Force & Motion II

FORCE &
1.1 Resultant Force

1.2 Resolution of Forces
1.3 Forces in Equilibrium
MOTION II
1.4 Elasticity The force of creative
energy cannot be stopped, it
will flow into direction it is
destined to move.
the single force that represents the vector sum
1.1 Resultant force
of two or more forces acting on an object
Situation 1: Situation 2:
F2 F1
F1
F2
Fnet = F1 - F2
Fnet = F1 + F2 (opposite direction: F1 > F2)
(same direction)
Fnet = F2 - F1
(opposite direction: F2 > F1)
Fnet = F = ma
amazing physics with Teacher Alina 2
1.1 Resultant force
Situation 3: (perpendicular to each other)
F = 6! + 8!
F = 10 N
6N F
6N "
tan 𝜃 =
𝜃 #
𝜃 = tan–1 (0.75)
8N 8N 𝜃 = 36.9°

1.1 Resultant force
Situation 4: (not perpendicular to each other: triangle method)
F2 F F2
𝛼 𝜃 𝛼
F1 F1

1.1 Resultant force
Situation 4: (not perpendicular to each other: paralellogram method)
F2 F
F2
𝛼 𝛼
F1 𝜃 𝛼
F1

1.2 Resolution of forces the process of resolving a force into two components
&!
cos 𝛼 =
𝛼 &
&"
F sin 𝛼 =
&
Fy
&"
cos 𝜃 =
&
&!
sin 𝜃 =
Fx 𝜃 &
balanced force
Body remain stationary
when the forces acting
Body move at constant velocity on it produce a Idea &
(acceleration = 0 ms-2) zero Concept
resultant :
F1 F2 force
for every force, there is a

F1 = F2 reaction force with the
same magnitude but in
(at opposite direction)
the opposite direction
Net force = 0 N
for every force, there is a reaction force with the same
1.3 Forces in Equilibrium magnitude but in the opposite direction
R Normal
reaction
Lift force
drag
Forward
force
thrust
R
Forward W
thrust
frictional
force
WWeight = mg W
for every force, there is a reaction force with the same
1.3 Forces in Equilibrium magnitude but in the opposite direction
tension
buoyant
force
drag Forward
force thrust
W
W
1.3 Forces in Equilibrium triangle of forces
The three forces W, P and T in Diagram 1 are

A triangle of forces can be drawn to in equilibrium. Therefore, the three forces
drawn in sequence will form a triangle.
show the equilibrium of three
forces acting on an object. The
magnitudes of the three forces are
represented by the lengths of the T=5N
W=4N
sides of a triangle and they are
drawn in sequence according to the
directions of the forces. P=3N
Diagram 1
(perpendicular to each other)

T2 T1 T1
Triangle
of
forces
The key to SUCCESS W

is to
FOCUS on GOALS,
not OBSTACLES
T2

F
Triangle T 60º
of
T W forces
Resultant force and 60º F

the principle of
resolution of forces
$ %
cos 60 =
&
! '(.*+
T= =
"#$ %&! "#$ %&!
m = 3 kg
= 58.86 N W = 29.43 N

Three forces, F, 30 N and W are in
equilibrium.
W = 25.98 N
F 30 N F
30º 30 N W 30º
60º
60º
!
! cos 30 º=
sin 60 º= $
W "# %&.()
F = *+, "#!
W = 30 (sin 60º)
Calculate the values of F and W. F = 30 N
W = 25.98 N

1.3 Forces in Equilibrium triangle of forces Inclined
plane
R Using a concept of
trigonometry
F m
gc
os𝜃
W 𝜃
m
g s in 𝜃
mg 𝜃 R
𝜃 W
Component parallel
F = mg sin 𝜃 F
to the plane:
Component perpendicular
to the plane:
R = mg cos 𝜃 amazing physics with Teacher Alina 14
1.3 Forces in Equilibrium triangle of forces Inclined
A box of weight 430 N on a ramp with 20° slope to horizontal. plane
Frictional force exerted between the box with the ramp is 147.1 N.
147
. 1 N
1 Component parallel to the plane:
F = mg sin 𝜃
F F = 430 (sin 20º)
W = 430 N = 147.1 N
20º
Calculate the resultant force, parallel to the ramp. 2 Resultant force

Fnet = F- frictional force
= 147.1 – 147.1
=0N
Stationary
(balanced force)
Let’s try
1. Diagram 1 shows forces acting on a moving car. The mass of the car is 1 200 kg.
(b) What is the acceleration of the car, if the engine thrust is

increased to 9 kN.
F = ma
Diagram 1 Fnet = ma
(a) The car moves at constant speed with engine thrust 5.5 kN.
Fnet = Engine thrust - Resistive force
(i) What is the magnitude of resistive force?
5.5 kN // 5 500 N Engine thrust - Resistive force = ma
(ii) Write an equation to show the relationship between
resistive force and engine thrust. 9000 – 5500 – 1200(a)
3500 = 1200(a)
Resistive force = Engine thrust
a = 2.917 ms-2
(iii) Give one reason for your answer in 1(a)(ii).
Fnet = 0 N // Forces in equilibrium //
Balanced force amazing physics with Teacher Alina 16
Let’s try
Diagram 2 shows a monkey has a firm hold on a light rope that passes
over a frictionless pulley and is attached to a 14 kg bunch of the
bananas.
The monkey and the bananas are in equilibrium.

(a) What is the resultant force act on the pulley system?
T
Fnet = 0 N // Zero
(b) On Diagram 1, draw the direction and label all the

forces that act on the monkey.
W
Diagram 2

Let’s try
Diagram 3 shows a giant bulb, 50 N hanging on the wall.
(b) In the space below, draw the triangle of forces to show the forces are
acting in Diagram 3 are in equilibrium.
(c) Calculate the force T
!
2 sin 50º = 5
T &#
2 sin 50º = 5
W T = 32.635 N
100º
sine RULE
40º
Diagram 3 T 5
=
!
,67 8# ,67 9##
(a) What is meant by weight? &#
Gravitational force acting on T = ,67 9## (sin 40)
an object T = 32.635 N
Idea &
Sine Rule Concept
!
=
&
=
(
: for finding side
:
"#$ % "#$ ' "#$ )
B "#$ % "#$ ' "#$ )

= = : for finding angles
! & (
c a
A Cosine Rule
C a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc (cos A) : for finding side
b & ! * ( ! + !!
cos A = : for finding angles
,&(

Let’s try
Diagram 4.1 shows a girl standing on a R
weighing scale in a stationary lift.
Diagram 4.2 shows the same girl in a lift
which is accelerating upwards at 2 ms-2.
2 ms-2
(a) Which of the two weighing scales

shows the bigger reading?
Diagram 4.2 W Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2
(d) Calculate the reading of the weighing (e) If the cable of the lift in Diagram 4.2 snaps,
(b) Name and label the two forces
scale in Diagram 4.2. what will be the reading of the weighing scale?
acting on the girl in Diagram 4.1
R > W = ma W > R = mg
R = normal reaction
R – W = ma W – R = mg
W = weight
R – mg = ma mg – R = mg
(c) If the mass of the girl is 50 kg, what is the R = ma + mg R = mg - mg
reading of the weighing scale in Diagram 4.1?
R = 50(2) + 490.5 R=0N
R = W = mg = 50 (9.81) R = 590.5 N
R = 490.5 N amazing physics with Teacher Alina 20
Let’s try
Diagram 5 shows Jimmy pushing a lawnmower with force F.
Which component causes the lawnmower to overcome friction

and move in horizontal direction?
A. R C. Fx
B. Fy D. Fr
Diagram 5
Let’s try
Diagram 6 shows an object is at rest on a rough inclined plane.
Which one of the following expressions is correct?
A. R = F cos ϴ C. F = W cos ϴ
B. R = W sin ϴ D. F = W sin ϴ
Diagram 6

Resultant force R LIFT
and the principle
of resolution of
forces
upwards
R > W
R > mg = ma
R – mg = ma
Moving
upwards
R = ma + mg
with acceleration
of a m s-2
W *R = reading of the weighing scale

and the principle
of resolution of
forces
downwards
W > R
W > R = ma
mg – R = ma
Moving
downwards R = mg - ma
with acceleration
of a m s-2

and the principle
of resolution of
forces a = 0 m s-2 (constant velocity)
Fnet = 0 N
R > W
R > mg = ma
Stationary
lift of moving
R – mg = 0
upwards & R = mg
downwards
at constant velocity
and the principle
of resolution of
forces Free fall
a = g (gravitational acceleration)
W > R
W > R = ma
Free W > R = mg
fall
mg – R = mg
R = mg – mg
R=0N

&! Resultant force
cos 𝛼 = and the principle
& of resolution of
𝛼
&" forces
sin 𝛼 =
&
F
Fy
&"
cos 𝜃 =
&
&!
𝜃 sin 𝜃 =
&
Fx amazing physics with Teacher Alina 27
$ '!
cos 30 = Resultant force
($$
and the principle
FX = cos 30º (100) of resolution of
= 86.603 N F net = Fx – Frictional force
forces
= 86.603 – 5
= 83.603 N
F= F = ma
100
N F net = 5 (a)
30º
m = 5 kg 83.603 = 5a
a = 16.72 m s-2
Fx Frictional force = 5 N

Resultant force
and the principle
of resolution of
forces
T2 T1 Triangle T1
of
forces
The key to
is to
SUCCESS W
FOCUS GOALS,on
not OBSTACLES
T2

Resultant force
and the principle 60º
of resolution of F T
forces Triangle
of F
T W forces
60º
$ %
cos 60 =
&
! +&
T= =
"#$ %&! "#$ %&! m = 3 kg
W = 30 N
= 60 N
Three forces, F, 30 N and W are in
F 30 N
30º Resultant force
equilibrium. and the principle
60º
of resolution of
Calculate the values of F and W. forces
sin 60 º=
! W
"#
W = 30 (sin 60º)
W = 25.98 N
W = 25.98 N
30 N F cos 30 º=
!
W 30º $
%&.()
F = *+, "#!
60º F = 30 N

pulley
N
Calculate the acceleration of the load
100 Object will rise up
F=
F>W
F – W = ma
100 – 50 = 5a
50 = 5a
m = 5 kg W = 50 N
a = 10 m s-2

pulley
Calculate the Tension of the rope when a = 3 m s -2
Object will rises up T

T>W
T – W = ma
T – 30 = 3(3)
T - 30 = 9 m = 3 kg W = 30 N
T = 39 N

Resultant force pulley
Fnet = 40 – 30 = 10 N
Total mass = 3 + 4 = 7 kg
T T Acceleration of the object:
F = ma
m = 3 kg
m = 4 kg 10 = 7a
Calculate the Tension of
W = 30 N a = 1.43 m s -2
the rope
W = 40 N Calculate the Tension of the rope
Object will rise up
Object will go down
T>W
T – 30 = ma W>T
T – 30 = 3(1.43) W – T = ma
T – 30 = 4.29 40 – T = 4(1.43)
T = 34.29 N 40 - T = 5.72
T = 34.28 N
*has a frictional force acting on the table
pulley Calculate the acceleration and Tension of the load
W >T
m = 4 kg Method 2 30 – T = 3a
T T = 30 – 3a …equation 1
Frictional force = 2 N
T T – 2 = 4a
Resultant force T = 4a + 2 …equation 2
Method 1 Fnet = 30 – 2 = 28 N m = 3 kg equation 1 = equation 2
Total mass = 3 + 4 = 7 kg 30 – 3a = 4a + 2
7a = 28
Acceleration of the object:
a = 4 m s -2
F = ma W >T Insert (a) equation 2
28 = 7a 30 – T = 3a T = 4a + 2
a=4ms -2
T = 30 – 3(4) T = 4(4) + 2
T = 30 - 12 T =16 + 2
T = 18 N T = 18 N
pulley
*NO frictional force acting on the table
Calculate the acceleration and Tension of the load
W >T
m = 6 kg Method 2 40 – T = 4a
T T = 40 – 4a …equation 1
T T – 0 = 6a
Resultant force T = 6a …equation 2
Method 1 Fnet = 4(10) = 40 N m = 4 kg equation 1 = equation 2
Total mass = 6 + 4 = 10 kg 40 – 4a = 6a
40 = 10a
Acceleration of the object:
a = 4 m s -2
F = ma W >T Insert (a) equation 2
40 = 10a 40 – T = 4a T = 6a
a=4ms -2
T = 40 – 4(4) T = 6(4)
T = 40 - 16 T = 24 N
T = 24 N
Using inclined plane requires
less effort over a longer distance
e d
l i n
n c
I n e
pla

n e d
Component parallel
to the plane: F = mg sin 𝜃
cl i
n
I
pla
n e Component perpendicular
to the plane:
R = mg cos 𝜃
R Using a concept of
trigonometry
W 𝜃
F m
gc
os𝜃
R
𝜃
g s in
mg 𝜃
m
𝜃 W F
A box of mass 43 kg on a ramp with 20° slope to horizontal.
Frictional force exerted between the box with the ramp is 147.1 N.
e d
l i n
n c N
e
1
I n 147
.
pla
F
W = 430 N
20º
Calculate the resultant force, parallel to the ramp.
1 Component parallel to the plane: 2 Resultant force

F = mg sin 𝜃
Fnet = F- frictional force
F = 430 (sin 20º)
= 147.1 – 147.1
= 147.1 N
= 0 N Stationary
(balanced force)

Ali of mass 40 kg is sliding in a flume as shown on Diagram 1.
e d Ali slides down the flume, which is inclined at 30⁰ to the
n
ncli horizontal.
I n e
pla The frictional force acting on Ali in the flume is 120 N.
Calculate:
(i) The component of the weight parallel to the slope

of the flume, WC
Weight parallel, Wc = mg sin 𝜃 Diagram 1
Wc = (40)(10) sin 30
(iii) The acceleration of Ali.
= 200 N
(ii) The resultant force acting on Ali. Fnet = ma
Resultant force 80 = 40 a
= Wc – Frictional force
= 200 – 120 a = 2 ms-2
= 80 N amazing physics with Teacher Alina 40
Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show a man pushing a wheelbarrow loaded with sand against a wooden plank.
e d
n
ncli
I n e
pla
Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2

Based on Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, compare; the inclined State the relationship between weight of the sand and the
plane angle, the weight of the sand and the force parallel to the force parallel to the wooden plank exerted by the man.
wooden plank exerted by the man.
weight of the sand increase,
Characteristics Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2 force parallel to the wooden plank decrease
inclined plane angle same same Calculate the angle of the inclined wooden plank from the ground.
weight of the sand smaller bigger 1.5
tan q =
2.2
force parallel to the wooden smaller bigger
1.5
q = tan!"
2.2
q = 34.29° amazing physics with Teacher Alina 41
the property of material that enables an object to return to its original
1.4 Elasticity shape and size after the force applied on it is removed
F=kx
Hooke’s Law: F (N)
@A
Gradient, k = @B =
$
B
=
C
D
= Nm-1
the extension of a Physical quantity for gradient:

Spring constant
spring is directly proportional
Area under the graph:
to the force applied Elastic potential energy
on the spring provided the 𝟏 𝟏
Ep = 𝟐 Fx = 𝟐 kx2
elastic limit of the spring
is not exceeded. x (m)

F (N) @A
Gradient = @B =
B
$
=
D
C
= mN-1
-
Gradient, h =
.
/ .
x (m) 0
= =k
-
/ /
k= = = Nm-1
0 12!34567
x (m)
@A $ C
Gradient, k = @B = B = D = Nm-1
Physical quantity for gradient: Spring constant
Area under the graph:
F (N)
Elastic potential energy
𝟏 𝟏
Ep = 𝟐 Fx = 𝟐 kx2 = Joule
effect on the
Spring Constant:
Thickness of the spring
Length of the spring increase increase
Spring constant Spring constant
decrease increase
Arrangement in
Diameter of the spring parallel,
increase Spring
Spring constant constant
decrease increase

The original length of a spring is 5 cm. With a load of mass 20 g, the length of the spring is extended to 7 cm. Let’s try
Determine:
Lo = 5 cm
(a) the extension of the spring with a load 40 g m = 20 g
L = 7 cm
20 g ⟶ 2 cm ∴ x = 7 – 5 = 2 cm
8# H B %.ID
∴ 40 g ⟹
%# H
(c) the load required to extend the spring to 20 cm
x = 4 cm
(b) the length of the spring with a load 60 g. 2 cm ⟶ 20 g
L = 20 cm
20 g ⟶ 2 cm x = 20 – 5 = 15 cm
J# H B % ID
∴ 60 g ⟹ 9& B %# H
∴ ⟹ %# ID
%# H
x = 6 cm
Length = 6 + 5 = 11 cm m = 150 g

Diagram 1 shows a spring is compressed by three different loads of mass Let’s try
5 kg, M kg and 20 kg. Calculate the value of M.
F= kx
/ 1 23 1 2'&
k= = =
0 4% 24' 4% 2*
5 − 𝑀 −15
=
4 12
15 – 3M = -15
3M = 30
M = 10 kg
Diagram 1

Spring P extends by 2 cm when it hung with a 10 g weight. Spring Q extends by 4 cm when it hung with a Let’s try
10 g weight. Determine the total extension in each of the spring systems shown in the following diagram.
Spring P
10 g ⟶ 2 cm x = xP + xQ Total mass: 50 g
20 g ⟶ 4 cm x=4+8 Arrangement in Parallel
,8 1
Total x = 12 cm ∴ = 25 g
,8 1 - , (9 ,
∴ 20 g ⟹
/8 1
xP = 4 cm 10 g ⟶ 2 cm
,; 1 - , (9
mass: 40 g ∴ 25 g ⟹
/8 1
Spring Q Arrangement in Parallel Total x = 5 cm
10 g ⟶ 4 cm ∴
:8 1
= 20 g ∴ xQ = 8 cm
20 g ⟶ 8 cm ,
10 g ⟶ 2 cm
,8 1 - : (9 #$ % & ' ()
∴ 20 g ⟹ ∴ 40 g ⟹ "$ %
/8 1 Total x = xQ + xP
xQ= 8 cm xP = 8 cm
= 8 + 8 = 16 cm
Let’s try
Example 1:
Explain how the forces between
the molecules caused the
elasticity when the spring is
compressed and stretched.
Example 2:
When the spring is compressed,
its length decreases and returns
back to its original length after
compression force is removed
due to elasticity property of a
material.
Based on the forces between
atoms, explain why the spring is
elastic.

Let’s try
Using a catapult, state and explain two ways to enable a
stone to travel a longer distance.
• Used thicker rubber

• greater elastic potential
energy
• Stretched the rubber longer,
greater elastic potential energy
• Used smaller mass of stone,
increase the acceleration of
the stone

Diagram 2 shows a vehicle’s shock absorber that used to reduce the effect Let’s try
of traveling over rough road.
Explain how the shock absorber able to absorb and damp shock impulses.
• Compress when have shock

impulses
• Prolong the time of impact &
reduce impulsive force
• Shock impulses will have bigger change of
momentum.
• Lower the rate of change of momentum
Diagram 2 amazing physics with Teacher Alina 50

Let’s try
Diagram 3 shows a graph extension, x against Force, F for two
springs A and B.
The spring A and B having an original length of 10 cm each. Observe Diagram 2. Compare the gradient of the graph, the spring
constant of the spring and the stiffness of the spring.
Relate the gradient of the graph and the spring constant of the spring.
Hence, deduce the relationship between the spring constant of the
spring and the stiffness of the spring.
• Gradient of the graph: Spring A > Spring B

• Spring constant: Spring B > Spring A
• Stiffness of the spring: Spring B > Spring A
• Gradient of the graph decrease, spring constant increase
• Spring constant increase, Stiffness of the spring increase
Diagram 3
Diagram 4.1 shows the original length of the spring is 14 cm and its spring constant is 200 Nm-1.
Let’s try
Diagram 4.2 shows a steel ball of mass 10 g being pushed against one end of a spring along a smooth surface.
Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2

(a) Name the form of energy stored when the spring is compressed as
shown on Diagram 3.2.
(ii) the maximum velocity of the ball after the force of
Elastic potential energy compression on the spring is removed.
9
(b) Based on Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, calculate mv 2 = 0.16 J
%
(i) the energy stored in the spring as stated in 3(a). % B #.9J
v2 =
9 2 #.#9
E = kx v2 = 32 m2s-2
%
9
= % (200 N m-1) (0.04 m)2 v = 5.66 ms-1
= 0.16 J amazing physics with Teacher Alina 52
Diagram 5.1 shows two springs with the same original length. Let’s try
Diagram 5.2 shows the two springs attached with 100 g load.
Observe Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2, compare the diameter of spring A
and spring B, the extension of spring A and spring is B when are attached
with 100 g loads and the spring constant of spring A and spring B. State
the relationship between the extension of the spring and the spring
constant of the spring. Name the physics law involved.
Characteristics Spring A Spring B

Diameter of spring smaller bigger
Extension of spring
smaller bigger
when attach with 100 g Diagram 5.1 Diagram 5.2
Spring constant bigger smaller
extension of spring increase,
Hooke’s law Spring constant decrease
Diagram 6 shows a spring shock absorber that could be used in a car. Let’s try
CHARACTERISTIC REASON
Spring made of steel Strong // Will not rust easily
// not easily break
Thicker spring wire // Stiffer spring //
Diagram 6
Big diameter spring wire Smaller compression
High spring constant Stiffer spring //
You are required to design a suitable spring shock
absorber that can absorb the impact resulting from the Smaller compression
movement on uneven road surfaces. Higher strength of the Not easily break // strong //
spring not easily deformed
State and explain your suggestion based on the following
aspects such as material of the spring, thickness of the Spring that has high rate The amplitude reduces fast //
spring, spring constant, strength of the spring and rate of of damping Less bounce
damping of the spring

An archer is aiming an arrow to a target board as shown on Diagram 7. Let’s try

Using appropriate physics concept, explain the use of suitable
equipment and techniques to improve his performance.
Your answer should include the following aspects:
(i) mass of the arrow
(ii) shape of the arrow
(iii) elasticity of the bowstring
(iv) strength of the bow
(v) position of the aiming arrow compared to the centre of the target board Diagram 7
Characteristics Reason
Low mass Lighter // increase speed // easily to accelerate
Aerodynamic shape To reduce air resistance
Larger elasticity of the bowstring Higher elastic potential energy
Strong strength of the bow It does not break easily
position of the aiming arrow above the level of Gravitational force will pull the arrow downward
the center of the target board
amazing
physics
Enjoy
learning Life is like a
cup of
physics tea…
It’s all in
with how you
make it
teacher
Alina

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FORCE &

1.1 Resultant Force

Situation 3: (perpendicular to each other)

amazing physics with Teacher Alina 3

Situation 4: (not perpendicular to each other: triangle method)

amazing physics with Teacher Alina 4

Situation 4: (not perpendicular to each other: paralellogram method)

amazing physics with Teacher Alina 5

for every force, there is a

The three forces W, P and T in Diagram 1 are

(perpendicular to each other)

The key to SUCCESS W

amazing physics with Teacher Alina 11

Resultant force and 60º F

amazing physics with Teacher Alina 12

amazing physics with Teacher Alina 13

Calculate the resultant force, parallel to the ramp. 2 Resultant force

(b) What is the acceleration of the car, if the engine thrust is

The monkey and the bananas are in equilibrium.

(b) On Diagram 1, draw the direction and label all the

amazing physics with Teacher Alina 17

B "#$ % "#$ ' "#$ )

amazing physics with Teacher Alina 19

(a) Which of the two weighing scales

Diagram 4.2 W Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2

Diagram 5 shows Jimmy pushing a lawnmower with force F.

Which component causes the lawnmower to overcome friction

Diagram 6 shows an object is at rest on a rough inclined plane.

Which one of the following expressions is correct?

amazing physics with Teacher Alina 22

W *R = reading of the weighing scale

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W *R = reading of the weighing scale

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Calculate the Tension of the rope when a = 3 m s -2

Object will rises up T

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1 Component parallel to the plane: 2 Resultant force

amazing physics with Teacher Alina 39

(i) The component of the weight parallel to the slope

Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2

the extension of a Physical quantity for gradient:

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• Used thicker rubber

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• Compress when have shock

Diagram 2 amazing physics with Teacher Alina 50