MTLE

Slide 1
MTLE REVIEW
Gerard Andrew Ramos, RMT
Slide 2
Guidelines
1. No video recording of lectures
2. Turn off microphones when joining a call
3. Schedule for MTAP1 is 5 hours

– 1 hr for Pre test
– 3 hrs discussion
– 1 hr Post test
4. No blueprints / pointers will be given for the assessments
5. Failure to submit CIB acknowledgement form will nullify your scores.

Slide 3
Early Beginning of Medical Technology
460 BC
• The Greek physician Hippocrates, also known as the
father medicine, formulated the famous Hippocratic
Oath, the code of ethics for practicing physicians.
• In this oath, he described the four “humors” or body
fluids in man:
• Blood
• Phlegm
• Yellow Bile
• Black Bile
• These four humors or body fluids were felt to be the

source of a person’s disposition and disease in ancient
times.
Slide 4
• During the early times, urine

was regarded as a composite of
these humors. Visual
examination of urine at the
bedside could diagnose illness.
• Astrology and superstition also

influences physicians in making
diagnoses, but they made
credible observations about
urine.
Slide 5
• Urinalysis, or the study of urine,

had been passed down from
ancient times and is regarded as
the oldest of laboratory
procedures today.
• The polyuria of diabetes was

also noted in ancient times.
• A Hindu physician recorded the

sweet taste of a diabetic urine.
Slide 6
Slide 7
• Vivian Herrick traces the

beginning of Medical
Technology in the year 1500 BC,
when intestinal parasites Taenia
and Ascaris were identified.
• Ebers Papyrus, believe that

medical technology began when
a book for the treatment of
disease was published, which
contained the description of the
three stages of hookworm
infection and the disease it could
produced to humans.
Slide 8
• Ruth Williams believe that

medical technology began
from the medieval period
(1096-1438) as supported by
the fact that urinalysis was
a fad.
• Early Hindu doctors made

the "scientific observation"
that the urine of certain
individual attracted ants, and
that such urine has a sweetish
taste.
Slide 9
• In the 14th century Anne Fagelson

believe that medical technology
started when a prominent Italian
doctor, Mondino de Liuzzi at the
University of Bologna employed
Alessandra Giliani to perform
different tasks in the laboratory,
unfortunately she died due to
laboratory acquired infection.
Slide 10
• Medical technology developed as

the years passed.
• In 1632, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
invented and improved the
compound microscope. He was the
first to describe red blood cells, to
see protozoa, and to classify
bacteria according to shape. His
invention led to the rapid progress of
microbiology and pathology
Slide 11
• Marcelo Malphigi (1628-1694) was

described as the greatest of early
microscopist. His contributions to
embryology and anatomy made him
known as the Father of Modern
Anatomic Pathology.
• Rudolph Virchow, in 1847, was

one of the youngest medical
specialists and also practiced
pathology. He was the founder of
Archives of Pathology in Berlin and
considered to be the Father of
Modern Pathology.
Slide 12
• As science progressed, laboratory

tests were greatly improved.
• In 1848, Herman Fehling
performed the first quantitative test
for urine sugar.
Slide 13
• The Gram staining method,

named after the Danish
bacteriologist who originally
devised it in 1882 (published
1884), Hans Christian Gram, is
one of the most important
staining techniques in
microbiology.
• It is almost always the first test

performed for the identification of
bacteria.
Slide 14

• Gram staining technique
• Classifies bacteria if it is Gram-
positive (violet/purple) or Gram-
negative (pink/red).
Slide 15
History of Medical Technology in the United States
• The emergence of clinical laboratories

in the United States occurred in late
19th century due to advance in medical
science.
• In 1878, Dr. William H. Welch

established a laboratory at the Bellevue
Hospital Medical College. He gave the
first laboratory course in pathology
ever offered in an American Medical
School.
• Then in 1885, Dr. Welch became the
first professor of Pathology at John
Hopkins University
Slide 16
• The first clinical laboratory was

opened in 1896 at the John Hopkins
Hospital by Dr. William Osler.
• In this laboratory, routine examination
were carried out, special attention
being given to the search for malarial
parasites in the blood.
• A clinical laboratory was also opened

at the University of Pennsylvania in
1896 called William Pepper
Laboratory.
Slide 17
• In 1908, Dr. James C. Todd

wrote “A Manual of Clinical
Diagnosis”.
• The book was retitled “Clinical
Diagnosis by Laboratory
Methods” in its 19th edition. This
book became the standard
reference for clinical
laboratories.
Slide 18
• Dr. John Bernard Henry (1928-

2009) edited Clinical Diagnosis
and Management by Laboratory
Methods, from the 14th edition in
1969 to the 20th edition in 2001.
• Physicians and medical

technologists worldwide used
this landmark text to gain a rich
understanding of the role of
diagnostic testing in health and
disease
Slide 19
• During his career, he authored more than 250 articles,

wrote many book chapters, and edited the
aforementioned text but still had time for leadership
positions in medical service organizations.
• He was president of the American Board of Pathology,

1976–1978; American Society of Clinical Pathologists,
1980–1981; American Blood Commission, 1978–
1980; and the American Association of Blood Banks,
1970–1971. He was also a governor of the College of
American Pathologists, 1993–1999.
Slide 20
19th edition 20th edition

Slide 21
21st edition 22nd edition

Slide 22

• In 1900 census, 100 technicians, were employed in the United
States. This increased to 3,500 in 1920.
• In 1922, 3035 hospitals had their clinical laboratories.
• In 1915, the state legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law

requiring all hospitals and institutions to have an adequate
laboratory and to employ a full time laboratory technicians.
• World War I was an important factor in the growth of the clinical

laboratory and produced a great demand for technicians. The
demand for technicians in the clinical laboratories continued, so
practicing physicians with the knowledge of the laboratory began to
teach their assistants to do some tests for them.
Slide 23
• One of the first schools for training workers was established at the
University of Minnesota. A course bulletin was entitled “Courses in
Medical Technology for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians” was
issued in 1922.
• Certainly, University of Minnesota was the first to offer a degree

level program believed to be in 1923.
• More societies were developed and in 1936 the American Board of

Pathology was established.
Slide 24
• World War II marked effect on Laboratory Medicine. The use of

blood increased and the “closed system” of blood collection was
widely adopted.
• Instrumentation was advanced and with these instruments, the

measurement of the intensity of color production, dozens of new
chemical tests became possible.
• Automated equipment appeared and quality control programs

became the common place. Laboratory medicine moved into an era
of sophistication.
Slide 25
History of Medical Technology

In the Philippines
Slide 26
History of Medical Technology in the Philippines
• World War II is the most widespread was that occurred from 1939
to 1945. On the 7th day of December in 1941, the Pearl Harbor was
invaded by Japan. Three days after, Japan invaded the Philippines
causing the wrath of the U.S. to flare up. The effects of the war
between the two rivals were very grave. Sickness and death due to
illness were rampant.
• In 1944, US bases were built in Leyte (around 75 miles from

Manila Bay). This made possible for the US to bring in members of
the health care team to the Philippines to resolve the health
problems of soldiers and Filipinos.
Slide 27

• On January 9, 1945, 850 US ships of the 6th US Army began a
round-about to Lingayen Gulf attempting to mislead the Japanese.
Manila was taken and Corregidor was liberated.
• Finally, real medical facilities were made available to the

Philippines which includes the 26th Medical Laboratory of the
6th US Army.
• The said laboratory was located at Quiricada, Sta. Cruz, Manila, but
now known as the Public Health Laboratory, a division of the
Manila Health Department.
• As early as February of that year, training of civilians to become

members of the health care team was already being done.
Slide 28

Slide 29

• The 6th US Army left the laboratory on June 1945. The laboratory was
endorsed to the National Department of Health but the department did
not seem to be interested in pursuing the objectives of laboratory.
• The World War ended on September 1945, and barely a month after,
the laboratory was formerly re-organized by Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda
and assisted by Dr. Mariano Icasiano who was then the Manila City
Health Officer. The laboratory was later name Manila Public
Health Laboratory.
Slide 30

• A training program for individuals aspiring to become laboratory
workers was offered in 1947 by Dr. Pio de Roda, in collaboration with
Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana.
• Trainees were mostly high school graduates and paramedical

graduates. The training proved to be ineffective because the trainees
were never motivated and there was no program that was supposed to
last for a definite period and no certificates were issued to trainees.
• Realizing this, Dr. Pio de Roda instructed Dr. Sta. Ana to prepare a
formal syllabus of the training program. In 1954, the training began
using a syllabus and it was to last for 6 months. A short while after, Dr.
Briones joined the two.
• The training program offered by Dr. Pio de Roda did not last long, for
during the same year, the formal education of Medical Technology in
the Philippines
Slide 31

Slide 32
Formal Medical Technology Education

in the Philippines
• The first four-year B.S. Medical Technology course was offered in

1953 by Philippine Union College of Baesa, Caloocan, Rizal through
its sister establishment, Manila Sanitarium and Hospital.
• Mrs. Willa Hilgert-Hedrick

• founder of Medical Technology Education in the Philippines
• She was an American Seventh Day Adventist missionary to the
Philippines
• After 2 years (1956), PUC graduated its first graduate – Dr. Jesse
Umali, who is an OB-gynecologist and owner of Omega Lab, Vito
Cruz, Manila.
Slide 33

in the Philippines
• During the school years 1957-1958, Dr. Antonio Gabriel and

Dr. Gustavo U. Reyes of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the
University of Santo Tomas offered medical technology as an
elective to 4th and 5th year B.S. Pharmacy students.
• Due to the popularity of the said profession among Pharmacy
students, the regent back then, Rev. Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez
decided to offer it as a course.
• It was in June 17, 1957, a temporary permit was issued by the
Department of Education for 1st to 3rd year students, then, in June
1960, the permit for the internship program was issued.
• The full recognition of the 4 year BS Medical Technology
course was given on June 14, 1961.
Slide 34

in the Philippines
• In Centro Escolar University, Mrs. Purificacion Sunico-Suaco

undertook possibility study for the offering of Medical Technology
course. The proposal was granted permission by the University
president back then, Carmen de Luna. In 1962, it produced its 1st
batch of graduates.
• The Far Easter University followed in establishing a school for

Medical Technology. It was initiated by the late Dr. Horacio A.
Ylagan and Dr. Serafin J. Juliano. In 1961, the idea was brought to
the Advisory Council of the University, and was finally opened in
1962 under the joint auspices of the Institute of Medicine (now
known as Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation) and Institute of
Arts and Sciences. It produced its first graduates in 1963.
Slide 35

in the Philippines
• Many schools followed to offer B.S. Medical Technology course.
• The University of the Philippines offer a similar course but the

degree conferred is B.S. Public Health.
• Postgraduate studies are offered to B.S. Medical Technology

graduates. The UST graduate school and the Philippine Women’s
University are offering M.S. in Medical Technology. And also, the
University of the Philippines is offering degree in Master in Public
Health.
Slide 36
Organizations in the Philippines in

relation to Medical Technology
Slide 37
PASMETH
• Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology and

Public Health, Inc.
• The national organization of recognized schools of Medical

technology in the Philippines.
• It was formed in 1970 by some representatives of schools of

Medical Technology / Public Health in the Philippines in their
desire to maintain the highest standard of education and to foster
closer relations among these schools.
Slide 38
PASMETH
• On May 13, 1970, Director Narciso Albarracin appointed Dr.

Serafin Juliano and Dr. Gustavo U. Reyes to organize an
association of Deans/Heads of Schools of Medical Technology and
Hygiene.
• The first organizational meeting was held at the University of Santo

Tomas on June 22, 1970.
Slide 39
PASMETH
• The first sets of officers were:
• President: Dr. Gustavo Reyes

• Vice-President Dr. Serafin Juliano
• Secretary/Treasurer Dr. Velia Trinidad
• Press Relation Officer Dr. Faustino Sunico
Slide 40
PASMETH
• The first annual meeting was held at the University of Santo Tomas
on May 17, 1971.
• The first set of officers was reelected for a second term on April 30,
1972. For the school year 1972-1973, the elected officers were:
• President: Dr. Gustavo Reyes

• Vice-President Dr. Claro Cabrera
• Secretary/Treasurer Dr. Elvira Silva
• Press Relation Officer Dr. Faustino Sunico
Slide 41
PASMETH
• Others who served as PASMETH presidents were:
• Dr. Ibarra Panopio (1973-1974)
• Dr. Angelita G. Adeva (1974-1977)
• Dr. Elizabeth M. del Rio (1977-1981)
• Dr. Gustavo Reyes – Dr. Claro D. Cabrera (1981-1982)
• Dr. Elizabeth M. del Rio (1982-1983)
• Dr. Norma V. Lerma (1983-1984)
• Dr. Vicencio T. Torres (1984-1985)
• Prof. Nardito Moraleta (1985-1988)
• Dean Norma N. Chang (1988-1995)
• Prof. Rodolfo R. Rabor (1996-1999)
• Dean Nini F. Lim (1999-2002)
• Dean Zenaida C. Cajucom (2002-2010)
• Magdalena Natividad(2010-2012)
• Dean Bernard Ebuen (2012 – present)
Slide 42
PASMETH
• It was formally registered with the Securities and Exchange

Commission on October 6, 1985 thru the Committee on Legislation
chaired by Mr. Cirilo S. Cajucom with the help of a legal counsel,
Atty. Dexter Bihis who acted as PASMETH legal counsel.
Slide 43
PASMETH
• PASMETH accomplishments include:

• Continuing professional education program for Medical
Technology Faculty
• Preparation of a standard curriculum for B.S. Medical
Technology schools
• Preparation of a standard course syllabi for professional subjects
in Medical Technology
• Scholarship grants for Med. Tech. students
• Community outreach projects
• Recognition to graduates of B.S. Med. Tech course (PASMETH
Gold Medal Award)
• Accreditation as CPE provider for medical technologists
Slide 44
PAMET
• The Philippine Association of Medical Technologist, Inc.(PAMET,

Inc.) is the national organization of all registered medical
technologist in the Philippines.
• It is a non-stock, non-profit organization.
• It was organized by Mr. Crisanto Almario (recognized as the

father of PAMET) in an attempt to standardize and to give dignity
to the profession on September 15, 1963, at the Manila Public
Health Laboratory in Sta. Cruz, Manila.
Slide 45
PAMET
• The first national convention of PAMET was held at the Far Eastern
University on September 20, 1964 where in Mr. Charlemagne
Tamondong became the first president.
• It was incorporated and registered at the Securities mid Exchange

Commission on October 14, 1969 with Reg. No. 39570, during the
presidency of Mr. Nardito D. Moraleta.
• On June 22, 1973, P.D.223 was approved creating the Professional

Regulation Commission (PRC). PAMET was officially recognized
as the only Accredited Professional Organization (APO) of
registered Medical Technologists in the Philippines
Slide 46
PAMET
• PAMET is a national body with 47 provincial chapters nationwide

totaling to more than thirteen thousand (13,000) members.
• PAMET is affiliated with other local professional associations

namely Council of Professional Health Associations (COPHA),
Philippine Federation of Professional Associations (PFPA), Council
of Health Agencies (CHAP), Philippine Council for Quality
Assurance in Clinical Laboratories (PCQACL) and Alliance of
Allied Health Organizations of the Nation (AAHON).
Slide 47
• The presidents of PAMET:

• Charlemagne T. Tamondong (1963-1967)
• Nardito D. Moraleta (1967 – 1970 )
• Felix. E. Asprer (1970-1971, 1973-1977)
• Bernardo T. Tabaosares (1971-1973)
• Angelina R. Jose (1973)
• Venerable C.V. Oca (1977-1981)
• Carmencita P. Acedera (1982-1992)
• Marilyn R. Atienza (1992-1996)
• Norma N. Chang (1997 – 2000)
• Agnes B. Medenilla (2001-2002, 2005-2006)
• Shirley F. Cruzada (2003-2004)
• Leila M. Florento (2007-2013)
• Romeo Joseph J. Ignacio (2013-2015)
• Ronaldo Puno (2016-2020)
• Rommel Saceda (2021-present)
Slide 48
Highlights of PAMET Leadership and

Legacy of Presidents
• 1st President Charlemagne Tamondong (1963-1967)
• Recognition of PAMET as a professional organization of
medical technologists in the Philippines
• Approval of House Bill No. 7082 (Med Tech Bill) on May 10,
1967
Slide 49

• Nardito Moraleta (1967-1970)
• Worked for the approval of RA 5527 also known as Philippine
Medical Technology Act of 1969
• Organization of PAMET provincial chapters like Cebu (1969),
Baguio (1970)
• Registration of PAMET with International Association of
Medical Laboratory Technologists (IAMLT) on May 28, 1970
• Amendments of the PAMET Constitution and By laws of 1969
•registration of PAMET with Security and Exchange
Commission as non stock non profit organization
• Publication of the PAMET NEWS, the first official newsletter
of the association
• Organization of Council of Med Tech in 1969 in compliance
with RA 5527
Slide 50

• Nardito Moraleta (1967-1970)
Slide 51

• Felix Asprer (1970-1971)
• Approval of Presidential Decree 498
• Accreditation of PAMET as a bonafide professional
organization for Medical Technologists with Professional
Regulation Commission (PRC) on May 24, 1975
• Organization of more PAMET chapters like La Union,
Pangasinan, Zambales and Zamboanga
Slide 52

• Bernardo Tabaosares (1971-1973)
• Amendments the Teves Law (about the salaries of
Medical Professionals)
• Proclamation of the 3rd week of September as Medical
technology Week in the Philippines
• Organization of PAMET chapter in Davao City
Slide 53

• Angelina Jose (1973)•
• Approval of professional tax (then 75 pesos, now 300 pesos)
for Registered Medical Technologists (RMT) by Bureau of
Internal Revenue
• Upgrading of Medical technology Profession from
Professional Code 20 to 3
Slide 54

• Venerable Oca (1977-1982)
• Monthly seminars or the Continuing Professional Education
for Medical Technologists
• Monthly medical technology quiz contest
• Classification of PAMET membership into different categories
Slide 55

• Carmencita Acedera (1982-1991)
• Affiliation with Japan International Medical Technology
Foundation (JIMTEF) for the Individual Training Scholarship Grant
for PAMET members
• Partnership with Procter and Gamble and PASMETH for awarding
scholarship to undergraduate medical technology students
• Approval for the upgrading the salary standardization of
government medical technologists from Salary Grade 13 to Salary
Grade 22
• inclusion of hazard pay equivalent to at least 25% of the
monthly basic salary of medical technologists in government
practice
• Enhancement of the interrelationship with related
professional organizations like PFPA, COPHA, CHAP and the
Chamber of HEALTH participation in the DOH, DECS and P & G
programs like "Wash hand Campaign"
•
Slide 56

• •Socio-medical activities for public health and public safety
by conducting community outreach
• Publication of the LABNEWS, the official newsletter of
the association
• Aggressive and relevant CPE for competence sustenance with
corresponding units organization of provincial chapters like
Cagayan, Pampanga, Quezon, Batangas, Laguna, Bulacan,
Nueva Ecija, Isabela, Tarlac, Albay, Bataan, Leyte-Samar, etc,
• Inclusion of sportsfest activity and inter-collegiate quiz
show in the Medical Technology Week Celebration
• Composition of Beloved PAMET, the organization's hymn, in 1988
• Participation of great number of delegates in the Annual
PAMET Convention at PICC
Slide 57

Slide 58

• Marilyn Atienza (1992-1996)
• Institutionalization of the Professional Development
Program; Visibility and proactivism of the association
• Acquisition of the PAMET Secretariat Office at Cityland 10
in Makati City in 1995
• •Approval of the PAMET Constitution and By Laws in 1992
• Inclusion of sectoral representatives in the National Board
of Directors
• First Sectoral Conference in Davao City in 1995
• Organization of Asian Association of Medical Laboratory
Scientists (AAMLS) with medical technologists from
ASEAN nations, Japan, China, and Korea.
• Organization of Cavite Chapter
Slide 59

• Marilyn Atienza (1992-1996)
Slide 60

• Norma Chang (1997-2000)
• Approval of the 1997 Code of Ethics of the Medical Technology
Profession
• Accident and sickness assistance to bonafide members of the
association through the Bayanihan Plan
• Registration of The Philippine Journal of Medical Technology
in the International Library of Congress with corresponding
ISSN number.
• Publication of the PAMET Link, the official newsletter of the
association
• Organization of PAMET Chapters in Ilocos Norte, Davao del
Sur, Aklan, Bukidnon and Rizal Province
• Formation of the Philippine Council for Quality Assurance in
Clinical Laboratories which include member organizations like
PSP, DOH-BRL, PSQUA and PAMET
Slide 61

• Norma Chang (1997-2000)
Slide 62

• Agnes Medenilla (2001-2002)•
• Proposed amendments of RA 5527 to Lower House of
Congress
• Job Fair activity for the newly registered
medical technologists
• Approval of the 2002 PAMET Constitution and By Laws
Slide 63

• Shirley Cruzada (2003-2004)
• Partnership with the Procter and Gamble for awarding
scholarship grant to PAMET members who are candidates
for Masteral and doctorate degrees
• Comprehensive web and e-commerce solution for
communications, transactions and education via
association’s website
• Formation of Committee on Free Standing Laboratories
Partnership with the DOH in the training of personnel in
the screening of drug testing laboratory
• Sectoral meeting with respective chapters was initiated
through Sectoral representatives
Slide 64

• Shirley Cruzada (2003-2004)
Slide 65

• Leila M. Florento (2007-2013)
Slide 66
PHISMETS
• Philippine Society of Medical Technology Students
• The objectives of the association are:

• To organize a central body that coordinates all the activities
pertinent to Medical Technology student development.
• To promote the growth and development of all Medical
Technology students
• To promote and stimulate the exchange of best practices in
Medical Technology through international, national,
regional/provincial and local conferences, seminar workshops,
colloquia, and meetings.
• To promote, stimulate and support student research in the area
of Medical Technology and related fields.
• To provide an information network and monitoring system of
activities in the Medical Technology academic community both
in the local and national scene.
Slide 67
International Organizations and

Certifying Examinations
Slide 68
ASCP
• The American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) is the

world’s largest professional membership organization for
pathologists and laboratory professionals.
• Their goal is to provide excellence in education, certification

and advocacy on behalf of patients, pathologists and laboratory
professionals across the globe. With more than 100,000
members, the society’s influence has guided the application
and evolution of the pathology and laboratory medicine
specialty since 1922.
Slide 69
ASCP
• The ASCP Board of Certification (BOC), with accreditation from

the American National Standards Institute, is the oldest and
largest certification agency for pathologists and laboratory
professionals.
• Administratively independent of the ASCP, the BOC has

certified more than 450,000 people since it was founded in
1928 and represents the gold standard for certification of
pathologists’ assistants and laboratory professionals.
• ASCPi—ASCP’s international certification credential—is now

offered worldwide.
Slide 70
AMT
• Founded in 1939, American Medical Technologists (AMT) is a
nationally and internationally recognized certification agency
and membership society for the following allied health
professionals:
Laboratory
Medical Technologist
Medical Laboratory Technician
Phlebotomy Technician
Medical Laboratory Assistant
Clinical Laboratory Consultant
Medical Office
Medical Assistant
Phlebotomy Technician
Medical Administrative Specialist
Allied Health Instructor
Slide 71
AMT
• AMT certification examinations are developed, administered,
and analyzed using industry standards and state-of-the-art
methodologies.
• Each examination is developed by a committee of subject-

matter experts. As the tests provide only one source of
information regarding examinee competence, they are used in
conjunction with other indicators of training and experience in
the granting of certification.
• Once certification is granted, applicants automatically become

members of AMT and have a host of member benefits at their
disposal.
Slide 72
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Slide 73
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Professional ethics defines the basic expectations and sets forth

the ethical principles the profession has for every member.
It is a moral guide which governs the professional and personal

conduct of all regulated members of the profession and
conveys to the public the principles by which professional
performance is adjudicated.
Slide 74
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
1. Respect
Medical Laboratory Technologists value and protect the

welfare and dignity of all individuals. We are respectful,
accessible, and cooperative with patients, colleagues, and
other healthcare providers to provide effective patient care.
Slide 75
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
1. Respect
• Respecting the dignity, privacy and independence of patients

at all times. Consideration for the welfare of patients is the
highest priority.
• Maintaining a respectful relationship with members of the

public to facilitate awareness and understanding of the
profession of medical laboratory technology.
Slide 76
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
2. Professional attitude and Behavior
Medical Laboratory Technologists are honest, dependable, and

equitable. We contribute to the development of the profession
through collegiality, mentorship, self-development, and
support of its institutions.
Slide 77
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
3. Professional development
Medical Laboratory Technologists strive for excellence in their

professional practice and personal conduct through life-long
learning. We enhance our own well-being and fitness to
practice and augment our knowledge, skills, judgments, and
attitudes through continuing education
Slide 78
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
4. Accountability
Medical Laboratory Technologists are accountable for their

actions. We are responsible first to the individual, then to
society and the environment for safe and lawful practice, and
the sustainable use of resources.
Slide 79
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
5. Confidentiality and conflict of interest
Medical Laboratory Technologists understand and

comply with applicable privacy legislation and policies
regarding the collection, use, and disclosure of confidential
information.
We recognize and disclose conflicts of

interest, and resolve them in a manner which maintains
the integrity of personal health information and protects
the best interest of patient care.
Slide 80
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
6. Safety
Medical Laboratory Technologists promote a culture

of safety. We practice in compliance with all current
provincial and federal legislation for the protection of
patients, colleagues, healthcare providers, society, the
environment, and ourselves with the intent to minimize
the risk of harm.
Slide 81
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
7. Professional Responsibility
Medical Laboratory Technologists promote excellence

in the profession and practice within the scope of
professional competence.
We recognize self-regulation is a privilege which individual

members of the profession merit through adherence to the
Code of Ethics and the Standards of Practice.
Slide 82
BIOETHICS
branch of applied ethics that studies the philosophical, social, and legal
issues arising in medicine and the life sciences.
It is chiefly concerned with human life and well-being, though it sometimes

also treats ethical questions relating to the nonhuman biological
environment.
Slide 83
Basic Principles of
Medical Ethics
Beneficence
The principle of beneficence is the obligation of physician to act for the

benefit of the patient and supports a number of moral rules to protect and
defend the right of others.
Non-maleficence
Nonmaleficence is the obligation of a physician not to harm the patient. This

simply stated principle supports several moral rules – do not kill, do not
cause pain or suffering, do not incapacitate, do not cause offense, and do
not deprive others of the goods of life.
Slide 84
Basic Principles of
Medical Ethics
Aut onomy
Requires that the patient have autonomy of thought, intention, and
action when making decisions regarding health care procedures. Therefore,
the decision-m aking process m ust be free of coercion. In order for a patient
to make a fully informed decision, she/he must understand all risks and
benefits of the procedure and the likelihood of success.
Just ice
refers to the fair, equitable, and appropriate distribution of health -
care resources determined by justified norms that structure the terms of
social cooperation.
Slide 85
PHILIPPINE CODE OF ETHICS
As I enter into the practice of Medical Technology,
I shall accept the responsibilities inherent to being a professional;
I shall uphold the law and shall not engage in illegal work nor
cooperate with anyone so engaged;
I shall avoid associating or being identified with any enterprise of

questionable character;
Slide 86
I shall work and act in a strict spirit of fairness to employer,

clients, contractors, employees and in a spirit of personal
helpfulness and fraternity toward other members of the
profession;
I shall use only honorable means of competition for professional

employment or services and shall refrain from unfairly injuring,
directly or indirectly, the professional reputation, projects or
business of a fellow medical technologist;
Slide 87
I shall accept employment from more than one employer only

when there is no conflict of interest;
I shall perform professional work in a manner that merits full

confidence and trust carried out with absolute reliability,
accuracy, fairness and honest;
I shall review the professional work of other medical

technologists, when requested fairly and in confidence
whether they are subordinates or employees, authors of
proposals for grants or contracts, authors of technical papers
or other publications or involved in litigation;
Slide 88
I shall advance the profession by exchanging general information

and experience with fellow medical technologists and other
professionals and by contributing to the work of professional
organizations;
I shall restrict my praises, criticisms, views and opinions within

constructive limits and shall not use the knowledge I know for
selfish ends;
I shall treat any information I acquired about individuals in the

course of my work as strictly confidential, and maybe divulged
only to authorized persons or entities or with consent of the
individual when necessary;
Slide 89
I shall report any infractions of these principles of professional

conduct to the authorities responsible of enforcement of
applicable laws or regulations, or to the Ethics Committee of
the Philippine Association of Medical Technologists as may be
appropriate.
To these principles, I hereby subscribe and pledge to conduct

myself at all times in a manner befitting the dignity of my
profession.
Slide 90
RA 5527
Slide 91
RA 5527
• An Act Requiring the Registration of Medical Technologist,
Defining Their Practice, and for Other Purposes
• Also known as the Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969.
• It was approved on June 21, 1969
• Upon approval of this law, Medical Technology became a

profession and all medical technologists in the Philippines
became professionals.
• The USA recognizes medical technologists as professionals as

evidenced by it move to place all Med. Tech – U.S. immigrants
under the third preference category (professionals) from the 6th
preference category (skilled workers)
Slide 92
RA 5527
Several amendments were made on RA 5527
1. RA 6138
• approved on August 31, 1970
• amendments made were on Sections 16, 21 and 22
2. PD 498
• approved on June 28, 1974
• amendments made were on Sections 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11,
13, 16, 17, 21 and 29
3. PD 1534
• amendments made were on Sections 3, 8 and 13
Slide 93
Section 1
• This Act may be also cited as the Philippine Medical

Technology Act of 1969
Slide 94
Section 2
Definition of Terms.- As used in this Act,the following terms shall

mean:
a. Practice of Medical Technology

• A person shall be deemed to be in the practice of medical
technology within the meaning of this Act, who shall for a
fee, salary or other compensation or reward paid or given
directly or indirectly through another, renders any of the
following professional services for the purpose of aiding the
physician in the diagnosis, study and treatment of diseases
and in the promotion of health in general:
Slide 95
Section 2
1. Examination of tissues, secretions and excretions of the
human body and body fluids by various electronic, chemical,
microscopic, bacteriologic, hematologic, serologic, immunologic,
nuclear, and other laboratory procedures and techniques either
manual or automated;
2. Blood banking procedures and techniques;
3. Parasitologic, Mycologic and Microbiologic procedures and

techniques;
4. Histopathologic and Cytotechnology; provided that nothing in

this paragraph shall inhibit a duly registered
medical laboratory technician from performing histopathologic
techniques and procedures.
;
Slide 96
Section 2
5. Clinical research involving patients or human beings requiring
the use of and/or application of medical technology knowledge
and procedures;
6. Preparations and standardization of reagents, standards,

stains and others, provided such reagents, standards, stains and
others are exclusively for the use of their laboratory;
7. Clinical laboratory quality control;
8. Collection and preservation of specimens;

Slide 97
Section 2
Provided, That any person who has passed the corresponding
Board examination for the practice of a profession already
regulated by existing law, shall not be subject to the provisions
of the last four preceding paragraphs if the performance of
such acts or services is merely incidental to his profession.
b. Pathologist - A duly registered physician who is specially

trained in methods of laboratory medicine, or the gross and
microscopic study and interpretation of tissues, secretion and
excretions of the human body and its functions in order to
diagnose disease, follow its course, determine the effectivity of
treatment, ascertain cause of death and advance medicine by
means of research.
Slide 98
Section 2
c. Medical Technologist - A person who engages in the
work of medical technology under the supervision of a
pathologist or licensed physician authorized by the
Department of Health in places where there is no pathologist
and who having passed the prescribed course (Bachelor of
Science in Medical Technology/Bachelor of Science in
Hygiene) of training and examination is registered under the
provision of this Act.
d. Medical Laboratory Technicians - A person certified and

registered with the Board as qualified to assist a medical
technologist and/or qualified pathologist inthe
practice of medical technology as defined in this Act.
Slide 99
Section 2
e. Accredited Medical Technology Training Laboratory - A
clinical laboratory, office, agency, clinic, hospital or sanitarium
duly approved by the Department of Health2 or its authorized
agency.
f. Recognized School of Medical Technology - Any school,
college, or university which offers a course in Medical
Technology approved by the Department of Education in
accordance with the requirements under this Act, upon
recommendation of the council of medical
technology education.
g. Council - The council of medical technology education
established under this Act.
h. Board - The Board of Examiners for Medical
Technology established under this Act.
Slide 100
Section 3
Section 3. Council of Medical Technology Education, Its
Composition.- There is hereby established a Council
of Medical Technology Education, hereafter referred to as
Council, which shall be composed of the Director of Higher
Education as Chairman; the Chairman of
the Professional Regulation Commission as Vice-Chairman;
and the Director of the Bureau of Research and Laboratories
of the Department of Health, the Chairman and two (2)
members of the Board of Medical Technology, a representative
of the Deans of Schools of Medical Technology and Public
Health, and the Presidents of the Philippine Society of
Pathologists and the Philippine Association of Medical
Technologists, as members.
Slide 101
Section 4
Section 4. Compensation and Traveling Expenses of Council
Members.- For every meeting actually attended, the Chairman
shall be entitled to a fifty pesos (P50.00) per diem while the
members shall be entitled to twenty-five pesos (P25.00) each
regardless of whether or not they receive regular salaries from
the government. In addition, the Chairman and members of
the Council shall be entitled to traveling expenses in
connection with their official duties.
Slide 102
Section 5
Section 5. Functions of the Council of Medical
Technology Education.- The functions of the Council shall be:
a. To recommend the minimum required curriculum for the
course of medical technology.
b. To determine and prescribe the number of students to be
allowed to take up the medical technology course in each
school, taking into account the student-instructor ratio and the
availability of facilities for instruction.
c. To approve medical technology schools meeting the
requirements and recommend closure of those found to be
substandard.
d. To require all medical technology schools to submit an annual
report, including the total number of students and instructors,
list of facilities available for instruction, a list of their recent
graduates and new admissions, on or before the month of
June.
Slide 103
Section 5
e. To inspect, when necessary, the different medical
technology schools in the country in order to determine
whether a high standard of education is maintained in said
institutions.
f. To certify for admission in to an undergraduate internship
students who have satisfactorily completed three years of
the medical technology course or its equivalent and to collect
from said student the amount of five pesos each which money
accrue to the operating fund of the Council.
g. Formulate and recommend approval of refresher course for
applicants who shall have failed the Board Examination for the
third time.
h. To promulgate and prescribe and enforce necessary rules and
regulations for the proper implementation of the foregoing
functions.
Slide 104
Section 6
Section 6. Minimum Required Course.- The medical technology
course shall be at least four years, including a 12-month
satisfactory internship in accredited laboratories, and shall
include the following subjects:
English Biochemistry
Spanish Gross Anatomy
Social Science Histology
General Zoology Physiology
Botany Clinical Parasitology
Mathematics General Pathology
College Physics Microbiology
Slide 105
Section 6
General Chemistry Biostatistics
Qualitative Chemistry Clinical Laboratory
Quantitative Chemistry Methods including hematology,
serology, blood banking, clinical
microscopy, applied microbiology,
and parasitology, histopathologic
techniques, and cytotechnology
The Council is hereby authorized, subject to the approval of the

Secretary of Education to change, remove from or add to the
subjects listed above as the needs and demands of progress
in the science of medical technology may require.
Slide 106
Section 7
Section 7. Medical Technology Board.- There is hereby created
a Medical Technology Board under the Professional Regulation
Commission, which shall thereafter be referred to as the Board
composed of a Chairman who is a pathologist, and two (2)
members who are registered medical technologists who shall
be appointed by the President of the Republic of the Philippines
upon recommendation of the Professional Regulation
Commission. The Chairman and members of the Board shall
hold office for three (3) years after appointments or until their
successors shall have been appointed and duly qualified:
Provided, That the incumbent members will continue to serve
until the expiration of their terms. In case of death, disability, or
removal of a member of the Board, his successor shall serve
only the balance of his term.
Slide 107
Section 8
Section 8. Qualifications of Examiners.- No person shall be
appointed as member of the Board of Examiners for Medical
Technology unless he or she is
(1) is a Filipino citizen; (2) is of good moral character; (3) is a
qualified Pathologist, or a duly registered medical technologist
of the Philippines with the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Medical Technology/Bachelor of Science in Hygiene/Public
Health; (4) has been in practice of laboratory medicine or
medical technology for at least ten years prior to his
appointment, and (5) is not a member of the faculty of any
medical technology school for at least two (2) years prior to
appointment or having any pecuniary interest direct or indirect
in such institution: Provided, however, That for the first three
years following the approval of this Act, the requirements
mentioned in number four (4) shall be reduced to five years.
Slide 108
Section 9 and 10
Section 9. Executive Officer of the Board.-
Section 10. Compensation of Members of the Board of

Examiners for Medical Technology.- Each member of the
Board shall receive as sum of ten pesos for each applicant
examined and five pesos for each applicant granted a
certificate of registration without examination.
.
Slide 109
Section 11
Section 11. Functions and Duties of the Board.- The Board is
vested with authority and required, conformably with the
provisions of this Act, to:
a. Administer the provisions of this Act;
b. Administer oaths in connection w/ the administration of this Act;
c. Issue, suspend and revoke certificates of registration for the

practice of medical technology and medical laboratory technician;
d. Look into conditions affecting the practice of medical

technology in the Philippines and, whenever necessary, adopt
such a measure may be deemed proper for the maintenance of
good ethic and standards in the practice of medical technology;
Slide 110
Section 11
e. Investigate such violations of this Act or of the rules and
regulations issued thereunder as may come to the knowledge
of the Board and, for this purpose issue subpoena and
subpoena duces tecum to secure appearance of witnesses and
production of documents in connection with charges presented
to the Board; and
f. Draft such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry
out the provisions of this Act: Provided, that the same shall be
issued only after the approval of the President of the
Philippines;
g. To determine the adequacy of the technical staff of all clinical
laboratories and blood banks before they could be licensed with
the Department of Health in accordance with R.A. No. 4655 and
1517;
Slide 111
Section 11
h. To prescribe the qualifications and training of medical
technologists as to special fields of the profession and
supervise their specialty examination conducted by the
professional organization of medical technologists accredited
by the Professional Regulation Commission;
i. To classify and prescribe the qualification and training of the

technical staff of clinical laboratories as to: Medical Technology;
Medical Technologist; Senior Medical Technologist; Medical
Technologist and Medical Laboratory Technician
Slide 112
Section 12
Section 12. Removal of Board Members.- Any member of the
Board may be removed by the President of the Philippines for
neglect of duty, incompetency, malpractice or unprofessional,
unethical, immoral or dishonorable conduct after having been
given opportunity to defend himself in a proper and
administrative investigation: Provided, that during the process
of investigation, the President shall have the power to suspend
such member under investigation and appoint a temporary
member in his place.
Slide 113
Section 13
Section 13. Accreditation of Schools of Medical Technology and of
Training Laboratories.- Upon the recommendation of the Medical
Technology Board, the Department of Education and Culture shall
approve schools of Medical Technology in accordance with the
provisions of this Act, as amended, in conjunction with the Board of
Medical Technology. The Department of Health through the Bureau of
Research and Laboratories shall approve laboratories for
accreditation as training laboratories for medical technology students
or postgraduate trainees in conjunction with the Board of Medical
Technology. The laboratories shall show satisfactory evidence that
they possess qualified personnel and are properly equipped to carry
out laboratory procedures commonly required in the following fields:
Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, Serology, Parasitology, Hematology,
Blood Banking, Clinical Microscopy, and Histopathologic techniques,
and that the scope of activities of said laboratories offer sufficient
training in said laboratory procedures.
Slide 114
Section 14
Section 14. Inhibition Against the Practice of Medical
Technology.- No person shall practice or offer to practice
medical technology as defined in this Act without having
previously obtained a valid certificate of registration from the
Board provided that registration shall not be required of the
following:
a. Duly registered physicians.
b. Medical technologist from other countries called in for

consultation or as visiting or exchange professors to colleges or
universities: Provided, they are only practicing the said function.
c. Medical technologists in the service of the United States Armed

Forces stationed in the Philippines rendering services as such
for members of the said forces only.
Slide 115
Section 15
Section 15. Examination.- Except as otherwise specifically
allowed under the provision of this Act, all applicants for
registration as medical technologist shall be required to
undergo written examination which shall be given by the Board
annually in the greater Manila area, Cebu, and Davao during
the month of August or September on such days and places as
the Board may designate. Written notices of such examination
shall be published in at least three newspapers of national
circulation by the Secretary of the Board of least thirty days
prior to the date of examination.
Slide 116
Section 16
Section 16. Qualification for Examination.- Every applicant
examination under this Act, shall, prior to the date thereof,
furnish the Board satisfactory proof that he or she:
a. Is in good health and is of good moral character;

b. Has completed a course of at least four (4) years leading to the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology or
Bachelor of Science in Public Health conferred by a recognized
school, college or university in accordance with this Decree or
having graduated from some other profession and has been
actually performing medical technology for the last five (5)
years prior to the date of the examinations, if such performance
began prior to June 21, 1969.
Slide 117
Section 17
Section 17. Scope of Examination.- The examination questions
shall cover the following subjects with their respective relative
weights:
Clinical Chemistry ...................................................... 20%
Microbiology & Parasitology ...................................... 20%
Hematology ............................................................... 20%
Blood Banking & Serology ......................................... 20%
Clinical Microscopy (Urinalysis and
other body fluids) ...................................………......... 10%
Histopathologic Techniques,
Cytotechnology, Medical
Technology Laws, Related
Laws and its implementing
rules, and the Code of Ethics ........................……….. 10%
Slide 118
Section 17
The Board shall prepare the schedule of subjects for examination
and to submit the same to the Commissioner of the
Professional Regulation Commission for publication at least
thirty (30) days before the date of examination.
The Board shall compute the general average of each examinee

according to the above-mentioned relative weights of each
subject. Provided, however, that the Board may change, add to
or remove from the list of subjects or weights above as
progress in the science of Medical Technology may require,
subject to the prior approval of the Professional Regulation
Commission, and publication of the change or amendment at
least three (3) months prior to the date of examination in which
the same is to take effect.
Slide 119
Section 18
Section 18. Report of Rating.- The Board shall, within one
hundred and twenty days after the date of completion of the
examination, report the result thereof to the Commissioner of
Civil Service, who shall submit such result to the President of
the Philippines for approval.
Slide 120
Section 19
Section 19. Rating in the Examination.- In order to pass the
examination, a candidate must obtain a general average of at
least seventy-five percent in the written test, with no rating
below fifty percent in any of the major subjects: Provided, That
the candidate has not failed in at least sixty percent of the
subjects computed according to their relative weights.
No further examinations, unless and until he shall have completed

12 months refresher course in an accredited laboratory:
Provided, That graduate of paramedical profession other than
Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/Bachelor of Science
in Hygiene admitted to an examination under the provisions of
this Act shall not be given further examinations after the
provisions of this Act shall be given further examinations after
his failure to qualify for the third time.
Slide 121
Section 20
Section 20. Oath Taking.- All successful examinees shall be
required to take a professional oath before the Board or before
any person authorized to administer oaths prior to entering
upon the practice of medical technology in the Philippines.
Slide 122
Section 21
Section 21. Issuance of Certificate of Registration.- Every
applicant who has satisfactorily passed the required
examination for medical technologist shall be issued a
certificate of registration as such: Provided, That no such
certificate shall be issued to any successful applicant who has
not attained the age of twenty-one (21) years. All certificate
shall be signed by the members of the Board and by the
Commissioner of the Professional Regulation Commission. The
duly registered medical technologists shall be required to
display his certificate of registration in the place where he
works.
Slide 123
Section 21
Provided, that upon application filed and the payment of the required fee
of one hundred and fifteen pesos (P115.00) the Board shall issue a
certificate of registration as medical technologist without examination
to persons who have been graduated with Bachelor of Science in
Medical Technology/Bachelor of Science in Public Health in duly
recognized schools of medical technology in the Philippines or in any
foreign country, Provided, That in case of the latter, the standard of
medical technology education is substantially the same as ours, and
in addition shall have been in the practice of medical technology for
at least three (3) years prior to the filing of the application in
laboratories in the Philippines duly accredited by the Bureau of
Research and Laboratories, Department of Health, or in foreign
countries if such performance began prior to June 21, 1969 and also
to all other persons who having graduated from other professions
have been actually performing medical technology practice for the
last eight (8) years prior to filing of the application, Provided, that
such performance began prior to June 21, 1969.
Slide 124
Section 21
Provided, further, that the Board shall likewise issue a certificate of
registration as medical laboratory technician without examination to
any person who upon application and payment of the required fee of
fifty pesos (P50.00) show evidence satisfactory to the Board that:
1. He or she passed the civil service examination for medical

technician given on March 21, 1964; or
2. Has finished a two-year college course and has at least one (1) year
of experience as medical laboratory technician, Provided, that for
every year of deficiency in college attainment two (2) years of
experience may be substituted; Provided, further, that an applicant
who has at least ten (10) years of experience as medical laboratory
technician as of the date of approval of this Decree regardless of his
academic attainment may qualify for registration without
examination; or
Slide 125
Section 21
3. Has failed to pass the board examination for medical technology but
had obtained a general rating of at least 70%. Provided, finally, that
a registered medical laboratory technician when employed in the
government shall have the equivalent civil service eligibility not
lower than second grade.
Slide 126
Section 22
Section 22. Fees.- The Board shall charge each applicant for
examination and registration the sum of fifty pesos for each
certificate of registration issued without prior examination in
accordance with the provisions of this Act the sum of twenty-
five pesos; for issuance of a new certificate to replace
certificate lost, destroyed or mutilated, the Board shall charge
the sum of ten pesos. All such fees shall be paid to the
disbursing officer of the Civil Service Commission who shall
pay from the receipts thereof, all authorized expenses of the
Board including the compensation of each member.
Slide 127
Section 23
Section 23. Refusal to issue Certificate.- The Board shall
refuse to issue a certificate of registration to any person
convicted by the court of competent jurisdiction of any criminal
offense involving moral turpitude, or any person guilty of
immoral or dishonorable conduct, or of unsound mind, or
incurable communicable disease, and in such shall be give to
the applicant a written statement setting forth the reason for its
action, which statement shall be incorporated in the record of
the Board..
Slide 128
Section 24
Section 24. Administrative Investigation.- Revocation or
Suspension of Certificates - Administrative investigation shall
be conducted by at least two members of the Board with one
legal officer sitting during all administrative proceedings, the
respondents shall be entitled to be represented by counsel or
be heard in person, to have a speedy and public hearing, to
confront and cross-examine witnesses against him or her, and
to all other rights guaranteed by the Constitution. The Board
may, after giving proper notice and hearing to the party
concerned reprimand an erring medical technologist or revoke
or suspend his certificate of registration for causes mentioned
in the next preceding section or for causes enumerated in
section twenty-nine (29) of this Act, or for unprofessional
conduct, malpractice, incompetency, or serious ignorance or
gross negligence in the practice of medical technology.
Slide 129
Section 24
No penalty of revocation shall be imposed unless there is a
unanimous vote of all the three members of the Board. The
Board may, by majority vote, impose the penalty or reprimand
or suspension, the latter however not to exceed two years.
When the penalty of suspension or revocation is imposed by
the Board the medical technologist shall be required to
surrender his certificate of registration within thirty days after
the decision becomes final, under the pain of perpetual
disqualification from the practice of medical technology in the
Philippines for inexcusable failure to do so. The suspension
shall run from the date of such surrender.
Slide 130
Section 25
Section 25. Appeal.- The revocation or suspension of a
certificate made by the Board shall be subject to appeal to the
Civil Service Commissioner24 whose decision shall become
final thirty days after its promulgation, unless the respondent
within the same period has appealed to the office of the
President of the Philippines.
Slide 131
Section 26
Section 26. Reinstatement, Reissue or Replacement of
Certificate.- The Board may, upon application and for reason
deemed proper and sufficient, reissue any revoked registration
certificate. The suspension of a certificate shall be re-issued to
the medical technologist concerned upon request without
prejudice to further actions by the Board for violation of the
provisions of this Act or conditions imposed by the Board upon
the medical technologist during the period of suspension.
Slide 132
Section 27
Section 27. Foreign Reciprocity.- No foreigner shall be
admitted to examination, or be given a certificate of
registration or be entitled to any of the rights and privileges
under this Act, unless the country or state of which he is a
subject or citizen permits Filipino Medical Technologist to
practice within its territorial limits on the same as the subject or
citizens of said country or state.
Slide 133
Section 28
Section 28. Roster of Medical Technologist.- A roster of
Medical Technologist shall be prepared annually by the
Secretary of the Board, commencing on the year following that
in which this Act shall become effective. This roster shall
contain the name, address and citizenship of each registered
Medical Technologist, date of registration or issuance of
certificate, and other data which in the opinion of the Board
are pertinent. The roster shall be open to public inspection and
copies thereof shall be mailed to each person included therein,
placed on file in the Office of the President, furnished all
Department Heads and all bureau, offices and
instrumentalities of the Department of Health and to such
other offices, private or governmental, and to the public upon
request.
Slide 134
Section 29
Section 29. Penal Provisions.- Without prejudice to the
provision of the Medical Act of 1959 as amended relating to
illegal practice of Medicine, the following shall be punished by
a fine of not less than two thousand pesos nor more than five
thousand pesos, or imprisonment for not less than six months
nor more than two years, or both, in the discretion of the court:
a. Any person who shall practice Medical Technology in the

Philippines without being registered or exempted from
registration in accordance with the provisions of this Act;
b. Any medical technologist, even if duly registered, who shall
practice medical technology in the Philippines without the
necessary supervision of a qualified pathologist or physician
authorized by the Department of Health;
Slide 135
Section 29
c. Any medical technologist who shall knowingly make a
fraudulent laboratory report;
d. Any duly registered medical technologist who shall refuse or
fail, after due warning by the Board to display his certificate of
registration in the place where he works;
e. Any person presenting or attempting to use as his own, the
certificate of registration of another;
f. Any person who shall give any false or fraudulent evidence of
any kind to the Board or any member thereof in obtaining a
certificate of registration as Medical Technologist;
g. Any person who shall impersonate any registrant of like or the
same name;
h. Any person who shall attempt to use a revoked or suspended
certificate of registration;
Slide 136
Section 29
i. Any person who shall in connection with his name or otherwise,
assume, use or advertise any title or description tending to
convey the impression that he is a Medical Technologist
without holding a valid certificate of registration;
j. Any person or corporate body who shall allow anyone in his
employ who is not a registered medical technologist/medical
laboratory technician to engage in the practice of medical
technology or recommend for appointment anyone to the
position of medical technologist/medical laboratory technician
knowing that he is not registered as such.
k. Any person or corporate body who shall violate the rules and
regulations of the Board or orders promulgated by it after
having been duly approved and issued by the President of the
Philippines upon recommendation of the Commissioner of
Civil Service for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of
this Act.
Slide 137
Sections 30, 31, 32

Section 30. Separability Clause.- All acts, executive, rules and
regulations, or parts thereof inconsistent with the provisions to
any persons or circumstances is declare invalid by a court of
competent jurisdiction, the remainder of this Act of the
application of such provisions to other persons or
circumstances shall not be affected by such declaration.
Section 31. Repealing Clause.- All acts, executive, rules and
regulations, or parts thereof inconsistent with the provisions of
this Act are hereby repealed: Provided, however, that nothing
in this Act shall be construed as repealing or amending any
portion of the Medical Act of 1959
Section 32. Effectivity.- This Act shall take effect upon its
approval.
Approved, June 21, 1969.
Slide 138
Signatories of RA 5527
1. Gil. J. Puyat – Senate President
2. J.B. Laurel Jr. – Speaker of the House of Representatives
3. Eliseo M. Tenza – Secretary of Senate
4. Inocencio B. Pareja – Secretary of House of Representatives
5. Ferdinand E. Marcos – President of the Philippines

Slide 139
RA 4688
Slide 140
RA 4688
• AN ACT REGULATING THE OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE OF CLINICAL LABORATORIES AND
REQUIRING THE REGISTRATION OF THE SAME WITH THE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, PROVIDING PENALTY FOR
THE VIOLATION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
• Also known as the Clinical Laboratory Law.
• It was approved on June 18, 1966

Slide 141
RA 4688
• Managing clinical laboratories in the Philippines is legally
guided by Republic Act 4688 or the Clinical Laboratory Law of
1966 with several Administrative Orders (AO) and Executive
Orders (EO) to supplement its implementation.
• The legal history of RA 4688 started on June 18, 1966 when it

was approved and ratified by the president of the Philippines.
The law then developed with the aid of several Administrative
and Executive Orders that were issued for supplementation and
regulatory guidelines in support of RA 4688.
Slide 142
RA 4688
• The following Administrative and Executive Orders were issued in
relation to RA 4688:
• AO 201 s. 1973
• AO 290 s. 1976
• AO 52 s. 1983
• AO 49-B s. 1988
• EO 102 s. 1999
• (Redirecting the Functions and Operations of the DOH)
• AO 59 s. 2001
• (Rules and Regulations Governing the Establishment, Operation
and Maintenance of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines)
• AO 27 s. 2007
• (Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the Licensure and
Regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines)
Slide 143
RA 4688
• Section 1. Any person, firm or corporation, operating and
maintaining a clinical laboratory in which body fluids, tissues,
secretions, excretions and radioactivity from beings or animals
are analyzed for the determination of the presence of
pathologic organisms, processes and/or conditions in the
persons or animals from which they were obtained,
shall register and secure a license annually at the office of the
Secretary of Health: provided, that government hospital
laboratories doing routine or minimum laboratory examinations
shall be exempt from the provisions of this section if their
services are extensions of government regional or central
laboratories.
Slide 144
RA 4688
Sec. 2. It shall be unlawful for any person to be professionally in-
charge of a registered clinical laboratory unless he is a licensed
physician duly qualified in laboratory medicine and authorized
by the Secretary of Health, such authorization to be renewed
annually.
No license shall be granted or renewed by the Secretary of Health

for the operation and maintenance of a clinical laboratory
unless such laboratory is under the administration, direction
and supervision of an authorized physician, as provided for in
the preceding paragraph.
Slide 145
RA 4688
Sec. 3. The Secretary of Health, through the Bureau of Research
and Laboratories shall be charged with the responsibility of
strictly enforcing the provisions of this Act and shall be
authorized to issue such rules and regulations as may be
necessary to carry out its provisions.
Sec. 4. Any person, firm or corporation who violates any

provisions of this Act or the rules and regulations issued
thereunder by the Secretary of Health shall be punished with
imprisonment for not less than one month but not more than
one year, or by a fine of not less than one thousand pesos nor
more than five thousand pesos, or both such fine and
imprisonment, at the discretion of the court.
Slide 146
AO No. 59 series of 2001

Section 1 : Title
• Rules and Regulations Governing the Establishment, Operation

and Maintenance of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines
Section 2: Authority
Section 3 – Purpose
Section 4 – Scope
Slide 147

Section 5 – Classification of Laboratories
Classification by Function
Clinical Pathology
Anatomic Pathology
Classification by Institutional Character

Hospital-based Lab
Non-hospital based Lab
Slide 148
Clinical Laboratories
Clinical Laboratories are facilities that perform chemical and

microscopic examinations of various body fluids like blood and
tissues.
These are found in a variety of settings, both in government and

private hospitals or free standing (non-hospital) laboratories such
as those found in private clinics, physician’s offices, government
agencies and military institutions.
A clinical laboratory may be large offering sophisticated services

and employing laboratory scientists and technicians, or it may be
a small facility having only selected employees.
Slide 149
Slide 150
Hospital-Based Free-standing Clinical Laboratory

Clinical Laboratory
Slide 151
Slide 152
Slide 153
Slide 154
Slide 155
Slide 156
Pathology
Pathology is divided into two areas: Anatomical and Clinical
A pathologist may specialize in either anatomic pathology or

clinical pathology or both.
Anatomic pathology is the diagnosis or confirmation of diseases

through cellular differentiation in surgical pathology, cytology,
autopsy examination and forensic pathology.
Clinical pathology specializes in chemistry, clinical microscopy,

microbiologic, immunologic and hematologic procedures. Also
included are the practices of cytogenetics, toxicology and
therapeutic drug monitoring.
Slide 157
Anatomic Pathology Clinical Pathology

Slide 158

Section 6 – Policies
Section 7 – Requirements and Procedures for Application of Permit to

Construct & License to Operate
Section 8 – Violations
Section 9 – Investigation of Charges or Complaints
Section 10 – Modification and Revocation of License
Section 11 – Repealing Clause
Section 12 – Publication of List of Licensed Clinical Laboratories
Section 13 – Effectivity
Slide 159

STAFFING
Clinical Lab shall be managed by a Pathologist

in areas where pathologists are no available, a physician with 3 months
training in clinical lab medicine, quality control & laboratory management
may manage a primary / secondary category clinical labs. (BHFS shall
certify the training) For Hospital-based Laboratory, there shall be AT
LEAST ONE RMT PER SHIFT. There shall be staff development &
continuing education for staff
Slide 160

PHYSICAL FACILITIES
The Clinical Lab should be well-ventilated, adequately lighted,

clean and safe
The working space should be sufficient
There shall be an adequate water supply
The working space for all categories of clinical labs:
Slide 161
Category Space in sq. m.
Primary 10
Secondary 20
Tertiary 60
(to include a separate,
enclosed, and adequately
ventilated room for
Microbiology
Slide 162

Mobile Lab:
Allowed to collect specimen
Allowed to operate within 100 km radius from the Main Lab
Slide 163

Minimum Requirements for Equipments / Instruments
Primary Category
Clinical Centrifuge
Hemacytometer
Microhematocrit Centrifuge
Microscope with OIO
Hemoglobinometer
Differential Blood Cell Counter
Slide 164
Secondary Category
All those in Primary Category
Refrigerator
Photometer or its equivalent
Water Bath
Timer
Slide 165
Tertiary Category
All those in Secondary Category
Incubator
Balance (Triple/Analytical)
Rotator
Serofuge or its equivalent
Autoclave
Drying Oven
Biosafety Cabinet
Slide 166
Quality Control Program
Internal QC Program
External QC Program (designated by the National Reference

Laboratories)
Records
All Lab records shall be kept on file for at least ONE YEAR
Records of Anatomic and Forensic Pathology shall be kept
PERMANENTLY in the Lab
Slide 167
Slide 168
Slide 169
RA 7719
Slide 170
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1517

• REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1517 - AN ACT REGULATING THE
COLLECTION, PROCESSING AND SALE OF HUMAN
BLOOD, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT AND OPERATION OF
BLOOD BANKS AND BLOOD PROCESSING
LABORATORIES
• Also known as the Blood Banking Law
• repealed by RA 7719
Slide 171
RA 7719
• AN ACT PROMOTING VOLUNTARY BLOOD
DONATION,PROVIDING FOR AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF
SAFEBLOOD, REGULATING BLOOD BANKS, AND
PROVIDINGPENALTIES FOR VIOLATION THEREOF
• National Blood Services Act of 1994
• approved on May 5, 1994

Slide 172
RA 7719
Section 1.
Title
.
– This Act shall be known as the
"National Blood Services Act of 1994."
Slide 173
RA 7719
Sec. 2.
Declaration of Policy
. – In order to promote public health, it is herebydeclared the policy of
the State:(a) to promote and encourage voluntary blood donation by
the citizenry and toinstill public consciousness of the principle that
blood donation is a humanitarianact;(b) to lay down the legal principle
that the provision of blood for transfusion is aprofessional medical
service and not a sale of a commodity;(c) to provide for adequate,
safe, affordable and equitable distribution of supply of blood and
blood products;(d) to inform the public of the need for voluntary blood
donation to curb thehazards caused by the commercial sale of
blood;(e) to teach the benefits and rationale of voluntary blood
donation in the existinghealth subjects of the formal education system
in all public and private schools, inthe elementary, high school and
college levels as well as the non-formal educationsystem;
Slide 174
RA 7719
Sec. 2.
Declaration of Policy
. (f) to mobilize all sectors of the community to participate in mechanisms
forvoluntary and non-profit collection of blood;(g) to mandate the
Department of Health to establish and organize a NationalBlood
Transfusion Service Network in order to rationalize and improve
theprovision of adequate and safe supply of blood;(h) to provide for
adequate assistance to institutions promoting voluntary blooddonation
and providing non-profit blood services, either through a system
of reimbursement for costs from patients who can afford to pay, or
donations fromgovernmental and non-governmental entities;(i) to require
all blood collection units and blood banks/centers to operate on anon-
profit basis;(j) to establish scientific and professional standards for the
operation of bloodcollection units and blood banks/centers in the
Philippines;(k) to regulate and ensure the safety of all activities related to
the collection,storage and banking of blood; and(l) to require upgrading
of blood banks/centers to include preventive services andeducation to
control spread of blood transfusion transmissible diseases
Slide 175
RA 7719
Sec. 3.
Definitions
. – For purposes of this Act, the following terms shall mean:(a)
Blood/blood product
- refers to human blood, processed or unprocessed andincludes
blood components, its products and derivatives;(b)
Blood bank/center
- a laboratory or institution with the capability to recruitand screen
blood donors, collect, process, store, transport and issue blood
fortransfusion and provide information and/or education on
blood transfusiontransmissible diseases;(c)
Commercial blood bank
- a blood bank that exists for profit;(d)
Slide 176
RA 7719
Sec. 3.
Definitions
Hospital-based blood bank
- a blood bank which is located within thepremises of a hospital
and which can perform compatibility testing of blood;(e)
Blood collection unit
- an institution or facility duly authorized by theDepartment of
Health to recruit and screen donors and collect blood;(f)
Voluntary blood donor
- one who donates blood on one's own volition orinitiative and
without monetary compensation;(g)
Department
- the Department of Health
Slide 177
RA 7719
Sec. 3.
Definitions
(h)
Blood transfusion transmissible diseases
– diseases which may betransmitted as a result of blood
transfusion, including AIDS, Hepatitis-B, Malariaand Syphilis;(i)
Secretary of Health
- the Secretary of Health or any other person to whom
theSecretary delegates the responsibility of carrying out the
provisions of this Act;and(j)
Walking Blood Donor
- an individual included in the list of qualifiedvoluntary blood
donors referred to in Section 4, paragraph (e), who is ready
todonate blood when needed in his/her community
Slide 178
RA 7719
Sec. 4.
Promotion of Voluntary Blood Donation
. – In order to ensure adequatesupply of human blood, voluntary
blood donation shall be promoted through thefollowing:(a)
Public Education. - Through an organized and sustained
nationwide publiceducation campaign by the Department, the
Philippine National Red Cross(PNRC) and the Philippine Blood
Coordinating Council (PBCC), as the leadagencies, other
government agencies, local government units (particularly
thebarangays), non-governmental organizations, all medical
organizations, all publicand private hospitals, all health and
health-related institutions, print and broadcastmedia as well as
other
Slide 179
RA 7719
Sec. 4.
. –The Department is hereby authorized to set aside funds and
generate financialsupport for all sectors involved in the
collection and processing of blood fromvoluntary blood donors
through a system of reimbursement for costs for patientswho
can afford to pay or from donations from government and
privateinstitutions. Voluntary donors shall likewise be provided
nonmonetary incentivesas may be determined by the
Department
Slide 180
RA 7719
Sec. 4.
. –b) Promotion in Schools. - The benefits and rationale of voluntary
blooddonation shall be included and given emphasis in health
subjects of schools, bothpublic and private, at the elementary, high
school and college levels. TheDepartment of Education, Culture and
Sports shall also require such inclusion inits non-formal education
curricula.(c) Professional Education. - The Department, the PBCC,
the Philippine Societyof Hematology and Blood Transfusion (PSHBT),
the Philippine Society of Pathologists (PSP), the Philippine Medical
Association (PMA), the PhilippineAssociation of Medical
Technologists (PAMET) and the Philippine NursingAssociation (PNA)
are encouraged to conduct for their respective members and aspart
of the continuing medical education, trainings on the rational use of
bloodand blood products including the merits of voluntary blood
donation
Slide 181
RA 7719
Sec. 4.
. –(d) Establishment of Blood Services Network. – Blood centers
shall bestrategically established in every province and city
nationwide within theframework of a National Blood Transfusion
Service Network spearheaded by theDepartment, in coordination
with the PNRC. The collection of blood in variousareas in the
community, such as schools, business enterprises, barangays,
andmilitary camps shall be promoted.The Secretary shall set the
standards for the scientific and professionalestablishment and
operation of blood banks/centers and collection units.
Slide 182
RA 7719
Sec. 4.
. TheDepartment shall provide training programs and technical
assistance to enablecommunities, schools, industrial and business
sites, barangays, military campsand local government units to
implement their own voluntary blood donationprograms.(e)
Walking Blood Donors. - In areas where there may be inadequate
bloodbanking facilities, the walking blood donor concept shall be
encouraged and allgovernment hospitals, ruralhealth units, health
centers and barangays in theseareas shall be required to keep at
all times a list of qualified voluntary blooddonors with their
specified blood typing
Slide 183
RA 7719
Sec. 5.
National Voluntary Blood Services Program
. – The Department, incooperation with the PNRC and PBCC and
other government agencies and non-governmental organizations
shall plan and implement a National Voluntary BloodServices
Program (NVBSP) to meet in an evolutionary manner, the needs
for bloodtransfusion in all regions of the country. Funds for this
purpose shall be provided by theGovernment through the
budgetary allocation of the Department, by the PhilippineCharity
Sweepstakes Office (PCSO) with an initial amount of at least
Twenty-fivemillion pesos (P25,000,000), by the Philippine
Amusement and Gaming Corporation(PAGCOR) with an initial
amount of at least Twenty-five million pesos (P25,000,000),by the
trust liability account of the Duty Free Shop (Duty Free Philippines)
with an initialamount of at least Twenty million pesos
(P20,000,000) and through contributions of otheragencies such as
civic organizations.
Slide 184
RA 7719
Sec. 6.
Upgrading of Services and Facilities
. – All blood banks/centers shallprovide preventive health services
such as education and counselling on bloodtransfusion
transmissible diseases. All government hospitals, including
those that havebeen devolved, shall be required to establish
voluntary blood donation programs and allprivate hospitals shall
be encouraged to establish voluntary blood donation
programs.The Department, in consultation with the PSHBT and
the PSP, shall also establishguidelines for the rational use of
blood and blood products
Slide 185
RA 7719
Sec. 7.
Phase-out of Commercial Blood Banks
. – All commercial blood banksshall be phased-out over a period
of two (2) years after the effectivity of this Act,extendable to a
maximum period of two (2) years by the Secretary
Sec. 8.
Non-Profit Operation
. – All blood banks/centers shall operate on a non-profit basis:
Provided
, That they may collect service fees not greater than the
maximumprescribed by the Department which shall be limited
to the necessary expenses entailed incollecting and processing
of blood. Blood shall be collected from healthy voluntarydonors
only
Slide 186
RA 7719
Sec. 9.
Regulation of Blood Services
. – It shall be unlawful for any person toestablish and operate a
blood bank/center unless it is registered and issued a license
tooperate by the Department: Provided
, That in case of emergencies, blood collection andtransfusion
under the responsibility of the attending physician shall be
allowed inhospitals without such license under certain
conditions prescribed by the Department. Nolicense shall be
granted or renewed by the Department for the establishment
andoperation of a blood bank/center unless it complies with the
standards prescribed by theDepartment. Such blood
bank/center shall be under the management of a licensed
andqualified physician duly authorized by the Department
Slide 187
RA 7719
Sec. 10.
Importation of Blood Bank Equipment, Blood Bags and
Reagents
. –Upon the effectivity of this Act, equipment,
blood bags and reagents used for thescreening and testing of
donors, collection and processing and storage of blood shall be
imported tax-and duty-free by the PNRC, blood banks and
hospitals participating activelyin the National Voluntary Blood
Services Program. This provision shall be implementedby the
rules and regulations to be promulgated by the Department in
consultation and coordination with the Department of Finance.
Slide 188
RA 7719
Sec. 11.
Rules and Regulations
.
– The implementation of the provisions of thisAct shall be in
accordance with the rules and regulations to be promulgated by
theSecretary, within sixty (60) days from the approval hereof.
The existing
Revised Rulesand Regulations Governing the Collection,
Processing and Provision of Human Blood and the
Establishment and Operation of Blood Banks
shall remain in force unless amended or revised by the Secretary.
The rules and regulations shall prescribe from timeto time the
maximum ceiling for fees for the provision of blood, including its
collection,processing and storage, professional services and a
reasonable allowance for spoilage.
Slide 189
RA 7719
Sec. 12.
Penalties
. – Upon complaint of any person and after due notice andhearing,
any blood bank/center which shall collect charges and fees
greater than themaximum prescribed by the Department shall
have its license suspended or revoked bythe Secretary.Any
person or persons who shall be responsible for the above
violation shallsuffer the penalty of imprisonment of not less than
one (1) month nor more than six (6)months, or a fine of not less
than Five thousand pesos (P5,000) nor more than
Fiftythousand pesos (P50,000), or both at the discretion of the
competent
Slide 190
RA 7719
Sec. 12.
Penalties
. –Any person who shall establish and operate a blood bank
without securing anylicense to operate from the Department or
who fails to comply with the standardsprescribed by the
Department referred to in Section 9 hereof shall suffer the
penalty of 6imprisonment of not less than twelve (12) years
and one (1) day nor more than twenty(20) years or a fine of not
less than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000) nor more than
Fivehundred thousand pesos (P500,000), or both at the
discretion of the competent court.The Secretary, after due
notice and hearing, may impose administrative sanctionssuch
as, but not limited to fines, suspension, or revocation of license
to operate a bloodbank/center and to recommend the
suspension or revocation of the license to practice
theprofession when appliclable.
Slide 191
RA 7719
Sec. 12.
Penalties
. –The head of the blood bank and the necessary trained
personnel under the head'sdirect supervision found responsible
for dispensing, transfusing and failing to dispose,within forty-
eight (48) hours, blood which have been proven contaminated
with bloodtransfusion transmissible diseases shall be
imprisoned for ten (10) years. This is withoutprejudice to the
filing of criminal charges under the Revised Penal Code.
Slide 192
RA 7719
Sec. 13.
Separability Clause
. – If any provision of this Act is declared invalid, theother provisions
hereof not affected thereby shall remain in force and effect.
Sec. 14.
Repealing Clause
. – This Act shall supersede Republic Act No. 1517entitled "Blood
Bank Act." The provisions of any law, executive order,
presidentialdecree or other issuances inconsistent with this Act are
hereby repealed or modifiedaccordingly.
Sec. 15.
Effectivity Clause
. – This Act shall take effect after fifteen (15) daysfollowing its
publication in the
Official Gazette or in two (2) national newspapers of general
circulation.
Slide 193
RA 7719
Approved:
EDGARDO J. ANGARA - President of the Senate
JOSE DE VENECIA, JR. -

Speaker of the House of Representatives
Approved: 15 May 1994(Sgd.)
FIDEL V. RAMOS - President of the Philippines
Important Notes:
Blood Donor’s Week – shall be held annually on the Second
Week of July
Slide 194
Administrative Order No. 2008-0008: Rules and Regulations

Governing the Regulation of Blood Services Facilities
I. Background and Rationale

Republic Act No. 7719, otherwise known as National Blood Services Act of
1994 was passed out to ensure safe and efficient Blood Banking and
transfusion practices in the Philippines. To carry out the provisions of
Republic Act 7719, Administrative Order No. 9 s. 1995 "Rules and
Regulations Implementing Republic Act 7719" was formulated. Chapter VIII
of the said Administrative Order addresses the regulation of blood services
by the Bureau of Research and Laboratories (now Bureau of Health
Facilities and Services). This was amended by Administrative Order No. 17-
A s. 1998, otherwise known as the Requirements and Procedures for a
License to Operate a BB/ BC in the Philippines. The Rules and Regulations
Governing Authorization of BCU and BS was formulated and approved in
2003.
Slide 195
II. Objectives
These rules and regulations are promulgated to protect and promote the health
of the people by ensuring available licensed blood service facilities with
adequate staff, equipment and resources to perform all the required
functions safely, efficiently and effectively.
III. Scope
The rules and regulations embodied herein shall apply to all government and
private blood service facilities engaged in blood banking and transfusion
services.
.
Slide 196
IV. Definition of Terms

A. Act – Republic Act No. 7719, also known as the National Blood Services Act
of 1994, unless herein specified.
B. ATO – Authority to Operate. It is a formal permit issued by the DOH-CHD to
an individual, partnership, corporation or association to a BCU/BS.
C. BB – Blood Bank
D. BC – Blood Center
E. BHFS – Bureau of Health Facilities and Services
F. Blood – refers to human blood for transfusion
G. Blood Component – refers, but not limited to whole blood, red cells,
granulocytes, plasma, platelets, cryoprecipitate and cryosupernate prepared
in a BC.
H. BCU – Blood Collection Unit
I. Blood Product – a therapeutic substance derived from whole blood or plasma
J. BS – Blood Station
K. BSF – Blood Service Facility. It is a unit, agency or institution providing blood
products. The types of BSF are BS, BCU, hospital BB and BC (regional,
sub-national and national)
Slide 197
L. Blood Services Network – an organization composed of the designated BCs,

hospital BBs, BCUs, BSs, end-user hospitals and other health facilities
established to provide for the blood needs of a specific geographical area.
M. CHD – Center for Health Development, the DOH regional field office
N. DOH – Department of Health
O. End-user Hospital – a hospital with a licensed clinical laboratory capable of
red cell typing and cross-matching and which does not have any BSF, but
only receives blood and blood components for blood transfusion as needed.
P. End-user Non-Hospital Health Facility – a licensed/accredited non-hospital
health facility without a licensed clinical laboratory, but administers blood
transfusion such as dialysis clinic and birthing home under supervision of a
licensed physician/s
Q. EQUAS – External Quality Assessment Scheme
R. HBTC – Hospital Blood Transfusion Committee
S. LTO – License to Operate. It is a formal authority issued by the DOH to an
individual, partnership, corporation or association to operate a BB/BC
Slide 198
T. NCBS – National Council for Blood Services

U. NVBSP – National Voluntary Blood Services Program
V. PNRC – Philippine National Red Cross
W. TTI – Transfusion-transmitted Infections
X. Voluntary, Non-remunerated Blood Donor – a donor who gives blood freely
and voluntarily without receiving money or any form of payment
Slide 199
V. Policies and Guidelines

A. General Guidelines
1. Every BSF shall be an integral part of a blood service network and guided by
administrative issuances governing the establishment and operation of blood
service networks.
a. Each BC shall have responsibility for and authority over the conduct and
close supervision of the BCU /BS affiliated with the Blood Service Network.
b. The head of the BC or his designated staff shall conduct on site periodic
evaluation of each affiliated BB, BCU and BS.
2. All BSF are required to comply with the standards and technical requirements
embodied in the inspection tools. It shall be posted at the DOH
websitewww.doh.gov.ph
3. Blood shall be collected from qualified health voluntary non-remunerated
blood donors only.
4. Testing for TTIs shall be based on the DOH prescribed methodology. The
number of infections to be screened as well as the method for their detection
shall be determined and reviewed periodically by the NCBS.
Slide 200
5. Testing for TTIs shall be done at the national, sub-national and designated
regional BCs including PNRC BCs. Such designation shall be determined by
the NCBS pursuant to AO 2005-0002.
6. All units of blood issued by the Philippine BC, sub-national BCs, regional
BCs and PNRC under the Philippine National Blood Services Network shall
not be retested for TTIs by the end-user hospitals and other health facilities.
It is the responsibility of the issuing BCs to ensure that all units of blood
issued have been tested and found to be negative to TTIs.
7. Blood and blood products for transfusion shall be obtained from licensed and
authorized BSF only.
Slide 201
B. Specific Guidelines
1. Classification of BSF
a. Ownership
1) Government – operated and maintained partially or wholly by a national,
provincial, city or municipal government or other political unit by any
department, division, board or agency thereof or by a government owned or
controlled operation.
2) Private (for hospital-based BSF only) – privately owned, established and
operated with funds through donation, capital or other means by an
individual, corporation, association or organization.
b. Institutional Character
1) Hospital-based – a BSF located within the premises of a hospital.
2) Non-hospital-based – a government-owned or PNRC-owned BSF located
outside the premises of a hospital consistent with the NVBSP strategic plan.
Slide 202
c. Service Capability
1) BS
a) Advocacy and promotion of voluntary blood donation and healthy lifestyle
b) Provision of whole blood and packed red cells
c) Storage, issuance, transport and distribution of whole blood and packed
red cells
d) Compatibility testing of red cell units, if hospital-based
2) BCU
b) Recruitment, retention and care of voluntary blood donors
c) Screening and selection of voluntary blood donors
d) Conduct of health education and counseling services
e) Collection of blood (mobile or facility-based) from qualified blood donors
f) Transport of blood to BC for testing and processing
g) Compatibility testing of red cell units, if hospital-based
Slide 203
3) BCU/BS – all services stipulated under BCU and BS

4) BB
b) Storage and issuance of whole blood and blood components obtained
from a BC
c) The following services shall also be provided
i. Compatibility testing for red cell units
ii. Direct Coombs test
iii. Red cell antibody screening
iv. Investigation of transfusion reactions
v. Assist the HBTC in the conduct of post-transfusion surveillance
(hemovigilance)
5) BC
b) Recruitment, retention and care of voluntary blood donors
c) Collection of blood (mobile or facility-based) from qualified blood donors
d) Conduct health education and counseling services
e) Testing of units of blood for TTIs
f) Processing and provision of blood components
g) Storage, issuance, transport and distribution of units of whole blood
and/or blood products to hospitals and other health facilities
Slide 204
2. Standards and Technical Requirements

a. The BSF appoints and allocates personnel who are suitably qualified, skilled
and trained to assume the responsibilities, authority, accountability and
functions of the position.
b. Services are provided in an environment that promotes safety, has adequate
space, meets the needs of clients, service providers and other stakeholders,
and conforms to the current Manual of Standards issued by the DOH.
c. All equipment and instruments necessary for the safe and effective provision
of services are available and are properly maintained.
d. All reagents and glasswares to be used by the BSF shall be based on the
minimum requirement for sensitivity and specificity of testing reagents as the
testing procedures as recommended by the technical committee of the
NVBSP.
e. There shall be a system of reporting and recording of results of BSF
examinations.
Slide 205
f. The BSF shall put into practice a quality assurance program

1) There shall be a policy on quality assurance program and continuous quality
improvement.
2) The BSF shall participate in an External Quality Assessment Program
administered by the designated National Reference Laboratories (NRL) or
other external assessment program approved by the DOH-NVBSP.
g. There shall be a system in outsourcing of examinations and blood
components.
h. All hospital-based BB, BCU, and/or BS shall establish an HBTC.
i. All BSF shall comply with policies and guidelines of the NVBSP.
Slide 206
3. LTO/ATO
a. Hospital bases BBs, BCUs and BS shall be licensed or authorized to operate
through the One-stop-shop Licensure for Hospitals and are therefore not
required to obtain a separate LTO or ATO. The required documents for the
licensure of the BB or the authorization of the BCU or BS shall be submitted
to the CHD along with the other documentary requirements for the hospital
LTO.
b. The LTO/ATO shall be granted in accordance with the prescribed
documentary and technical requirements and on the basis of specific
conditions and limitations established during inspection.
c. The LTO/ATO as well as any right under the license/authorization cannot be
assigned or otherwise transferred directly or indirectly to any party.
d. The LTO/ATO must be displayed at all times at a prominent place within the
premises.
e. The CHD shall be notified within 15 calendar days of any change in
management name or ownership. In cases of transfer of location, a new
application for LTO/ATO shall be required.
f. A separate LTO/ATO shall be required for each BSF or branch maintained in
separate premises even if operated by the same management.
Slide 207
4. Maximum Allowable Service Fees

a. The BSF may collect a reasonable service fee for every blood/blood product
issued which shall not be greater than the maximum fees prescribed by the
DOH. The NVBSP shall periodically review the maximum allowable service
fee specifying the basic requirements and special tests covered by the
service fee.
b. The prescribed maximum allowable fees shall be placed in an area readily
seen by the public.
c. The basic donor screening and blood testing procedures shall be determined
by the NVBSP through analysis of research information such as disease
prevalence studies and risk estimates, consultation with the technical
experts and careful evaluation of the optimum benefits from the expected
cost of these tests.
Slide 208
VI. Procedural Guidelines

A. Application for LTO for BCs and BBs and ATO for BCU and BS
1. Applicant requests for relevant information and prescribed form from the
CHD under whose jurisdiction the proposed BSF is located, in person or
through mail, e-mail or the internet.
2. Applicant accomplishes required documents and submits them to the CHD.
Documentary requirements for the issuance of LTO/ATO:
a. Certificate of inclusion in the Regional Blood Services Network approved
by the identified Lead Blood Center in the region
b. Duly accomplished and notarized application form
c. DTI/SEC registration (initial)
d. List of personnel with photocopy of valid PRC card
e. Location map (initial)
f. Floor diagram
g. List of equipment – with serial number, brand, date of purchase, number
of units and operational status
h. NVBSP Annual Blood Report (renewal)
i. Certificate of participation in EQAS in previous year (renewal)
Slide 209
3. The CHD director or his authorized representative/s reviews documents for

completeness, authenticity and compliance with the requirements.
4. The applicant pays the appropriate fees based on current prescribed DOH
schedule of fees to the CHD cashier in person or through postal money
order. BSF operating as BCU/BS shall be charged the corresponding fee for
BCU.
B. Inspection
1. The CHD director or his authorized representative/s inspects the BSF within
30 calendar days from the time of application to determine compliance with
standards and technical requirements.
2. The CHD inspection team prepares official summary of findings and
recommends approval or disapproval after inspection.
Slide 210
C. Issuance of LTO/ATO
1. The CHD director approves or disapproves the issuance of LTO/ATO.
a. If approved, the BSF is registered and an LTO/ATO is issued to the applicant
within 15 calendar days.
b. If disapproved, a copy of inspection findings and recommendations is
provided to the applicant within 15 calendar days from the time of inspection.
c. An application for an LTO/ATO that is not processed within the 30 calendar
day period is considered approved.
D. Renewal of LTO/ATO
1. The LTO/ATO shall be renewed every 3 years. All hospital BSF shall renew
their LTO/ATO annually as part of the One-Stop-Shop licensure for hospitals.
2. Application for the renewal of LTO/ATO shall be filed on the 1st day of
October until the last day of November on the last year of the LTO validity
period to the CHD under which jurisdiction the BSF is located.
3. The LTO/ATO may be renewed only if it complies with the prescribed
standards and technical requirements.
Slide 211
VII. Validity of License to Operate

The LTO/ATO to operate a BSF shall be valid for a period of 3 years beginning
on January 1 of the 1st year of the validity period to December 31 of the 3rd
year of the validity period.
As part of the hospital license to operate, the license to operate/authority to
operate a BB/BCU/BS shall be valid for a period of 1 year beginning January
1 to December 31.
VIII. Monitoring
The BHFS/CHD director or his authorized representative/s is authorized to
monitor and conduct on-site visits to the BSF at any given time. The BSF
shall make available to the monitoring team all pertinent records to
determine the level of compliance with the National Blood Services Act and
these rules and regulations.
Slide 212
IX. Violations
Violations of the National Blood Services Act or the rules and regulations issued
in pursuance thereto, include the commission of the following acts by
individual, corporation, association or organization operating the BSF or
people under their authority:
A. Any material false statement in the application
B. Misinterpretation of facts or falsification of documents or records
C. Refusal to make available its books, accounts and records of operation to
an authorized person from the BHFS/CHD
D. Charging of blood service fees above the maximum fees set by the DOH
E. Collection of blood from paid or remunerated donor whether payment
comes from the hospital or from the patient/relatives.
F. Refusal to participate in EQAS conducted by the designated National
Reference Laboratories.
Slide 213
X. Transitory Provisions
All previously licensed hospital based and PNRC BCs already performing the
blood testing and processing shall be allowed to operate as such until
December 31, 2009. By 2010, there shall be a nationally coordinated blood
service network with only the designated BCs performing the centralized
testing and processing.
XI. Investigation and Hearing of Charges or Complaints

Upon filing of charges or complaints duly sworn to by any individual,
corporation, association or organization against any BSF or any of its
personnel who has violated or is violating the provisions of RA 7719 or any
of these rules and regulations, the BHFS/CHD director or his authorized
representatives/s shall investigate and verify if the BSF concerned or any of
its personnel is guilty of the charges or complaints. If upon investigation and
hearing, the BSF concerned or any of its personnel is found violating the
provisions of RA 7719 or any of these rules and regulations, the CHD
director shall suspend the LTO/ATO for a definite or indefinite period of time
or revoke the LTO/ATO without prejudice to taking the case to judicial
authorities for criminal action.
Slide 214
XII. Suspension/Revocation of License/Authority to Operate

An LTO/ATO shall be suspended or revoked by the CHD director upon violation
of the National Blood Services Act or rules and regulations issued in
pursuance thereto. The CHD director shall notify the BSF concerned or any
of its personnel by registered mail the particular reasons for the denial or
revocation of LTO/ATO.
XIII. Appeal
Any BSF or any of its personnel aggrieved by the decision of the CHD director
may, within 30 calendar days after receipt of notice of the decision, file a
notice of appeal with the Office of the Secretary through the BHFS and serve
a copy of the notice of appeal to the CHD. Thereupon, the CHD director
shall promptly certify and file a copy of the decision, including the transcript
of the hearings on which the decision is based, with the Office of the
Secretary for review. The decision of the Office of the Secretary shall be final
and executor.
Slide 215
XIV. Closure
The CHD director or his authorized representative/s shall immediately close all
BSF without and LTO/ATO and may seek assistance of any government
agency to effectively enforce the closure.
XV. Penal Provision

A. Upon conviction, any BSF that collects service fees greater than the
maximum prescribed by the DOH shall have its LTO/ATO suspended or
revoked by the CHD director. Any individual, corporation, association or
organization who is responsible for the above violation shall suffer a penalty
of imprisonment of not less than 1 month but not more than 6 months or a
fine of not less than Php 5,000.00 but not more than Php 50,000.00 or both
at the discretion of the judicial authority.
B. Any individual, corporation, association or organization who establishes and

manages a BSF without securing the necessary LTO/ATO from the CHD or
violates any provision of these rules and regulations shall suffer a penalty of
imprisonment of not less than 12 years but not more than 20 years or a fine
of not less than Php 50,000.00 but not more than Php 500,000.00 or both at
the discretion of the judicial authority.
Slide 216
C. The head of the BSF and the personnel responsible for dispensing or
transfusing unscreened, incompletely tested and/or contaminated blood or
failing to dispose within 48 hours blood that is contaminated with transfusion
transmissible infections after receipt of confirmatory testing result from the
Research Institute of Tropical Medicine National Reference Laboratory shall
be imprisoned for 10 years. This shall be without prejudice to the filing of
criminal charges under the Revised Penal Code.
D. The CHD director, after due notice and hearing and upon approval of the
Secretary, may impose the following administrative sanctions:
1. Penalty of Php 5,000.00 for any BSF that fails to submit the application for
renewal of LTO/ATO to the CHD within 3 months prior to the expiration of the
existing license;
2. Recommendation to the PRC to revoke the certificate of registration or to
invalidate the license of any health professional found violating the
provisions of RA 7719 or of these rules and regulations.
Slide 217
XVI. Publication
A list of licensed/authorized BSF according to their classification shall be
published or posted at the DOH website annually.
XVII. Separability Clause

In the event that any provision or part of this order be declared unauthorized or
rendered invalid by any court of law or competent authority, those provisions
not affected by such declaration shall remain valid and effective.
XVIII. Repealing Clause

These rules and regulations shall repeal and supersede all administrative
orders and previous issuances inconsistent thereof.
XIX. Effectivity
These rules and regulations shall take effect 15 days after publication in a
newspaper or general circulation.
Francisco T. Duque III, MD, MSc.

Secretary of Health
Slide 218
RA 8504
Slide 219
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8504

• AN ACT PROMULGATING POLICIES AND PRESCRIBING
MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
HIV/AIDS IN THE PHILIPPINES, INSTITUTING A
NATIONWIDE HIV/AIDS INFORMATION AND EDUCATIONAL
PROGRAM, ESTABLISHING A COMPREHENSIVE HIV/AIDS
MONITORING SYSTEM, STRENGTHENING THE PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL AIDS COUNCIL, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
• Also known as the The Philippine AIDS Prevention and

Control Act of 1998
• approved on February 13, 1998

Slide 220
DOH – National Epidemiology Center

Newly Diagnosed HIV Cases in the Philippines
• In July 2014, there were 585 new HIV Ab sero-positive individuals

confirmed by the STD/AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory (SACCL)
and reported to the HIV and AIDS Registry (Table 1). This was 30%
higher compared to the same period last year (n=449), and the
highest number of cases ever reported in a month.
• Most of the cases (96%) were male. The median age was 27 years
(age range: 16-69 years). The 20-29 year (55%) age group had the
most number of cases.
• Reported modes of transmission were sexual contact (551) and

needle sharing among injecting drug users
• Males having sex with other males (82%) was the

predominant type of sexual transmission. Most (92%) of the cases
were still asymptomatic at the time of reporting
Slide 221
DOH – National Epidemiology Center

Newly Diagnosed HIV Cases in the Philippines
Region - % of Cases
• I - 2%
• II - 1%
• III - 8%
• IVA - 17%
• IVB - 1%
• V - 1%
• VI - 4%
• VII - 11%
• VIII - 1%
• IX <1%
• X - 3%
• XI - 6%
• XII - 1%
• CAR - 1%
• CARAGA - 1%
• ARMM <1%
• NCR - 41%
Slide 222
DOH – Philippine HIV/AIDS Registry

Demographic Characteristics (1984-2014)
• Ninety-six percent of the 3,399 cases in 2014 were male (3,267).

Ages ranged from 1 to 82 years old (median 28 years). The 20-29
year old age group had the most (58%) number of cases for 2014.
• For the male age group, the most number of cases were found
among the 20-24 years old (25%), 25-29 years old (33%), and 30-
34 years old (20%).
Slide 223

Modes of Transmission (1984-2014)
• In 2014, ninety-four percent (3,181) were infected through sexual

contact, 6% (217) through needle sharing among injecting drug users
and 1 was infected through mother to child transmission. There were
3,058 males and 123 females infected through sexual transmission.
The age range of those infected through sexual transmission was
16-82 years old (median 28 years).
• Of the 19,915 HIV positive cases reported from 1984 to 2014, 93%
(18,526) were infected through sexual contact, 5% (928) through
needle sharing among injecting drug users, <1% (63) through
mother-to-child transmission, <1% (20) through blood transfusion
and needle prick injury <1% (3). No data is available for 2% (375) of
the cases.
Slide 224

Geographic Distribution (1984-2014)
• Since 1984 to present, there were 19,915 cases reported. Almost half
(9,048) came from the National Capital Region. Thirteen percent
(2,491) came from region 4A, followed by 9% (1,779) from Region 7,
8% (1,564) from Region 3, 6% (1,145) from Region 11 and the rest
of the country comprises 15% (2,751) of all the cases.
Slide 225

Overseas Filipino Workers (1984-2014)
• There were 3,017 HIV positive OFWs since 1984, comprising 15% of
all reported cases [Figure 8]. Eighty-one percent (2,456) were males.
• Ages ranged from 18 to 80 years (median 34 years).
• Sexual contact (98%) was the predominant mode of transmission.
• Eighty-eight percent (2,668) were asymptomatic while 12% (349)

were AIDS cases.
Slide 226

PLHIV on Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART
• As of July 2014, there were 7,172* People Living with HIV
presently on Anti Retroviral Therapy. These are the combined
numbers of adult and pediatric patients currently enrolled and
accessing Anti - Retroviral drugs
Blood Units Confirmed for HIV

• As of July 2014, 240 blood units were confirmed positive for HIV by
RITM. There is no available data yet on the total number of blood
units donated.
• These are confirmed positive blood units, not blood donors. One
donor can donate more than one blood unit. HIV positive blood
donors may not be in the HIV & AIDS Registry unless they
underwent voluntary counseling and testing as individuals.
Slide 227
RA 8504
SEC. 1. Title - This Act shall be known as the “Philippine AIDS
Prevention and Control Act of 1998.”
SEC. 2. Declaration of Policies – Acquired Immune Deficiency

Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease that recognizes no territorial, social,
political an economic boundaries for which there is no known cure.
The gravity o the AIDS threat demands strong State action today,
thus:
(a) The State shall promote public awareness about the causes, modes
of transmission, consequences, means of prevention and control of
HIV/ AIDS through a comprehensive nationwide educational and
information campaign organized and conducted by the State. Such
campaigns shall promote value formation and employ scientifically
proven approaches, focus on the family as a basic social unit, and be
carried out in al schools and training centers, workplaces, and
communities. This program shall involve affected individuals and
groups, including people living with HIV/AIDS.
Slide 228
RA 8504
(b) The State shall extend to every person suspected or known to be
infecte with HIV/AIDS full protection of his/her human rights and civil
liberties Towards this end,
(1) compulsory HIV testing shall be considered unlawful unless

otherwise provided in this Act;
(2) the right of privacy of individuals with HIV shall be guaranteed;
(3) discrimination, in all its forms and subtleties, against individuals

with HIV or persons perceived or suspected of having HIV shall be
considered inimical to individual and national interest, and;
(4) provision of basic health and social services for individuals with
HIV shall be assured.
Slide 229
RA 8504
(c) The State shall promote utmost safety and universal precautions in
practices and procedures that carry the risk of HIV transmission.
(d) The State shall positively address and seek to eradicate conditions
that aggravate the spread of HIV infection, including but not limited
to, poverty, gender inequality, prostitution, marginalization, drug
abuse and ignorance.
(e) The State shall recognize the potential role of affected individuals in
propagating vital information and educational messages about HIV/
AIDS and shall utilize their experience to warn the public about the
disease.
Slide 230
RA 8504
SEC. 3. Definition of Terms – As used in this Act, the following terms
are defined as follows:
(a) “Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) ” a condition

characterized by a combination of signs and symptoms, caused by
HIV contracted from another person which attacks and weakens the
body’s immune system, making the afflicted individual susceptible to
other life threatening infections.
(b) “Anonymous Testing” – refers to an HIV testing procedure whereby

the individual being tested does not reveal his/her true identity. An
identifying number or symbol is used to substitute for the name and
allows the laboratory conducting the test and the person on whom the
test is conducted to match the test results with the identifying number
or symbol.
Slide 231
RA 8504
(c) “Compulsory HIV Testing” – refers to HIV testing imposed upon a
person attended or characterized by the lack of vitiated consent, use
of physical force, intimidation or any form of compulsion.
(d) “Contact tracing” – refers to the method of finding and counselling

the sexual partner(s) of a person who has been diagnosed as having
sexually transmitted disease.
(e) “Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)” – refers to the virus which

causes AIDS.
(f) “HIV/AIDS Monitoring” – refers to the documentation and analysis of

the number of HIV/AIDS infections and the pattern of its spread.
Slide 232
RA 8504
(g) “HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control” – refers to measures aimed at
protecting non-infected persons from contracting HIV and
minimizing the impact of the condition of persons living with HIV.
(h) “HIV-positive” – refers to the presence of HIV infection as

documented by the presence of HIV or HIV antibodies in the sample
being tested.
(i) “HIV-negative” – denotes the absence of HIV or HIV antibodies upon

HIV testing.
(j) “HIV Testing” – refers to any laboratory procedure done on an

individual to determine the presence or absence of HIV infection.
Slide 233
RA 8504
(k) “HIV Transmission” – refers to the transfer of HIV from one infected
person to an uninfected individual, most commonly through sexual
intercourse, blood transfusion, sharing of intravenous needles and
during pregnancy.
(l) “High-Risk Behavior” – refers to a person’s frequent involvement in
certain activities which increase the risk of transmitting or acquiring
HIV.
(m) “Informed Consent” – refers to the voluntary agreement of a person

to undergo or be subjected to a procedure based on full information,
whether such permission is written, conveyed verbally, or expressed
directly.
Slide 234
RA 8504
(n) “Medical Confidentiality” – refers to the relationship of trust and
confidence created or existing between a patient or a person with HIV
and his attending physician, consulting medical specialist, nurse,
medical technologist and all other health workers or personnel
involved in any counselling, testing or professional care of the former;
it also applies to any person who, in any official capacity, has
acquired or may have acquired such confidential information.
(o) “Person with HIV” – refers to an individual whose HIV test indicates,
directly or indirectly, that he/she is infected with HIV.
Slide 235
RA 8504
(p) “Pre-Test Counselling” – refers to the process of providing an
individual information on the biomedical aspects of HIV/AIDS and
emotional support to any psychological implications of undergoing
HIV testing and the test result itself before he/she is subjected to the
test.
(q) “Post-Test Counselling” – refers to the process of providing risk-

reduction information and emotional support to a person who
submitted to HIV testing at the time the result is released.
(r) “Prophylactic” – refers to any agent or device used to prevent the

transmission of a disease.
Slide 236
RA 8504
(s) “Sexually Transmitted Diseases” – refers to any disease that may be
acquired or passed through sexual contact.
(t) “Voluntary HIV Testing” – refers to HIV testing done on an individual

who, after having undergone pre-test counselling, willingly submits
himself/herself to such a test.
(u) “Window Period” – refers to the period of time, usually lasting from
two weeks to six (6) months during which an infected individual will
test “negative” upon HIV testing but can actually transmit the
infection.
Slide 237
RA 8504 - ARTICLE I
Education and Information
SEC. 4. HIV/AIDS Education in Schools – The Department of Education,
Culture and Sports (DECS), the Commission on Higher Education
(CHED), and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
(TESDA), utilizing official information provided by the Department of
Health, shall integrate instruction on the causes, modes of transmission
and ways of preventing HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted
diseases in subjects taught in public and private schools at intermediate
grades, secondary and tertiary levels, including non-formal and
indigenous learning systems: Provided, That if the integration of HIV/
AIDS education is not appropriate or feasible, the DECS and the TESDA
shall design special modules on HIV/AIDS prevention and control:
Provided, further, That it shall not be used as an excuse to propagate
birth control or the sale or distribution of birth control devices: Provided,
finally, That it does not utilize sexually explicit materials.
Slide 238
RA 8504 - ARTICLE I
Flexibility in the formulation and adoption of appropriate course content,
scope, and methodology in each teaching level or group shall be
allowed after consultations with Parent-Teachers-Community
Associations, Private School Associations, school officials, and other
interest groups. As such, no instruction shall be offered to minors
without the adequate prior consultation with parents who must agree
to the thrust and content of the instruction materials.
All teachers and instructors of HIV/AIDS courses shall be required to

undergo a seminar or training on HIV/AIDS prevention and control to
be supervised by DECS, CHED and TESDA, in coordination with the
Department of Health (DOH) before they are allowed to teach on the
subject.
Slide 239
RA 8504 - ARTICLE I
SEC. 5. HIV/AIDS Information as a Health Service – HIV/AIDS
education and information dissemination shall form part of the
delivery of health services by health practitioners, workers and
personnel. The knowledge and capabilities of all public health
workers shall be enhanced to include skills for proper information
dissemination and education on HIV/AIDS. It shall likewise be
considered a civic duty of health providers in the private sector to
make available to the public such information necessary to control
the spread of HIV/AIDS and to correct common misconceptions
about this disease. The training of health workers shall include
discussions on HIV-related ethical issues such as confidentiality,
informed consent and the duty to provide treatment.
Slide 240
RA 8504 - ARTICLE I
SEC. 6. HIV/AIDS Education in the Workplace – All government and
private employees, workers, managers, and supervisors, including
members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the
Philippine National Police (PNP), shall be provided with the
standardized basic information and instruction on HIV/AIDS which
shall include topics on confidentiality in the workplace and attitude
towards infected employees and workers. In collaboration with the
Department of Health (DOH), the Secretary of the Department of
Labor and Employment (DOLE) shall oversee the anti-HIV/AIDS
campaign in all private companies while the Armed Forces Chief of
Staff and the Director General of the PNP shall oversee the
implementation of this section.
Slide 241
RA 8504 - ARTICLE I
SEC. 7. HIV/AIDS Education for Filipinos Going Abroad – The State
shall ensure that all overseas Filipino workers and diplomatic,
military, trade, and labor officials and personnel to be assigned
overseas shall undergo or attend a seminar on the cause, prevention
and consequences of HIV/AIDS before certification for overseas
assignment.
The Department of Labor and Employment, or the Department of

Foreign Affairs, the Department of Tourism and the Department of
Justice through the Bureau of Immigration, as the case may be, in
collaboration with the Department of Health (DOH), shall oversee the
implementation of this section.
Slide 242
RA 8504 - ARTICLE I
SEC. 8. Information Campaigns for Tourists and Transients –
Informational aids or materials on the cause, modes of transmission
and prevention and consequences of HIV infection shall be adequately
provided at all international ports of entry and exit. The Department of
Tourism, the Department of Foreign Affairs, the Department of Justice
through the Bureau of Immigration, in collaboration with the Department
of Health (DOH), shall oversee the implementation of this Act.
SEC. 9. HIV/AIDS Education in Communities – Local government units,

in collaboration with the Department of Health (DOH), shall conduct
educational and information campaign on HIV/AIDS. The provincial
governor, city or municipal mayor and the barangay captain shall
coordinate such campaign among concerned government agencies,
non-government organizations and church-based groups.
Slide 243
RA 8504 - ARTICLE I
SEC. 10. Information on Prophylactics – Appropriate information shall
be attached to or provided with every prophylactic offered for sale or
given as a donation. Such information shall be legibly printed in English
and Filipino, and contain literature on the proper use of the prophylactic
device or agent, its efficacy against HIV and STD infection, as well as
the importance of sexual abstinence and mutual fidelity.
Slide 244
RA 8504 - ARTICLE I
SEC. 11. Penalties for Misleading Information – Misinformation on HIV/
AIDS prevention and control through false and misleading advertising
and claims in any of the tri-media or the promotional marketing of
drugs, devices, agents or procedures without prior approval from the
Department of Health and the Bureau of Food and Drugs and the
requisite medical and scientific basis, including markings and
indications in drugs and devises or agents, purporting to be a cure or
a fail-safe prophylactic for HIV infection is punishable with a penalty
of imprisonment for two (2) months to two (2) years, without prejudice
to the imposition of administrative sanctions such as fines and
suspension or revocation of professional or business license.
Slide 245
RA 8504 - ARTICLE II
Safe Practices and Procedures
SEC. 12. Requirement on the Donation of Blood, Tissue, or Organ –
No laboratory or institution shall accept a donation of tissue or organ,
whether such a donation is gratuitous or onerous, unless a sample
from the donor has been tested negative for HIV. All donated blood
shall also be subjected to HIV testing and HIV(+) blood shall be
disposed of properly and immediately. A second testing may be
demanded as a matter of right by the blood, tissue, or organ recipient
or his immediate relatives before transfusion or transplant, except
during emergency cases: Provided, That donations of blood, tissue or
organ testing positive for HIV may be accepted for research purposes
only, and subject to strict sanitary disposal requirements.
Slide 246
SEC. 13. Guidelines on Surgical and Similar Procedures – The
Department of Health (DOH), in consultation and in coordination with
concerned professional organizations and hospital associations, shall
issue guidelines on precautions against HIV transmission during
surgical, dental, embalming, tattooing or similar procedures. The DOH
shall likewise issue guidelines on the handling and disposition of
cadavers, body fluids or wastes of persons known or believed to be
HIV-positive. The necessary protective equipment such as gloves,
goggles and gown shall be made available to all physicians and health
workers and similarly exposed personnel at all times.
Slide 247
SEC. 14. Penalties for Unsafe Practices and Procedures – Any person
who knowingly or negligently causes another to get infected with HIV
in the course of his/her profession through unsafe or unsanitary
practice or procedure is liable to suffer a penalty of imprisonment for
six (6) years to twelve (12) years without prejudice to the imposition
of administrative sanctions such as, but not limited to, fines and
suspension or the revocation of license to practice his/her profession.
The permit or license of any business entity and the accreditation of
hospitals, laboratory and clinics may be cancelled or withdrawn if
said establishments fail to maintain such safe practices and
procedures as may be required by the guidelines to be formulated in
compliance with Section 13 of this Act.
Slide 248
RA 8504 - ARTICLE III

Testing, Screening and Counselling
SEC. 15. Consent as a Requisite for HIV Testing – No compulsory HIV
testing shall be allowed. However, the State shall encourage
voluntary testing for individuals with a high risk for contracting HIV;
Provided, That written informed consent must first be obtained. Such
consent shall be obtained from the person concerned if he/she is of
legal age or from the parents or legal guardian in the case of a minor
or a mentally incapacitated individual. Lawful consent to HIV testing
of a donated human body, organ, tissue, or blood shall be considered
having been given when:
(a) a person volunteers or freely agrees to donate his/her blood, organ,

tissue for transfusion, transplantation or research;
(b) a person has executed a legacy in accordance with Section 3 of
Republic Act No. 7170, also known as “Organ Donation Act of 1991”;
(c) a donation is executed in accordance with Section 4 of Republic Act
No. 7170.
Slide 249

SEC. 16. Prohibitions on Compulsory HIV Testing – Compulsory HIV
testing as a precondition to employment, admission to educational
institutions, the exercise of freedom of abode, entry or continued stay in
the country, or the right to travel, the provision of medical service or any
other kind of service or the continued enjoyment of said undertakings
shall be deemed unlawful.
Slide 250

SEC. 17. Exception to the Prohibition on Compulsory Testing –
Compulsory HIV testing may be allowed only in the following instances:
(a) When a person is charged with any of the crimes punishable under
Articles 264 and 266 as amended by Republic Act No. 8353, 335 and
338 of Republic Act No.3815, otherwise known as the “Revised Penal
Code” or under Republic Act No.7659;
(b) When the determination of the HIV status is necessary to resolve

relevant issues under Executive Order No. 309, otherwise known as
“Family Code of the Philippines”; and
(c) When complying with the provisions of Republic Act No. 7170,
otherwise known as the “Organ Donation Act” and Republic Act No.
7719, otherwise known as the “National Blood Services Act”.
Slide 251

SEC. 18. Anonymous HIV Testing – The State shall provide a
mechanism for anonymous HIV testing and shall guarantee anonymity
and medical confidentiality in the conduct of such tests.
SEC. 19. Accreditation of HIV Testing Centers – All testing centers,

hospitals, clinics, and laboratories offering HIV testing services are
mandated to seek accreditation from the Department of Health which
shall set and maintain reasonable accreditation standards.
Slide 252

SEC. 20. Pre-test and Post-test Counselling – All testing centers, clinics,
or laboratories which perform any HIV test shall be required to provide
and conduct free pre-test counselling and post-test counselling for
persons who avail of their HIV/AIDS testing services. However, such
counselling services must be provided only by persons who meet the
standards set by the DOH.
SEC. 21. Support for HIV Testing Centers – The Department of Health
shall strategically build and enhance the capabilities for HIV testing of
hospitals, clinics, laboratories, and other testing centers primarily, by
ensuring the training of competent personnel who will provide such
services in said testing sites.
Slide 253
RA 8504 - ARTICLE IV
Health and Support Services
SEC. 22. Hospital-Based Services – Persons with HIV/AIDS shall be
afforded basic health services in all government hospitals, without
prejudice to optimum medical care which may be provided by special
AIDS wards and hospitals.
SEC. 23. Community-Based Services – Local government units, in

coordination and in cooperation with concerned government agencies,
non-government organizations, persons with HIV/AIDS and groups most
at risk of HIV infection shall provide community-based HIV/AIDS
prevention and care services.
SEC. 24. Livelihood Programs and Trainings – Trainings for livelihood,

self-help cooperative programs shall be made accessible and
available to all persons with HIV/AIDS. Persons infected with
HIV/AIDS shall not be deprived of full participation in any livelihood
self-help and cooperative programs for reason of their health
conditions.
Slide 254
RA 8504 - ARTICLE IV
Health and Support Services
SEC. 25. Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases – The Department
of Health in coordination and cooperation with other concerned
government agencies and non-government organizations shall
pursue the prevention and control of sexually transmitted diseases to
help contain the spread of HIV infection.
SEC. 26. Insurance for Persons with HIV – The Secretary of Health, in
cooperation with the Commissioner of the Insurance Commission and
other public and private insurance agencies, shall conduct a study on
the feasibility and viability of setting up a package of insurance benefits
and, should such study warrant it, implement an insurance coverage
program for persons with HIV. The study shall be guided by the principle
that access to health insurance is part of an individual’s right to health
and is the responsibility of the State and of society as a whole.
Slide 255
RA 8504 - ARTICLE V
Monitoring
SEC. 27. Monitoring Programs – A comprehensive HIV/AIDS
monitoring program or “AIDSWATCH” shall be established under the
Department of Health to determine and monitor the magnitude and
progression of HIV infection In the Philippines, and for the purpose of
evaluating the adequacy and efficacy of the countermeasures being
employed.
SEC. 28. Reporting Procedures – All hospitals, clinics, laboratories, and

testing centers for HIV/AIDS shall adopt measures in assuring the
reporting and confidentiality of any medical record, personal data, file,
including all data which may be accessed from various data banks or
information systems. The Department of Health through its AIDSWATCH
monitoring shall receive, collate, evaluate all HIV/AIDS related medical
reports. The AIDSWATCH data base shall utilize a coding system that
promotes client anonymity..
Slide 256
RA 8504 - ARTICLE V
Monitoring
SEC. 29. Contact Tracing – HIV/AIDS contact tracing and all other
related health intelligence activities may be pursued by the
Department of Health: Provided, That these do not run counter to the
general purpose of this Act: Provided, further, that any gathered
information shall remain confidential and classified, and can only be
used for statistical and monitoring purposes and not as a basis or
qualification for any employment, school attendance, freedom of
abode or travel.
Slide 257
RA 8504 - ARTICLE VI
Confidentiality
SEC. 30. Medical Confidentiality - All health professionals, medical
instructors, workers, employers, recruitment agencies, insurance
companies, data encoders, and other custodians of any medical record,
file, data, or test results are directed to strictly observe confidentiality
in the handling of all medical information, particularly the identity and
status of persons with HIV.
Slide 258
Confidentiality
SEC. 31. Exceptions to the Mandate of Confidentiality - Medical
confidentiality shall not be considered breached in the following cases:
(a) when complying with reportorial requirements in conjunction with the

AIDSWATCH programs provided in Section 27 of this Act;
(b) when informing other health workers directly involved or about to be

involved in the treatment or care of a person with HIV/AIDS: Provided,
That such treatment or care carry the risk of HIV transmission: Provided,
further, That such workers shall be obliged to maintain the shared
medical confidentiality;
Slide 259
Confidentiality
SEC. 31. Exceptions to the Mandate of Confidentiality
(c) when responding to a subpoena duces tecum and subpoena ad

testificandum issued by a Court with jurisdiction over a legal proceeding
where the main issue is the HIV status of an individual: Provided, That
the confidential medical record shall be properly sealed by its lawful
custodian after being double-checked for accuracy by the head of the
office or department, hand delivered and personally opened by the
judge: Provided, further, That the judicial proceedings be held in
executive session.
Slide 260
Confidentiality
SEC. 32. Release of HIV/AIDS Test Results – All results of HIV/AIDS
testing shall be confidential and shall be released only to the following
persons:
(a) the person who submitted himself/herself to such a test;
(b) either parent of a minor child who has been tested;
(c) a legal guardian in the case of insane persons or orphans;
(d) a person authorized to receive such results in conjunction with the

AIDSWATCH program as provided in Section 27 of this Act;
(e) a justice of the Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court, as provided

under subsection (c) of this Act and in accordance with the provision of
Section 16 hereof.
Slide 261
Confidentiality
SEC. 33. Penalties for Violation of Confidentiality – Any violation of
medical confidentiality as provided in Sections 30 and Section 32 of
this Act shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment for six (6) months to
four (4) years, without prejudice to administrative sanctions such as
fines and suspension or revocation of the violator’s license to practice
his/her profession, as well as the cancellation or withdrawal of the
license to operate any business entity and the accreditation of
hospitals, laboratories and clinics.
SEC. 34. Disclosure to Sexual Partners – Any person with HIV is

obliged to disclose his/her HIV status and health condition to his/her
spouse or sexual partner at the earliest opportune time.
Slide 262
RA 8504 - ARTICLE VII

Discriminatory Acts and Policies
SEC. 35. Discrimination in the Workplace – Discrimination in any form
from pre-employment to post-employment, including hiring, promotion
or assignment, based on actual, perceived or suspected HIV status of
an individual is prohibited. Termination from work on the sole basis of
actual, perceived or suspected HIV status is deemed unlawful.
SEC. 36. Discrimination in Schools – No educational institution shall

refuse admission or expel, discipline, segregate, deny participation,
benefits or services to a student or a prospective student on the basis of
his/her actual, perceived or suspected HIV status.
SEC. 37. Restriction on Travel and Habitation – The freedom of abode,

lodging and travel of a person with HIV shall not be abridged. No person
shall be quarantined, put in isolation, or refused lawful entry or deported
from Philippine territory on account of his/her actual, perceived or
suspected HIV status.
Slide 263

SEC. 38. Inhibition from Public Services – The right to seek an elective
or appointive public office shall not be denied to a person with HIV.
SEC. 39. Exclusion from Credit and Insurance Services – All credit and
loan services, including health, accident and life insurance shall not be
denied to a person on the basis of his/her actual, perceived, or
suspected HIV status: Provided, That the person with HIV has not
concealed or misrepresented the fact to the insurance company upon
application. Extension and continuation of credit and loan shall likewise
not be denied solely on the basis of said health condition.
SEC. 40. Discrimination in Hospitals and Health Institutions – No

person shall be denied health care service or be charged with a higher
fee on account of actual, perceived or suspected HIV status.
Slide 264

SEC. 41. Denial of Burial Services – A deceased person who had AIDS
or who was known, suspected or perceived to be HIV positive shall
not be denied any kind of decent burial services.
SEC. 42. Penalties for Discriminatory Acts and Policies – All

discriminatory acts and policies referred to this Act shall be punishable
with a penalty of imprisonment for six (6) months to four (4) years and
a fine not exceeding Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00). In addition,
licenses/permits of schools, hospitals and other institutions found guilty
for committing discriminatory acts and policies described in this Act
shall be revoked.
Slide 265
RA 8504 - ARTICLE VIII

The Philippine National AIDS Council
SEC. 43. Establishment – The Philippine National AIDS Council (PNAC)
created by virtue of Executive Order No. 39 dated 3 December 1992
shall be reconstituted and strengthened to enable the Council to
Oversee an integrated and comprehensive approach to HIV/AIDS
prevention and control in the Philippines. It shall be attached to the
Department of Health.
Slide 266

SEC. 44. Functions - The Council shall be the central advisory, planning
and policy making body for the comprehensive and integrated HIV/
AIDS prevention and control program in the Philippines. The Council
shall perform the following functions:
(a) Secure from government agencies concerned recommendations on

how their respective agencies could operationalize specific provisions
of this Act . The Council shall integrate and coordinate such
recommendations and issue implementing rules and regulations of
this Act. The Council shall likewise ensure that there is adequate
coverage of the following:
Slide 267

SEC. 44. Functions –
(1) The institution of a nationwide HIV/AIDS information and education
program;
(2) The establishment of a comprehensive HIV/AIDS monitoring
system;
(3) The issuance of guidelines on medical practices and other
procedures that carry the risk of HIV transmission;
(4) The provision of accessible and affordable HIV testing and
counselling services to those who are in need of it;
(5) The provision of acceptable health and support services for persons
with HIV/AIDS in hospitals and in communities;
(6) The protection and promotion of the rights of individuals with
HIV; and
(7) The strict observance of medical confidentiality
Slide 268

SEC. 44. Functions –
(b) Monitor the implementation of the rules and regulations of this Act,
issue or cause the issuance of orders or make recommendations to
the implementing agencies as the Council considers appropriate;
(c) Develop a comprehensive long-term national HIV/AIDS prevention
and control program and monitor its implementation;
(d) Coordinate the activities of and strengthen working relationships
between government and non-government agencies involved in the
campaign against HIV/AIDS;
(e) Coordinate and cooperate with foreign and international
organizations regarding data collection, research and treatment
modalities concerning HIV/AIDS; and
(f) Evaluate the adequacy of and make recommendations regarding the
utilization of national resources for the prevention and control of HIV/
AIDS in the Philippines.
Slide 269

SEC. 45. Membership and Composition – (a) The Council shall be
composed of twenty-six (26) members as follows:
(1) The Secretary of the Department of Health;

(2) The Secretary of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports
or his representative;
(3) The Chairperson of the Commission on Higher Education or his
representative;
(4) The Director-General of the Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority or his representative;
(5) The Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment or his
representative;
(6) The Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development
or his representative;
Slide 270

(7) The Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local

Government or his representative;
(8) The Secretary of the Department of Justice or his representative;
(9) The Director-General of the National Economic and Development
Authority or his representative;
(10) The Secretary of the Department of Tourism or his representative;
(11) The Secretary of the Department of Budget and Management or
his representative;
(12) The Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs or his
representative;
(13) The Head of the Philippine Information Agency or his
representative;
(14) The President of the League of Governors or his representative;
Slide 271

(15) The President of the League of City Mayors or his representative;

(16) The Chairperson of the Committee on Health of the Senate of the
Philippines or his representative;
(17) The Chairperson of the Committee on Health of the House of
Representatives of the Philippines or his representative;
(18) Two (2) representatives from organizations of medical/health
professionals;
(19) Six (6) representatives from non-government organizations
involved in HIV/AIDS prevention and control efforts or activities
(20) A representative of an organization of persons dealing with HIV/
AIDS.
Slide 272

SEC. 45. Membership and Composition –
(b) To the greatest extent possible, appointment to the Council must
ensure sufficient and discernible representation from the fields of
medicine, education, health care, law, labor, ethics and social
services;
(c) All members of the Council shall be appointed by the President of the
Republic of the Philippines, except for the representatives of the
Senate and the House of Representatives, who shall be appointed by
the Senate President and the House Speaker, respectively;
(d) The members of the Council shall be appointed not later the thirty
(30) days after the date of the enactment of this Act;
Slide 273

SEC. 45. Membership and Composition –
(e) The Secretary of Health shall be the permanent chairperson of the
Council; however, the vice-chairperson shall be elected by its
members from among themselves, and shall serve for a term of two
(2) years; and
(f) For members representing medical/health professional groups and

the six (6) non-government organizations, they shall serve for a term
of two (2) years, renewable upon recommendation of the Council.
Slide 274

SEC. 46. Reports – The Council shall submit to the President and both
Houses of Congress comprehensive annual reports on the activities
and accomplishments of the Council. Such annual reports shall contain
assessments and evaluation of intervention programs, plans and
strategies for the medium- and long-term prevention and control
program on HIV/AIDS in the Philippines.
SEC. 47. Creation of Special HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control

Services – There shall be created in the Department of Health a Special
HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Service staffed by qualified medial
specialists and support staff with permanent appointment and supported
with an adequate yearly budget. It shall implement programs on HIV/
AIDS prevention and control. In addition, it shall also serve as the
secretariat of the Council.
Slide 275
RA 8504 - ARTICLE IX
Miscellaneous Provisions
SEC. 49. Implementing Rules and Regulations – Within six (6) months
after it is fully reconstituted, the Council shall formulate and issue the
appropriate rules and regulations necessary for the implementation of
the Act.
SEC. 50. Separability Clause – If any provision of this Act is declared

invalid, the remainder of this Act or any provision not affected thereby
shall remain in force and effect.
SEC. 51. Repealing Clause – All laws, presidential decrees, executive

orders and their implementing rules inconsistent with the provisions of
this Act are hereby repealed, amended or modified accordingly.
SEC. 52. Effectivity – This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its
publication in at least two (2) national newspapers of general circulation.
Slide 276
RA 8504
• Approved by JOSE DE VENECIA, JR.

(Speaker of the House of Representatives)
• NEPTALI A. GONZALES
(President of the Senate)
• Approved on FEBRUARY 13, 1998
• Signed by FIDEL V. RAMOS

(President of the Philippines)

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Early Beginning of Medical Technology

• These four humors or body fluids were felt to be the

Early Beginning of Medical Technology

• During the early times, urine

• Astrology and superstition also

Early Beginning of Medical Technology

• Urinalysis, or the study of urine,

• The polyuria of diabetes was

• A Hindu physician recorded the

Early Beginning of Medical Technology

• Vivian Herrick traces the

• Ebers Papyrus, believe that

Early Beginning of Medical Technology

• Ruth Williams believe that

• Early Hindu doctors made

Early Beginning of Medical Technology

• In the 14th century Anne Fagelson

Early Beginning of Medical Technology

• Medical technology developed as

Early Beginning of Medical Technology

• Marcelo Malphigi (1628-1694) was

• Rudolph Virchow, in 1847, was

Early Beginning of Medical Technology

• As science progressed, laboratory

Early Beginning of Medical Technology

• The Gram staining method,

• It is almost always the first test

Early Beginning of Medical Technology

History of Medical Technology in the United States

• The emergence of clinical laboratories

• In 1878, Dr. William H. Welch

History of Medical Technology in the United States

• The first clinical laboratory was

• A clinical laboratory was also opened

History of Medical Technology in the United States

• In 1908, Dr. James C. Todd

History of Medical Technology in the United States

• Dr. John Bernard Henry (1928-

• Physicians and medical

History of Medical Technology in the United States

• During his career, he authored more than 250 articles,

• He was president of the American Board of Pathology,

History of Medical Technology in the United States

19th edition 20th edition

History of Medical Technology in the United States

21st edition 22nd edition

History of Medical Technology in the United States

• In 1922, 3035 hospitals had their clinical laboratories.

• In 1915, the state legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law

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History of Medical Technology in the United States

• Certainly, University of Minnesota was the first to offer a degree

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History of Medical Technology in the United States

• World War II marked effect on Laboratory Medicine. The use of

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