses different approaches
currently used to make flashless ring gear blanks. The paper also describes the application
of the rigid-viscoplastic finite element code "ALPID," developed by Battelle Labs, Ohio, in
developing a hot forging process to produce flashless ring gear blanks. The metal flow sim-
ulations, using ALPID, provide a tool to design and develop die cavities for defect-free closed
die forging processes for making flashless ring gear blanks. The forming loads from these
simulations are then applied to the forging die and the stresses on the die analyzed using
another FEM based stress analysis package ("IDEAS," developed by SDRC, Ohio) to verify
the die design for strength in the given application. Thus, finite element methods were applied
in different aspects of forging die design.

INTRODUCTION dustry. Cost of material (steel) is escalating and ac-

counts for as much as 60% of the cost of the forged
Forging processes have been conventionally devel-
product. Therefore, any reduction in the material re-
oped using trial and error or empirical methods. Forg-
quired to make a forged part contributes to lowering
ing dies developed for these processes also follow a
the cost of the forging. In this case, efforts were made
similar approach. This, however, proves to be expen-
to reduce the material needed to make a ring gear blank.
sive and time consuming. In the recent past, advanced
This was achieved by eliminating the flash on the out-
scientific methods have gradually yet steadily found
side diameter of the conventionally produced gear blank
applications in the forming industry. One such method
by using a closed die forging method. This technique
has been the finite element method, both in the elastic
was extended to the development of a near-net gear
and rigid-viscoplastic domains [ 1,12]. These methods
blank, with and without forged teeth. The savings in
have proved to be very useful in cutting die design
weight of the steel due to the above efforts are shown
and development costs and equipment downtime for
in Table 1.
trials, and improving tool life, the quality of the forged
The rigid-viscoplastic FEM code A L P I D was used
product, and our capability of explaining phenomena
to simulate various forging process designs to deter-
leading to defects in formed products [ 1,2,5,16-18].
mine a closed die forging process to produce ring gear
In the current competitive environment, the cost of
blanks without defects. The simulation results were
the forged product is critical for survival in the in-
used to study the trends in material flow and defect
formation due to metal flow, and in determining the
loads and stresses due to forming. The forming stresses
The author is Senior Manufacturing Project Engineer with the
Saginaw Division of General Motors Corp., 2509 Hayes Avenue, derived from A L P I D simulation results of the final
Sandusky, OH 44870, USA. "optimum" die design were applied to the dies using

J. Materials Shaping Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1989 9 33

R. Duggirala 9 FEM Design of Ring Gear Blank Forging Dies

Table 1. Economics of Flashless and Near-net Ring Gear Blanks with and without Forged Teeth*

Stock Finish Material

Method of Weight, Reduction, Weight, Reduction, Cost
Production lb lb tb lb Savings

Current (base) 17.8 ... 14.8 . . . . . .

Option 1:
Precision blank 12.8 5.0 11.3 3.5 $1.05
(without teeth)
Option 2:
Near-net preform 11.0 6.8 9.4 5.4 $1.43
Option 3:
Reduced finish gear 14.7 3.1 12.9 1.9 $0.65
(with 0.045 in. envelope)

*Average material price = $0.21 per pound

a FEM code in the elastic domain ( S D R C ' s IDEAS)
to evaluate the stresses on the dies due to forming
pressures. The forging dies were checked for strength
based on the stresses and deflections provided by the
output of the elastic FEM package. The lower die of
the finish closed die station was modified to further
lower the stresses on the die and increase its strength
and rigidity.
SOME CURRENT FLASHLESS RING
GEAR BLANK FORMING PROCESSES
Seamless Ring Rolling
Figure 1 [9] shows a typical seamless ring rolling pro-
cess from bar to ring gear blank and the correspond-
ing tooling arrangement. The billet or slug is heated,
upset, formed, and the center web punched out to form
a "donut" type ring. This ring is then rolled using
profile rolls as shown to form the ring gear blank.
Final coining operations are also performed as shown
to produce a close tolerance on the dimension of the
ring gear blank. In this example, the billet weighed
12 lb and the finish rolled gear blank was 11.2 lb, a
material loss of 6.5%. Bar ends and scale loss con-
tributed another 2.5% and there was a total loss of
9% of input billet weight. The rate of production was
8oo/~.
Closed Die Forging of Prepared Preform
Figure 2 [3] shows the preform for a spiral bevel gear
forging. In this case, the preform was machined. Pre-
forms such as shown in Figure 2 may also be ring
rolled or forged and pierced from a slug. Figure 3 [3]
shows the tooling arrangement for forging the spiral
bevel gear from the preform. The material lost in the
forging process is minimal but the major part of the
material loss occurs in the preparation of the preform.
CONVENTIONAL FORGING PROCESS
PRODUCING RING GEAR BLANKS
A forging process typically is a sequence of forming
operations to transform a simple billet geometry into
the required part shape. Sometimes a preform pro-
duced by other processes such as forging, machining,
roll forming, powder metal compact sintering, draw-
ing, and other metal forming processes, is also used
to produce the final part shape.
The forming processes are classified as hot, warm,
or cold forming depending on the temperature range
of forging operation and microstructure of the steel
itself. Traditionally, cold forming is carried out at room
temperatures and metalworking of steel beyond the
region of recovery and recrystallization temperatures
is considered hot forging. In practice, cold forming
temperatures can extend to 400~ (750 ~F). However,
for example, low carbon steels exhibit a blue brittle-
ness range between 200~176 (400~176 and
hence may not be conducive for forming at that range.
W a r m forming operations are carried out in a range
of temperatures from 400~176 (750~176 that
is, lower than the recrystallization point but above the
blue brittleness range. Hot forming processes are typ-
ically carried out in a temperature range of 1038 ~
1160 ~C (1900 ~ ~F).
Figure 4 shows a typical hot forging process set-
up for a mechanical press. A bar of steel is conveyed
to some type of heating equipment, in this case, in-
duction heaters, and then sheared to the required length
that determines the weight of the billet. This process
is called hot shearing, as the bar is sheared after heat-
ing. The reverse process of shearing the billet before
heating is also common practice and is indicated in
Figure 4. In this case, gas furnaces or oil fired fur-
naces may also be used for heating purposes. A pre-
form produced by other processes as discussed earlier

34 9 J. Materials Shaping Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1989

 R. Duggirala 9 F E M D e s i g n of R i n g G e a r B l a n k Forging Dies

l~ ~,
,.~
BLANK FORMING OPERATIONS

START OF ROLLING

RING ROLLING

Fig. 1. Sequence of operations to produce

flashless ring gear blanks by seamless ring
SIZING OPERATION rolling [9].

I
/-.250 R(6.35 ram)( 18~29810ram) R1
[ /ff'.iZ5 11(3.175 ram) I
l ~l~w~// /r" "2'i0R(6"35 =)

f~ <o~ .m~ ,.!~0

(154. 432 toni) .I
q.q'20
(251.968 r~)
NOTE:RADII.3"/5 UNLESSOTIIERWI~ NOTED
I Preform Haterlal: 8620Steel
Fig. 2. Preform geometry to produce a spiral gear blank forging without flash [3].

J. Materials Shaping Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1989 9 35

R. Duggirala 9 FEM Design of Ring Gear Blank Forging Dies

BEFORE FORGING AFTER FORGING

// ....

\ \ \ "q

Fig. 3. Schematic of tooling arrangement to forge preform into spiral bevel gear blank [3]. (1) Ring gear, (2) die
bottom (with teeth), (4) punch, (6) die holder, (8) kick out ring, (2-6) die assembly, (3) inner die bottom, (5) die
ring, (7) preform.

may also be input to furnaces to heat them to the forg-
ing temperature. The heated and sized billet or the
heated preform is then fed to the press, manual or
automated. The part is then forged either in a single
operation or in a sequence of operations. Following
this operation, the part is then trimmed in the same
forge press or on a separate trimming press to remove
the flash from the part. The part is then transferred to
a bin or a conveyer for further processing if required.
The forging process is controlled by several param-
eters such as temperature, material and size of the bil-
let, the transfer mechanism of the press, the press ca-
pacity, the dies, tooling, and so on. The forging dies
have a direct impact on part quality and dimensions.
Improper die design results in several problems such
as underfills, laps, cold shuts, out-of-roundness, die
failure, poor tool life, fins on parts, and other defects
on the forged part. Therefore, an iterative procedure
of designing dies is required to correct for the above
problems. An insight into the deformation mechanics
of the forming sequences and the stresses on the dies
serves as a tool in reducing the number of the expen-

-- BAR OF TO FORGING B I L L E T TO
STEEL TEMPERATURE REQUIRED TO PRESS IN PRESS ANY F L A ~ 0 U T
DIMENSIONS

~.T
-- PREFORM H T O FORGING
TEMPERATURE
H
Fig. 4. Layout of a typical hot forging process [I or II].

36 9 J. Materials Shaping Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1989

 R. Duggirala 9 FEM Design of Ring Gear Blank Forging Dies

sive design iterations. Such an understanding also en-

ables optimizing the design correctly the first time. r i
The finite element methods provide such a tool. Fig-
ure 5 shows a conventional process sequence for the
forging of ring gear blanks. The process consists of __ --J-__ _

the following operations:

9 B u s t - - m a i n l y to square off the sheared ends, knock

off scale, and reduce the height of the billet and
distribute the metal over a larger area. ///J I
9 B l o c k - - m a i n l y to reduce the height of the central
part of the bust and gather the volume of material
in the regions required to forge the final part shape.
9 F i n i s h - - t o produce the final part shape with or
without flash.
9 T r i m - - t o separate the part from the flash. [ / ~ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ' ~ - , ; >'2 >'.": . i'/~
(b) . ~ . / , : / / / / / / / /.i/fili/.///////:///_~
However, this process produces flash in order to
assure fill of the finish forged part. Therefore, mod-
ifications have to be made to this process to eliminate
the flash and yet produce a quality forged part free of
defects discussed earlier.
(c)
DEVELOPMENT OF FORGING PROCESS

-I
TO PRODUCE DEFECT-FREE FLASHLESS
RING GEAR BLANKS
# 8e
r
As an initial step, some of the literature in this area i
was surveyed and one such process, as shown in Fig-
ure 6 [4], was simulated using ALPID. Figures 7 - 9
show the blocking operation and the corresponding
material flow. It may be observed from Figure 9 that
the metal does not follow the upper die prof'de as shown ~80
in Figure 6 and the metal flows radially outward to
J
contact the limiting diameter of the lower die. This,
in turn, causes the lower part of the blocker preform Fig. 6. Typical operations in forging a bevel gear in a me-
to buckle. Figures I0 and 11 show the nodal velocity chanical press [4]: (a) bust, (b) preform, (c) finish, (d) trim.

Bust Block Finish

Fig. 5. Process sequence for forging ring gear blanks, with flash.

J. Materials Shaping Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1989 9 37

R. Duggirala FEM Design of Ring Gear Blank Forging Dies

ALPID POST PLOT ( 8)

3,88 --

j-
2.Be

I I
8.BO f ,OO 2.08 3.80
Fig. 7. Initial set-up of bust preform in
X-aXIS blocker dies.

ALPID POST PLOT ( SS)

.... f

[ I
~.aa I . BO 2,08 3.80 Fig. 8. Intermediate stage of blocking
X-AXIS operation.

38 9 J. Materials Shaping Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1989

 R. Duggirala 9 F E M D e s i g n of R i n g G e a r B l a n k Forging Dies

e.00 1.99 @.Oe Fig. 9. Material flow toward

X-RX IS end of blocker operation.

QLPID POST PLOT ( 5)

"LO0

scRL(se.oe

z.ee

r.O0

e.N
I
O.N I.llo 3.110
Fig. 10. Nodal velocity plot at one stage
X-P~XIS of blocker operation.

J. Materials Shaping Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1989 9 39

R. Duggirala 9 FEM D e s i ~ o f R i n g G e a r B l a n k F o r g m g D i e s

ALPIO POST PLOT ( 4)

3.88 --

Sr
B

2,OO

A
X
I
S

i.N

e.N
. . . . . . . . . -1-

! ,N

X-AX|S
D I

late
I

Fig. 11. Nodal velocity plot at a differ-

ent stage of blocker operation.

plots depicting the magnitude and direction of the
flowing metal. Figure 12 shows a similar blocker op-
eration of a larger diameter blocker that was simu-
lated. It can be seen that the initial buckle of the lower
face of the blocker part is accentuated. From these
simulations, it was concluded that the process as de-
picted by Figure 6 was not feasible at the tempera-
tures, size, weight of the gear blank, and press char-
acteristics selected for our operation.
Another bust preform, as shown in Figure 13, was
selected for a similar set of blocker dies. Figures 1 3 -
15 depict the metal flow in the selected process. It
was observed that although a pancake type bust was
used, the bottom face of the part buckles. This buckle
is so pronounced that if forged in the finisher dies, a
lap or fold is bound to occur and the buckle is not
ironed out. On studying the denouements of the above
analysis, it was inferred that the requirements of a
blocker design in producing a flashless ring gear blank
are:
9 To collect enough volume of material in the re-
quired regions of the blocker to fill the finisher dies.
9 This gathering of material should provide a smoothly
controlled flow of metal to prevent defects.
9 The volume of the blocker dies will be greater than
the volume of the finisher dies.
9 The excess volume of metal should be designed to
flow into the central gutter in the finisher dies.
9 The last region to fill in the finisher dies should be
the region of the die punch clearance.
9 The blocker design depends on the geometry, size,
and weight of the finished part.
In the earlier stages of development a process sim-
ilar to the one shown in Figure 16 [2] had been stud-
ied. The simulation results from A L P I D of this sim-
ilar process have been published [2]. This process had
been designed to produce a flash. These simulation
results are discussed here, as they show some typical
intrinsic behaviour of metal flow in the blocker op-
eration. As the upper die comes down on the part it
tends to squash the metal to the outside. The velocity
of the material in the radial direction is greater than
the velocity of the material upward tending to follow
the upper die profile, as seen in Figure 17 [2]. A fur-
ther interesting feature to be noted is that if the radial
flow is abruptly confined by the lower die and the
resultant diverted upward flow is also contained by
the upper die, a swirling m o v e m e n t of material is cre-

40 9 J. Materials Shaping Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1989

 R. Duggirala 9 FEM Design of Ring Gear Blank Forging Dies

ALPIO POST PLOT ( 42)

~Jge

~,0 a

~~

- I ,OQ
I [ 1 I Fig. 12. Material flow in the blocker op-
s.~ eration of a forging sequence similar to
that shown in Figure 6.

RGEAR_?62~ BLOCKER ( O)

2.00 --

/
1.0B

k, i
j I~.~i'

I I I 1
0.N 3.~ ~olNI
F i g . 13. Pancake type bust preform at
R~OZ0$ Z~ IMs163 beginning of block operation.

J. Materials Shaping Technology, VoL 7, No. 1, 1989 9 41

R. D u g g i r a l a 9 FEM Design of Ring Gear Blank Forging Dies

RGEAR_7~2S BLOCKER ( 8~)

H
E
I
1
H
T

I
I1 I.~

r
M
C
H
E
S

-I .00

e.O9 1.88 2.88 3.88 4.00

Fig. 14. Intermediate stage of blocking
RRDIU5 1It INCHES pancake bust.

RGEAR_7625 BLOCKER (I2S)

L I I I
e.gg 4,Be Fig. lS. End of blocking operation with
RRDIUS Ill ItlCH[~i a pancake type bust.

42 9 J. Materials Shaping Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1989

 R. Duggirala
Bust Modified
Fig. 16. Forging process with a modified blocker design [2].
ated which eventually produces a curl as shown at A
on Figure 17. This curl produced in the blocker will
eventually lap in the finisher operation [2]. Another
point to be noted is that the volume of material in the
designed blocker influences the extent of curl and the
formation of the curl itself.
The alternate blocker design shown in Figure 18
[2] does provide acceptable flow in the blocker as it
does not contain the flow of metal abruptly. How-
ever, in the finisher dies the blocked preform seats
more toward the outside diameter and away from the
lower face of the gear blank. As seen in c of Figure
19 [2], metal begins to squirt out into the flash prior
to filling either the upper die apex (I) or the lower die
corner (II). Another point to be noted in this type of
die design is that the blocker needs a knockout mech-
anism to eject the blocked part from the lower die
after forging.
Simulations as described above had been con-
ducted a few years ago and a blocker design was ar-
/'~/j ~.~[~q.---_---.. ..~ -/
---.d- ,-o
Fig. 17. Velocity distribution of material flow in
blocker operation [21.
9 F E M Design o f Ring Gear Blank Forging Dies
Block Finish
rived at initially to minimize flash. The blocker shape
produced is shown in Figure 20, seated in the finish
dies. This blocker is closer to regions I and II and
away from the die parting region as the diameter of
the blocker is less than the finisher. Figure 21 shows
the comparison of simulation versus actual forging.
The difference in the simulated blocker profile versus
actual blocker may be attributed to the accuracy of
flow stress data and thermal effects. The flow stress
data available did not cover the entire range of strain
rate during deformation and hence the metal in reality
did not flow out as much as indicated in the simula-
tion. The other factor m a y be that the blocker curls
inward on cooling when removed from the blocker
dies, an effect similar to a heated ring closing in on
the diameter of the hole, when cooled. However, the
blocker may not curl in as much as when cooled, if
it is transferred at forging temperatures to the finisher
dies. The eccentricity of the billet in the bust opera-
tion contributes to the discrepancy in metal flow from
- - @ .... i__
/
Fig. 18. Alternate blocker design (broken lines) proposed
and its position relative to finisher dies (solid lines) [2].
J. Materials Shaping Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1989 9 43
R. Duggirala FEM Design of Ring Gear Blank Forging Dies
Fig. 19. Material flow simulation plots of alternate blocker
design during finish forging [2].
Fig. 20. Blocker preform, developed for reduced flash, po-
sitioned in the finisher dies.
44 9 J. Materials Shaping Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1989
b
Fig. 21. Comparison of blocker and finisher shapes (a) pre-
dicted by simulations and obtained from forging trials. ( - -
- - ) Theory, (b) (..... ) Practice.
one half of the parts to the other. The flash is minimal
and practically all of it toward one half, the half to-
ward which the billet was offset. Figures 22 and 23
show the grain flow of the material in the parts and
the predicted grain flow through the use of the Flow-
net program in the ALPID system.
Based on the trends observed and our efforts at re-
ducing the flash, the bust and blocker dies were fur-
ther modified to ensure concentric and positive lo-
cation through the sequence of operations. The finisher
dies were converted for a closed die forging process
and the appropriate billet weight (for a flashless gear
Ring 75--Blocker Flownet
Fig. 22. Comparison of grain flow on the blocker section
(a) predicted by simulation and (b) on the forged part.
 R. Duggirala 9 FEM Design of Ring Gear Blank Forging Dies

Ring 75--Finisher Flownet

Fig. 24. Net shape ring gear blank produced without O.D.
Fig. 23. Comparison of grain flow on the finisher section flash.
(a) predicted by simulation and (b) on the forged part.

blank) was determined and a flashless ring gear blank

forging process was developed. The die design has
also been developed to require no knockout in the
blocker station. This developed process has been ex-
tended to other ring gear blanks of different diame-
ters. It has been found that different diameter gear
blanks, with different weights, require different pro-
cesses to produce flashless blanks without defects. The
8.5 in. series of ring gear blanks, for example, re-
quired a modification of the bust operation too. Fig- Fig. 25. Conventionally forged blank (left) and near-net blank
ure 24 shows a net shape ring gear blank produced with forged teeth (right).
without flash. This technology has been further ex-
tended to produce closed die ring gear blanks with
forged teeth. Figure 25 shows a conventional ring gear
blank and a net shape blank with teeth as forged. Also to 56 ksi. This modification also reduced the deflec-
note the difference in the ring gear blank without flash tion of the die, thus enabling tighter clearance be-
(Fig. 24) versus the conventional forging (Fig. 25). tween punch and die in the finisher. The final finisher
The weight savings were discussed in Table 1 earlier. punch and die configuration is shown in Figure 28.

APPLICATION OF FEM TO VERIFY CONCLUSIONS

FORGING DIE FOR STRENGTH
The forming loads and pressures derived from the
simulations of the finisher operation were applied to
the finisher dies and the stresses due to forming pres-
sures were analyzed using FEM in the elastic domain.
Figure 26 shows the stress pattern on the lower fin-
isher die. The highest stress value was 80 ksi, as in-
dicated in Figure 26. Although the stress value was
within acceptable limits for the die material and ap-
plication, the lower die was modified as shown in
Figure 27, which lowered the m a x i m u m stress value
The above study shows that the FEM is a valuable
tool in understanding metal flow and in developing
forging processes to provide specific features (for ex-
ample, the flashless process). The FEM could also be
applied to evaluate the forging die design from a fail-
ure and strength consideration. If need be, finite ele-
ment solutions can be applied to evaluate the effect
of the shrink fit on the dies too. In this case, we did
not have the necessity to analyze the shrink fit prob-
lem. Therefore, this additional feature of FEM that
could be used in die design is not discussed here.

J. Materials Shaping Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1989 9 45

R. Duggirala 9 F E M Design o f Ring Gear Blank Forging Dies

Fig. 26. Stresses due to forming

loads on finisher lower die block
of design 1 (includes deflections).

Fig. 27. Stresses due to form-

ing loads on finisher lower die
block of design 2.

46 9 J. Materials Shaping Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1989

 R. Duggirala
FINISH ~TAT[ON
Fig. 28. Final punch and die configuration in fin-
isher.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to acknowledge the contributions of Mr. Dale
Benedict, who was project manager for this devel-
opment, Dr. Aly Badawy, the Director of Engineer-
ing, E&PT, and the personnel at Detroit and Tona-
wanda Forge Plants in accomplishing the goals of this
project.
REFERENCES
1. S.I. Oh, G.D. Lahoti, and T. Altan, ALPID--A Gen-
eral Purpose FEM Program for Metal Forming, Pro-
ceedings of NAMRC IX, May 1981, State College,
Pennsylvania, p. 83.
2. B.L. Jenkins, S.I. Oh, and T. Altan, Investigation of
Defect Formation in a 3-station Closed Die Forging
Process, Report No. ERC/NSM-88-30, October 1988,
ERC for Net Shape Manufacturing Ohio State Univer-
sity.
3. A. Badawy, T. Altan, G. Horvat, J.R. Douglas, D.
Ostberg, and J. Chevalier, Computer Aided Design and
Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) Techniques for Optimum
Preform and Finish Forging of Spiral Bevel Gears, Phase
II, DAAK 30-79-C-0071 US Army Tank-Automotive
Command, Warren, Michigan, October 1982.
9 FEM Design o f Ring Gear Blank Forging Dies
4. A. Tumo, Closed Die Forging and Pressing of Com-
ponents with Teeth (in German), lndustrie-Anzeiger,
94 (83), Oct. 6, 1972, p. 1997.
5. R. Duggirala, and A. Badawy, Finite Element Method
Approach to Forging Process Design, J. Materials
Shaping Technology, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1988, pp. 81-89,
1988.
6. A.C. Weinert, Ring-Rolling of Gear Blanks, Auto-
motive Industries, June 1, 1970, pp. 33-36.
7. DIPL.-ING: K.H. Beseler, (Dortmund, West Ger-
many), Modem Ring Rolling Practice, Metal Forming,
February 1969, pp. 44-50.
8. Marlusek Ing. Antonin, (Bino-Czecholsavakia), Forg-
ing of Races in a Closed Die with Compensator, 10th
International Drop Forging Convention, London, June
1980.
9. K.H. Beseler, Shape Rolling of Seamless Rings, SME,
1982, MF82-334, pp. 1-15.
10. "The Seamless Rolled Ring Forging P r o c e s s ' - - A Re-
port from Wagner Dortmund, Germany, pp. 105-111.
11. W.T. Wu, and S.I. Oh, ALPIDT: A General Purpose
FEM code for Simulation of Non-Isothermal Forming
Processes, Proc. of 13th NAMRC, University of Cal-
ifornia, Berkeley, May 1985, p. 449.
12. K.F. Kennedy and G.D. Lahoti, Review of Flow Stress
Data, Battelle Labs, Columbus, Ohio, Topical Report
No. 1, Sept. 1981.
13. T. Altan, Chapter 13: Preforming and Blocking, Basic
Principles of Forging Die Design, Institute of Forging
Die Design, FlA.
14. T.A. Dean, The Feasibility of Flashless Forging, Die
Technology, Metallurgia and Metal Forming, Novem-
ber 1977, pp. 488-498, pp. 542-556.
15. J.T. Winship, Flashless Forging is Here, American
Machinist, June 1981, pp. 138-141.
16. S.I. Oh, Finite Element Analysis of Metal Forming
Problems with Arbitrarily Shaped Dies, Int. J. of Mech.
Sciences, v. 24, No. 4, p. 479.
17. S.I. Oh, G.D. Lahote, and T. Altan, Analysis of Back-
ward Extrusion Processes by FEM, Proceedings of
NAMRC, p. 143, May 1982.
18. S.I. Oh, J.J. Park, S. Kobayashi, and T. Altan, Ap-
plication of FEM Modeling to Simulate Metal Flow in
Forging a Titanium Alloy Engine Disk, Trans. of
ASME, J. of Eng. for Industry, November 1983, v.
105, p. 251.
J. Materials Shaping Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1989 9 47