Theoretical Driving Course (TDC)

For Student-driver’s Permit Applicants

Subject No. 3

Pre-Driving Orientation and Motor

Vehicle Basic Parts, Functions
and Operations
(DL CODE B, B1, B2)
Subject Code: TDC-15-S-03
1
 PRE-DRIVING ORIENTATION

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lecture, the applicant-driver shall be able to:
• Learn and apply the proper procedure of checking the overall
condition of a vehicle before driving.
• Identify all pertinent switches and controls before and while
driving on the road on a given weather condition.
• Identify common features of instrument panel or dashboard.
• Identify the functions of foot pedals, shifting lever, parking
brake and other driving mechanisms of a motor vehicle.
2
 PRE-DRIVING ORIENTATION
• Apply various transportation laws, rules and regulations
as discussed in other Modules before the actual driving
instructions.
• Know the basics of handling steering wheel, proper
shifting and smooth braking.
• Know the procedures and considerations when turning,
stopping or parking.
• Know the principles of loading and unloading
passengers or cargoes.
3
 Pre-Driving Orientation and Motor Vehicle Basic Parts,
Functions and Operations
(DL CODE B, B1, B2)

Topic Outline:

1. Essential Components of Motor Vehicle

a. Identification
b. Function
2. Other Safety Features of Motor Vehicle
3. Walk Around Check of Identified Components
4. Pre-Engine Starting Routine

4
 Pre-Driving Orientation and Motor Vehicle Basic Parts,
Functions and Operations
(DL CODE B, B1, B2)

Topic Outline:

5. Driving Procedures
6. Tips on Stopping, Parking, Turning and Changing Lanes
7. Post Driving Routine
8. Applicable Laws, Rules and Regulation

5
 PRE-DRIVING ORIENTATION

ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF MOTOR VEHICLE

• EXTERIOR
• UNDERCHASSIS
• INTERIOR

6
B, B1, B2 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS – EXTERIOR LIGHTS

Rear Signal Light

Headlamps Front Signal Light

7
B, B1, B2 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS – EXTERIOR LIGHTS

Hazard Warning Light

Brake Light Reverse Light 8

 B, B1, B2 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS – EXTERIOR

Left and Right Side Mirrors

Fuel Tank Cap

Front and Rear Wipers

Plate Lights Windshield

9
B, B1, B2 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS – EXTERIOR

Doors Engine Hood Luggage

Compartment Hood

10
B, B1, B2 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS – UNDERCHASSIS

Tires Engine and Transmission Linkages and Joints

Muffler and Silencer Rear Axle and Differential

11
B, B1, B2 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS – TIRE

Maximum Load and Maximum Air Pressure

12
B, B1, B2 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS – TIRE

P : Passenger Car
LT : Light Truck
ST : Special Trailer
T : Temporary

ST225 / 75 R 15
Tire Width (Sidewall
to Sidewall

13
B, B1, B2 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS – TIRE

Height of Tire or
Sidewall

ST225 / 75 R 15

Construction of Tire
R : Radial
D : Diagonal
B : Bias (most popular)
14
B, B1, B2 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS – TIRE

Inches – Inner
Diameter of Tire

ST225 / 75 R 15 95 H

Optional: Load Index and Speed

Symbol
95 : 690 kgs
H : 210 kph
15
 B, B1, B2 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS – INTERIOR

Ignition Switch Steering Wheel Gear Selector Lever

Clutch Pedal for MT Brake Pedal Gas/Accelerator Pedal

16
 B, B1, B2 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS – INTERIOR

Headlight Switch Wiper Switch Child Lock

Cabin Light Switch

Power Window Switch Parking Brake Lever Hazard Switch
17
B, B1, B2 DASHBOARD INSTRUMENTS

18
B, B1, B2 COMMON DASHBOARD WARNING LIGHTS

• BRAKE WARNING LIGHT • SEAT BELT

WARNING LIGHT

• AIR BAG WARNING LIGHT • COOLANT

WARNING LIGHT

• DOOR AJAR/OPEN • BATTERY

WARNING LIGHT

• OIL WARNING LIGHT • HAZARD

WARNING LIGHT

• ABS CAUTION LIGHT

19
B, B1, B2 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS – AIR CON SWITCH

20
PRE-DRIVING ORIENTATION

OTHER SAFETY FEATURES

21
 B, B1, B2 OTHER SAFETY FEATURES
Seat Belts Air Bags Child Restraint and Window Lock

HEAD RESTRAINTS- helps in the prevention of whiplash

22
 USER’S MANUAL

User’s
Manual
NOTHING BEATS READING
and UNDERSTANDING THE
VEHICLE USER’S MANUAL

23
 WALK AROUND

SAFETY CHECKS

• LIGHTS AND LAMPS

• MIRRORS AND GLASSES
• UNDERCHASSIS
• UNDERNEATH
• BODY

24
 WALK AROUND CHECK – LIGHTS and LAMPS

Burned out bulb/s

Damaged lamps

25
 WALK AROUND CHECK – LIGHTS and LAMPS

• Two (2) headlamps – one from each side with

white or yellowish light. Lighted at least 30 minutes
after sunset until 30 minutes before sunrise or
whenever weather condition so requires.
RULES ON THE • No red lights shall be visible forward of the vehicle.
USE OF LAMPS • Top clearance lamp shall not be more than 10 cms.
AND • Tail lamp shall be color red
MODIFICATIONS • Brake light shall be bright red
• Plate lamp shall be color white
• Red flag must be used for excess load beyond one
meter with a dimension of not less than 30cms x
30cms. Red light is required at night.

26
WALK AROUND CHECK – MIRRORS AND GLASSES

27
 WALK AROUND CHECK – UNDERCHASSIS

UNDER INFLATION
OVER INFLATION

CORRECT INFLATION
28
 WALK AROUND CHECK – UNDERCHASSIS

Crack Sidewall Crack Sidewall

Worn-out tread caused by

improperly inflated tires 29
 WALK AROUND CHECK – UNDERCHASSIS

TIRE SIDEWALL
BULGING

DAMAGED RIM

30
 WALK AROUND CHECK – UNDERCHASSIS
COMMON
TIRE
PROBLEMS

ADVANCED TOE IN ADVANCED TOE OUT

31
 WALK AROUND CHECK - UNDERCHASSIS

DAMAGED OR WORN- ENGINE OIL LEAK

OUT SUSPENSION TRANSMISSION
FLUID

FUEL LEAK
32
WALK AROUND CHECK - UNDERCHASSIS

COOLANT LEAK

BRAKE FLUID LEAK

33
 WALK AROUND CHECK - UNDERNEATH

WHEEL STOPPER WORKING OR RESTING PEOPLE PETS OR TOYS

34
WALK AROUND CHECK – BODY SCRATCHES

35
 PRE START ROUTINE FOR LIGHT VEHICLES (B, B1, B2)

Either manually or switch control

• Adjust the mirrors ( rear and side view)
• Adjust the seat and head restraints
• Clear the windshield and windows of
distracted items
• Close and lock the doors
• Wear the seatbelts
• Put the key in ignition • Adjust the side or rear
• Reach the accelerator and brake
view mirror
pedal by hand if
it can be adjusted
with your foot to check for comfortable
distance manually
• Start the vehicle

36
 PRE START ROUTINE FOR LIGHT VEHICLES (B, B1, B2)

• Adjust the mirrors ( rear and side view)

• Adjust the seat and head restraints
• Clear the windshield and windows of
distracted items
• Close and lock the doors
• Wear the seatbelts
• Put the key in ignition
• Reach the accelerator and brake pedal
with your foot to check for comfortable
distance
• Start the vehicle

37
 PRE START ROUTINE FOR LIGHT VEHICLES (B, B1, B2)

• Adjust the mirrors ( rear and side view)

• Adjust the seat and head restraints
• Clear the windshield and windows of
distracted items
• Follow the law on
• Close and lock the doors
Anti-Distracted Driving
• Wear the seatbelts
Act (RA 10913)
• Put the key in ignition
• Reach the accelerator and brake pedal
with your foot to check for comfortable
distance
• Start the vehicle

38
 PRE START ROUTINE FOR LIGHT VEHICLES (B, B1, B2)

• Adjust the mirrors ( rear and side view)

• Adjust the seat and head restraints
• Clear the windshield and windows of
distracted items
• Close and lock the doors
• Wear the seatbelts
• Put the key in ignition
• Reach the accelerator and brake pedal
with your foot to check for comfortable
distance
• Start the vehicle

39
 PRE START ROUTINE FOR LIGHT VEHICLES (B, B1, B2)

• Adjust the mirrors ( rear and side view)

• Adjust the seat and head restraints
• Clear the windshield and windows of
distracted items
• Close and lock the doors
• Wear the seatbelts
• Switch ‘ON’ the
• Reach the accelerator and brake pedal
with your foot to check for comfortable
distance
• Start the vehicle PROPER IMPROPER

40
 PRE START ROUTINE FOR LIGHT VEHICLES (B, B1, B2)

• Adjust the mirrors ( rear and side view)

• Adjust the seat and head restraints
• Clear the windshield and windows of
distracted items
• Close and lock the doors
• Wear the seatbelts
• Switch ‘ON’ the ignition by turning clockwise
• Reach the accelerator, brake and clutch
pedal with your foot to check for comfortable
distance
• Start the vehicle

41
 PRE START ROUTINE FOR LIGHT VEHICLES (B, B1, B2)

• Adjust the mirrors ( rear and side view)

• Adjust the seat and head restraints
• Clear the windshield and windows of
distracted items
• Close and lock the doors
• Wear the seatbelts
• Switch ‘ON’ the ignition by turning clockwise
• Reach the accelerator, brake and clutch
pedal with your foot to check for
comfortable distance
• Start the engine

42
 STARTING THE ENGINE

• Twist
• Adjust the mirrors theand
( rear key side
clockwise
view) to start the
• Adjust the seat engine.
and head restraints
• Someand
• Clear the windshield engines
windowsmayof not start without
distracted itemssimultaneously pressing the brake or
clutch
• Close and lock the pedal
doors
• Do not “over start” the engine.
• Wear the seatbelts
• Ifignition
• Switch ‘ON’ the the engine is already
by turning running and
clockwise
the key brake
• Reach the accelerator, is still and
on the starting position,
clutch
pedal with your the
footdriver mayfor
to check hear grinding sound
comfortable
distance which may damage the starter motor.
• Start the engine

43
 AUTOMATIC CLUTCH

If the vehicle is equipped with

automatic clutch, put the shifting
lever in either the "P" or "N" position
depending on the User’s Manual

Automatic clutch have a device

called a neutral safety switch that
prevents the starter from engaging
unless the shift selector is in the "P"
or "N" positions ("Park" or "Neutral").
This prevents the car from starting in
gear.

44
 MANUAL CLUTCH

• It is important to make sure that the gear is in neutral position

before starting the engine. If the gear is engaged when
starting the engine, the vehicle may move unexpectedly then
stall. This may damage the gear box.

• The driver may check if the selector lever is at NEUTRAL

position when it is moving freely.

• If the gear is engaged, press the clutch pedal and release the
selector lever to NEUTRAL.
45
 MANUAL CLUTCH

The NEUTRAL position of shifting

lever for manual clutch is shown
here

46
 MOVING – MANUAL CLUTCH

• Fully press the clutch and brake pedals

• Shift the lever to 1st gear (avoid shifting
to 2nd gear, especially when going
uphill)
• Release the Parking Brake Lever
• Slowly release the clutch pedal while
releasing the brake pedal. The driver
will feel a very slight vibration
indicating that engine and transmission
are already engaged.
• Take a quick look of the vehicle’s path.
Press the brake and clutch pedals if
there is obstruction.
• The vehicle will slowly move.
• Gently press the gas pedal and
completely release the clutch.
47
 MOVING – MANUAL CLUTCH
• Fully press the clutch and brake
pedals
• Shift the lever to 1st gear (avoid
shifting to 2nd gear)
• Release the Parking Brake Lever
• Slowly release the clutch pedal while
releasing the brake pedal. The driver
will feel a very slight vibration
indicating that engine and
transmission are already engaged.
• Take a quick look of the vehicle’s
path including mirrors. Press the
brake and clutch pedals if there is
obstruction.
• The vehicle will slowly move.
• Gently press the gas pedal and
completely release the clutch.
48
 MOVING – MANUAL CLUTCH

• Fully press the clutch and brake

pedals
• Shift the lever to 1st gear (avoid
shifting to 2nd gear)
• Release the Parking Brake Lever
• Slowly release the clutch pedal while
releasing the brake pedal. The driver
will feel a very slight vibration
indicating that engine and
transmission are already engaged.
• Take a quick look of the vehicle’s
path. Press the brake and clutch
pedals if there is obstruction.
• The vehicle will slowly move.
• Gently press the gas pedal and
completely release the clutch.
49
 SHIFTING GEAR
SHIFTING GEAR DEPENDS
PRIMARILY ON THE
FOLLOWING • Press the clutch pedal
CONSIDERATIONS: and completely release
the gas pedal.
• SPEED • Shift to the desired and
• ENGINE RPM appropriate gear.
• CAPABILITY OF THE • Gently release the
VEHICLE clutch pedal while
• TYPE OF ROAD (LEVEL, smoothly pressing the
UPHILL, DOWNHILL) gas pedal.
• WEATHER CONDITION
• DRIVING SKILL
50
 NORMAL SHIFTING LEVER (STICK)
1 – FIRST GEAR
2 – SECOND GEAR
3 – THIRD GEAR
4 – FOURTH GEAR
5 – FIFTH GEAR
R - REVERSE
THE HIGHER THE GEAR,
THE FASTER THE VEHICLE

NEUTRAL
51
 BRAKING

As much as possible, STEP ON THE BRAKE

PEDAL FIRST.
STEPPING ON THE CLUTCH FIRST WILL
DISENGAGE THE TRANSMISSION AND
ENGINE. IN EFFECT, THE GEAR
SELECTOR WILL BE IN NEUTRAL
POSITION. THEN THE VEHICLE WILL
ABRUPTLY SLIDE.

52
 REMEMBER !!!

NEVER USE THE

LEFT FOOT FOR
BRAKING !!!!

53
 REMEMBER !!!

CORRECT BRAKING
WHILE THE VEHICLE
IS SLOWLY MOVING

54
 REMEMBER !!!

AVOID PRESSING
TWO PEDALS AT A
TIME

55
 STEERING WHEEL
Steering - To control a vehicle’s direction of travel

❖Hand Position
9 o’clock & 3 o’clock / 10 o’clock & 2 o’clock
Two hands at all times gives you optimum
control of the vehicle
❖Tracking
A method of steering that allows you to keep
your vehicle on the intended path of travel.
Look toward the center of the lane ahead
and make slight movements with the
steering wheel

56
HAND TO HAND STEERING

LEFT
RIGHT
HAND
HAND

HANDS DO NOT CROSS

EACH OTHER
Source: eregulations.com

57
 HAND OVER HAND STEERING
TURNING RIGHT – HAND OVER HAND

HANDS CROSSES
EACH OTHER
WHEN TURNING
LEFT OR RIGHT

Source: epermittest.com

58
 ONE HAND STEERING

THE RIGHT HAND

MAY BE RESTING
ON THE SHIFTING
LEVER

Source: epermittest.com

59
 TURNING or CHANGING LANE
TLSL
Think
Look (side mirrors / rear view mirror)
Signal
Look again

60
 TURNING or CHANGING LANE
TLSL
Think
Look (side mirrors / rear view mirror)
Signal
Look again

61
 TURNING or CHANGING LANE
TLSL
Think
Look (side mirrors / rear view mirror)
Signal your intention
Look again

62
 TURNING or CHANGING LANE
TLSLGo
Think
Look (side mirrors / rear view mirror)
Signal
Look again and GO ahead if safe

63
 OVERTAKING

• Make sure that you have

enough power and speed
when trying to overtake.
• Avoid eye-to-eye contact
while overtaking.
• Safely return to original lane.
• Do not force the issue. Give
way if in doubt

64
 UNDERSTEERING AND OVERSTEERING

UNDERSTEERING HAPPENS WHEN THE DRIVER FAILED TO STEER

ENOUGH
OVERSTEERING HAPPENS WHEN
THE DRIVER STEER TOO MUCH
THAN THE PATH OF THE VEHICLE

REMEMBER THAT THE VEHICLE

WILL RETURN BACK TO ITS
ORIGINAL STRAIGHT PATH
WHENEVER THE DRIVER
RELEASES THE GRIP
65
 STEERING STRAIGHT BACKWARDS

Press the Brake and shift to Reverse

• Turn body to the right and look
backwards
• Put left hand on the top of the wheel.
12:00 o’clock position
• Release pressure from the brake
while slowly releasing clutch pedal
just enough move the vehicle slowly
• Turn the steering wheel towards the
desired location From: yourmechanic.com

• Keep foot over the brake at all times

while checking traffic

66
 STOPPING AND PARKING

• Slowly take your right foot off the accelerator pedal and transfer it
to the brake, pushing the brake pedal gently
• Just before the car stops, push the clutch pedal with your left foot
(manual car)
• Bring the car to a smooth stop
• Put the car in neutral (manual) or park (automatic), keeping your
foot on the brake.
• Put the handbrake or park brake on, release your foot from the
brake and turn the engine off
67
 IMPORTANT REMINDERS WHEN REVERSING

• The front wheels have a greater turn radius than the

back wheels
• The front will swing out farther than the back
• Backing up to the left or right, turn steering wheel in
the direction you are backing

Backing left, turn wheel left

Backing right, turn wheel right

68
PARKING – NOSE IN

With enough
maneuvering
space

69
 PARKING – NOSE IN
4

Without
3
2 enough
maneuvering
1 space

70
 PARKING - PARALLEL
• Pull up alongside the vehicle
• Rear bumper to rear bumper Imaginary
• Turn wheel sharply to the right and begin to back up reference point
• Aim car to the rear right corner of the parking space
• When your steering wheel is even with the front
vehicle’s rear bumper, straighten out
• Keep looking behind you but make repeated glances to
make sure your front bumper is clear

71
 PARKING - PARALLEL
• Pull up alongside the vehicle
• Rear bumper to rear bumper Imaginary
• Turn wheel sharply to the right and begin to back up reference point
• Aim car to the rear right corner of the parking space
• When your steering wheel is even with the front
vehicle’s rear bumper, straighten out
• Keep looking behind you but make repeated glances to
make sure your front bumper is clear

72
 PARKING - PARALLEL
• Pull up alongside the vehicle
• Rear bumper to rear bumper Imaginary
• Turn wheel sharply to the right and begin to back up reference point
• Aim car to the rear right corner of the parking space
• When your steering wheel is even with the front
vehicle’s rear bumper, straighten out
• Keep looking behind you but make repeated
glances to make sure your front bumper is clear

73
 PARKING – UPHILL and DOWNHILL

MAIN OBJECTIVE –THE VEHICLE WILL NOT MOVE TO THE CENTER OF THE
ROAD IN CASE OF PARKING BRAKE OR GEAR MALFUNCTION
74
REVERSE PARKING

FIND A SAFE AND UNOBSTRUCTED

SPOT

75
REVERSE PARKING

PUT IN MIND THE IMAGINARY

REFERENCE POINT

76
REVERSE PARKING

SLOWLY PARK THE VEHICLE USING

THE SIDE AND REAR VIEW MIRRORS

77
REVERSE PARKING

SLOWLY PARK THE VEHICLE USING

THE SIDE AND REAR VIEW MIRRORS

78
LOADING AND UNLOADING
• LOAD OR UNLOAD PASSENGERS OR
CARGO AT A DESIGNATED ZONE ONLY
• CHECK AND DOUBLE CHECK ALL
MIRRORS BEFORE OPENING THE
DOOR
• ALLOW ADULT PASSENGERS TO
ALIGHT FIRST
• IF IT WILL CAUSE OBSTRUCTION OR
INCONVENIENCE, PRESS THE
HAZARD WARNING LIGHT
• AVOID FURTHER COMMUNICATION
AFTER UNLOADING PASSENGERS
• BE SURE THAT DOORS OR
PROPERLY CLOSED AFTER
UNLOADING PASSENGERS
• SWITCH THE TURN SIGNAL AND
CHECK THE MIRRORS BEFORE
MOVING OFF

79
 POST DRIVING ROUTINE

DOCUMENTS AND
BELONGINGS GADGETS
PASSENGERS
SWITCHES AND CONTROLS
IGNITION KEY
LOCKS
WALK AROUND CHECK

80
 RELATED LAWS BEFORE DRIVING (B, B1, B2)

TRAFFIC RULES AND REGULATION (RA 4136)

ANTI-DISTRACTED (RA 10913)
ANTI-DRUNK (RA 10586)
SEATBELT ACT (RA 8750)
PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT (RA 8749)
CHILD RESTRAINT ACT (RA 11229)

81
THANK YOU

82