43 ERMS

E l e c i i c Cuwnn Elc tric cmmaut may be daline as he

***
*****

uime l e o n moupn oon elacthwe honge ackoss

Coss sec0uas bousolary.

ect uc urnt, = "Kat 4 bovlfo y ekip zie

chanh.

nanejea dung o gtven

timev duunoti n

imeanati
Anap en e = Cowomb
Aecins

ie Cirr nt i me akwe in A iue" o o n e po-sp a:

AAauc
PA

.Eleo iotveote: (em h e zarrce. hat:auke

o In an. eiut'juc u'ruui

2taudio djuu u pd) "betoeau uso p'nls Qn el u t e

ea u e in h e ielerical stae
a u i r is ia dih
wu'rh u ds Vane loo. lelsut. u r e t i bew

Out ot. both' e andpa" is Voi

Ls tizAienToi
m ma rtai ts poteutial diuence. Vwile_gd cou
liruul: Eletiic uhcuib it,losid
enegi ed
( Eleutsic
wwlu Ont Jio w s
netwre msouau

) k l e u u Nefwok t19 ua Possib

titâne1eiiatL ff
elutic i r u i eleshein
b u uwF u a u i t .
1 s nw
 Enengy ince
p Sow.ce guch as a phimay ov

devrce that
seiondoy eell, a gennato,) i a

conve chenucol
mechanical, "in electi
ial
thermal 0
Enngy
Rom e oBh en

omms eneag1
t is also colled t load (such a s
Eneqy Conveto
0v an eleut ric molor
JAp, auoitug appliauce,
Convesk etect su cal nto liglur
en i q 1 uubt,
meuhauial uwsle

irsouit
EneSouAte
Engy Conver)
Ene a SoAta
other deatsucal
Etetricial. 0ther
T ams
forras
he
theE voltage
oU ce em er open-oi cuib voltage) load i
h e ouAce doh en no

acoss
h a t app ens
connect.d acaoss t
Aouia
en a oad is
onnected t lhe
Wh
enu' nai Voltage eletie
curnt
ui is daced, an

Taunal aud he uy acsOsS

k uis uuit Nau votage

slank louoing thsoug voltag
als atled tinuinal
30UAce tvui'n
l t the AD
d . . he ousa e.
t is due to the voltage op
IRs
acuDS he s o u s e Juk'staue
 asic Uu torA
ananarmwomnea

n'elutsid uretual
Rs call ed a uuil duug hr
ula a di againn LoUA)A
intenconnetid yrbol:allhá

cercul elem onz brr cir uu

Panamers
w o elemenk ase necess any Jo lpres euu oLeL e4 a in

dc ci cuit hese ane rnsowh.ce (E) and intes vrl

Csoun) uesjstauce CR) aud he lo ad resistan (R)
n en a y Conveå o7 Loooi, uwet Mows rom
Aide sjde eh& sousce uohereos insioi
e
in the pPoei Ia dinre ci u
DiA Ce r e n t lowë
The +ve i
inomve side" o

Vortous ypes D Urws

iurent (de) circzail: When elerri al eriey
diret .S

geneated i o i inu Üed

ana convateol ndv
invo iv ad Semt
the Cument and voJtagis
guc that is uoE
Constautoith the, efeurouc Uciru
ime,
direu curent Coae) eircui
9the cugrenk ond
Altesnall ug Cm LaC) crui
i m e h e uruit s
o chauge w i
vortag ruil
Kuoue as altendtiug Cuurent (ac)
volt- anp
Resistvk"elanen Jor wokiih he
Lipeas iruut i al thogut ne
chanatiiis
neas
Jaw ae calluo
Dhms
hey obey eleriuc u T k containn ng
aud h e cea ane callee 0
Dnear u i stan
lln ean trCuis

V
 Norn-ineos uruuk: Keai sive olamens for whitd ti
volt-anpe tharacti s t i s is othe t h n a ktheigi
une ie' dos uot gbuy dhn's lous,au known astir
non-inea Qud so h eletit ui uuk pontaining
4hem aàe callea uen-Un ea uaui .
eungs in lanps,
Voceu iub s
trauni&tir cti.

V>

Bi latesal cirau An eteutio diruit, ohose phoperti ts

o chanat eisiis e same in eithen diretion, is
Colk ed he bilateal cir uutF
:4di'st i bution ov Thons nu'asjtn '0ne btcause
P can be made o pnfom l 'hunttt on equally
well in ilh divti hn!
Uni latual usui: An ele ct iciorCuit, whos e.
chanatuistics o Pmopenties ctauge with the diretioun
eik puot an ik calbd vuilatëglal vvuit
e tode neciiies becase annot pero
"
.
ecdi iiati'a in balh diaecims.
 IRcT BL6MENTS HcTWE YASSIVE
ENERCY TORAGE ArecTS

Civouub elemenk or liruuHaramelLr:

lectaic uruit are calleol
The varOus elen en an

panomilus uke slosisBano apa utantaand

indyct ance TWOTYPE
Aaliv Eleminy r more
When a networe contains n e

ACuve nefwod to be
kouaces af em aud or c u r e n t i t a i d
acd ve neuMoo
o h e netuoork ac
The elem ens
uohwuh 2upplyenergy
active etimenk( 0
2noon as
batt eueA dc gunenalbrs ac genratons
like
Vo Ll age Lomces ulls, mtadhe aei
0uhs
k a phobelutucV
cu rY
fansfve blemenk: Pve.
neltoork i's said to be pss
Neloosk;
a o i n it.
assive
no AouLte
4 T d r e en g y aA
contafns

ouidh disenpalt o
conponnk
The
Lonponnk
Enaon l a s passive: r Cc).
Capauiia
, Inducthr CLY
Kesisto7.Ck)

conipon ent
ohith dissipals
isthe orly
essto
eletol eney
Basicaly ii Awses ener
4nducton : t strs enerey
oawTentpaLsi
ngUhaoualh i t
by viue
Copaui: tesen enesgy. stres energy by virite
potutal did4aence acswst i
 he propent, o4
Kesistance (R): t may be dhjined as

tö whidh t opot es (o Tistsictay 4he

a substance due
elutuc cumn through it.
no ot
Tuitknce is ohm C
Unit o
IM = 10°

Condudr deperds on t
The usislante R d by
poll ousin fostors.
R-e A
R vais diruthy ik length CA) and v aries
os

inve selu s thecnoss- seiiinal aneo e the coductar.

9t also depends o he nalure s maderiak anol
enpn atre the conduto..
a tonstaub dependina en he naluse et mateuoi
h e tonducti,
aud kno on as i t
0s reiitivitg
Speui pe wsistae
may be delined asthe Hisiatanee between he
Ppocieact ametre ube 0 that mat etal

2
ohm m

dhm- m t r e

-m
 Conduct ante and on dudi vily
ivhanto (R)
is the aeup nocul o
Con ductance CC)
antr ored by tha
tunduJ
94 1s datined as the indu um
the po CUTent
G R
R
A
Hhe conduivi 00s e
Cotedolled
* * 7 * . A n v n s
whe
Condu ut ante 8 a con utihy.
mho )
is giemens (S)07
n tConductante
Uwt wnduetivily.
A
metre x Siimens/mho
mee2
Siemena/metre
07 liaa mholmTe.
ON KeejsT ANCE
EFFECTOF 1EMPERATURE
use tenp enatu ve
in
The e e pune
mtals aud
inertase The susistante p
aloys eleutonolylis naulatirs
dderease h e Auistdnee condtut loss Aud
(i) t ol) add palial
papes, Tubbeu, qlass inaulotbr rcu-ve tenpuame
Conban. 0 Henu esIL Fante.
Coeliciet,s
iadviiinmesimniairo
 TEMPECTURE lDEFFICIENT 0F KEsuTANeE
tet a
Metallic
Keslstan ce Ko Re
Conduto
tAaN
enpnalve 0'c t'c
Ancr as e tn sluIstante AR =Ri-Ro depenelk
diret y on ik iu tiol Jsiatanu..
( din ut on h e ise in tnpuoitu
on 4h nalure o he mat ual o h e condu do
R-Ro dRXt
R-Ro= CRo t|
ohve 'contant ad kuoon a4 tupualure
toelhj enh o4 the tes}shance the co nductar.
9+ may be diined as he InCT Loee in. ausi'stance
Bhm ouginal tiuistan ce p "c puse in
p
Tenpnalune. V
n dutor (9t ore0ses he slaaiga Owrent
bao?'ng horvugin and i'n du c avoltage ohin
vaue in magwi cde
the r7ntlooing though i
aud /ov odisqcion
Capau dois yoroge applid acons he papaitor
bnergy
dutui't feid wHun iand ene
u pup
an
to ed in elutui ed.
namet Basic Yo t age
-
Cunent
Knerii
Rulaianaeiip Ruati onahip

VR Ki
VRi

p=Li L di W LLt
dt
ink age

= Cv Lc=C dve WcCV

d
chan

Electrie Noloorle
omenpotranAoins
0
o4point in eks an edeut aic hur
iso junchan b r a n c h e s meut
m logetur
Togt
Node: benches
move
where v.ioo 0
nttwovk neliwore shit
iad iany sec i pn ela
ranch: A branch
passinghuu
vttly,e
out
nodes
tioo
oins
a thid node.
u r uul A
in a
DE is a dosod path
Loop
Loop
in no esement or node
h an once.
en wuntened, mo ti E
FF
Loop1: , 4,*,,,Ra,C,Ru,D, Re,6,ks,
V,A,8,6, Ra,E,s,
F Loop-38,fa, c,Ra, D, e, E s
ivop
loop 4h at otains no ohu loop witin it
Tesh9t is a

VA RB, EF k2c Ry D R¢ E R3
***** *****e *****
 ndependeut ependent

bunces Cwnent \/olte)

olt

VOLTAGE SoURcEs B CURR ENTouRcES

9ndependnt Vo ltage ounce
Avolkag Aouce 2ad s be indupurduut cohiun
i doesuot daped eun any othe quobt inThe
iruit.
ndepndub de voltage
Vs
8
Timevauiug voltage
A

Jvct)
ve n indialiá.

Poci ive with.xespeut 6 Wnuual B ie. the potiutial o

to nal A Vvoba ugr Ahox Hratl gunaal B.
ndepnduut Cunuut Eoiace
A Cur qut epuuu is
Mo depaud pur au2aidb basiudapudaut i ir does
ten quava,
COus tau utu drua
A
me-
vang
A

The aou
iudicolz the
momeu un dn uaidreg
derat . auo n
 Pmdavtoaus
A dupudul souu.ce i g olhil depuds
o m a ' q u a d il g in the úiru toluil : maybe eeie

Voltode . a cuieut,
Ju a dupn doul sbus +a ulput volkage (rruumot)
dLp uds on amotu voltoge (ok urrent)
Tie ulaluensup may bi i Meoa non-.Jnea

DLpenolLu voltage lDune

SA
for ndng 0ut dapudut volfage
1 daude 4he t-Aignk hen okat/u beV-h
,
P
t e t b value ís qire u L in tems
aSos
Hat wil. be +ie Value o toge Bnly
qivu depeuolt oue
+Lue
' bot upuub
ep: V I
VDoge aAjis d e p e n d t L o u e u

I hepreseuted by

ene aDo uprLstnls he urtu 8DU

Boh 1 au ayHPresel3 Hhe val o umo
 e u r dont WbuaLs

dounu
dent Voltage
Veltage -Depen
0
dpendd uPe
output is contoll eha by au| iuput
yodtauge
tet.
veltaqe io the
)av V,

Cum n depenolul V6]tage Sote

en ds
Oupub oltage dop
upau yret ie.
outp u voltage depenG
on' id ontdolled "by
on inpu u r nt.

yol toge- depeuolunCureu ounca

Oulpur u e n t dop enos ufn
oris vt solled b an inpu
V
vDiroge

Cumu-Dipudsut uiuloul
Vutpu s eu depudk upn
oT Coubb:olled by
 Jdeal Voltag tnce o Cous tau V6 uaoe

A ideal voltuge 30nu l also calleol caust out veltans

Rouh ta)is &utuol mpuinths a coustaut tuinnl
vOLrgi mctt oto mucle urubt is dimon fna

rdeol vologe aowhce os zuo iilerual uAithasu.

.

i t would phovide cnstan unai'ngl volbag aga dle

t h e value lo load connected acHOSs i tekbui ne
9 is notr ossible 5 eonabu an i deal voltoge Aui, .
becaue lew vol a g s0 Le aA A&ne fuitna
istau hatj cau the awinal voitage
cuneut. o zuninal voibaqe j notcA:tavt
du h leo

s yy hall, it cau be Dusi deA.ec asa ouzlaut

uoinupoy tant poink3:

dlead vo tage sbuu anuot be shoot- urguit e
bit k
Tuwo idaal yotage o wcos n egiol uilp uk gis
Caot be plac ed n pauattel
..

eal Voltoga doua

Temuinal

votag
LoGd mut

Enoaple o4, tanstanb votagu kouug fa load-

acid tell.
Gntnal alsisianu His ellVey Nnall
abauto01 2) s o i t anbeioideled as
s0usce aL phaclal
Constant voltage
Puhpose
 ***

WWww

ww S

Mww
7 *
 t

(*
 Kphusut ati du

daas
T (
Soulte
.

nodtical Keal
o
Curant Louse:
dual umentAou das uwt ntunal stsisrauce
he load ueeut wil chanq e as the value
Lo ad sklante chang
ealaouu cau be uprusLulgd as an ioleal ur 1

Sdeal
Koal, ueut ADUate.
acshosshe teunals
is Couneted
wwu. oa drestskaa(k)
Te soute
ouuu, Ihe u ou (1) pho diutud by
th ad h
di vi des btioun kin uTLut is ess Hhau isould i4 tu
the load
ouseq ulrty,
Roukt u l ideal
w u 4oudu moe
doeely
AAs Knt 1T
app uv ahes ideol cureut
souie.
 asenAan

Voltagei uine
ony areigu Belwerw

w
Voltageubuie un nt atounee
Rnt A
- A

-
Rinb

Pin
Cuart u Voltage Wauneé

Rin
-(T) int E

E Ix6nt
 OHM'S LAN

Ohm's law slats thal the allo o, poterivai dit

th.
CV)betwen any boo poink on a Co ducto
ent.(I) louoing 'betwan them, 1s b o n t ,
Cu
the phy2i cal condib'ons (ike tempuahius
Phovioded
AuCipnal aea) s 4he
phessuse, Lenglh 'oud choes
Conductos does mot thanga, constad- Ri
T
( O

a conduci odrre iby

toy
Cuent looi ngh ough
pobtiohal s h e plential diuence otne:
pro
the condue os and inver4oly phopsvtituof
the ends o
t h e conucbo heistace,
providud w pup i l
o n dutoys
(rumainu unhasg -d
CondiBous ohe Crnaui
diu wvn ed ty reorg &irnir
This elahou oas

i i s kuouon as Ohm's law

e ord
V Vpl toqe dih
eence betuo ain the
con-dutiog. In val Cv)..
ot the in Arp Er
Uu conducto
I Cuw ent thatough

V=constaut="R

V IR
twndutter.
Me síztauce h e
wheneR is colleol
St is measwmed in okms (2)

**
 1hsue
erpsUKs pol in ymbok in
hme aw may be
eul
V IR
I V
R
RV
Kesiotance' e 4he electucal pto penly 0 the matvu o
wicn ofpo46 he tumentzlo lo Hndbu i
L +V
eva=poteutal atata b
V potouliol
esisLor
ot euti'al acuoes
Vas - Va-Vs
Aro duq, b ohrms louw,
Va TR
TRALH
O Cw ve is plott ed
btioten VaudI,
s a strasgur üne.
Cwreut The Cuve bitoeen Voudi
s.called 4he
Vol anpne lhonadustics.
yoloug .
The sesislov obuyk phmk lao is call ed a
nan wsis tor,
low is alled a
7
7 The
dtesistoq ouie does uo vbeys ohm
Non-nea Juuis br
 Con dutance
The eeiphotal o nessluuce. e . u l iod
Conductante auda olenodeel hy '
4is dined as the. nduc em onk oered h he
conductok to theo of ttr ont ad neas uy ed
fn siemens (S).
t ie alab me aaueod in mho ('u)
&iemern | oho

IMITATIoN UF OHM's LA
be applied lo ursCuik Conii
m's lauo'tauno
1Oh
h.ansis toA becuus u
electobuic ab o
,e. They behave in
emen ls ane not biiateLal

uhenent oauys
oh en dhe diettiond
o w

In Ca 9 dfod'e
urTent s Haver & ld as
( VR) tub.
zen diodisaud Volkouge Juleulalura
iouuol be applied
» r puik consietug
Oho's law ålio on- metolic
U
condu t r .
el em enz or
el
onon-Bneas eleltouc a
'powdered canbon, ty
sui,
un as
givon t
Jes ff'on catbide, ulatiDuelip a
VE KI
0ustan
,. Uh en k aud m ale.
m i t l s 4uou uuiy.

PPLICTIONS OF OuM' Lajo

ionuplelt cicuit ox t aue
Ohm's law iau be applu'eod lo a
uelatr t
u'scuul ondod tuati V,I and R
pau h e
ome paat
vatues ob
oheu dum's lauw is appli ol lo ou eilrya ciCA, values
u'rcui. Oheu a b
VL audR mut be used or 4he entire he uLeh
toun po o a. yolues of, V,1eR mus}
truuB:
or Dul1that nn
 NAT7ONF KEsIs TANG
ERIES 4KALLEL Come

ERIES CIRCUITS
tha
eowneited end to end,
s0
Lohen thee r i s los aie
o4 uwrenfy,
+he m only one path the thelo
connautedin 4uu
then utAtora ane satal to V i u'ruiE.
and su es eu ls ane knovou as

AI R .R2
-
3 C w-

Vo

K2- LK3 be cwnneuted in & nies,

Let slovs Ki,
V valtk be applied beven
aud potei al diHenu
ocause low o . u r t I gn
entruma d s Aand D
hpougu ol he nisiaLoas Ri,i2 R3 .

Nou acorrdiung lo oun's lavo

Voi toge duop drsuoss
usiktD» kj.
Vol aqe dhop achoss hesehy Rz
veltag. daop achoss duist Ra, .

.Vg 1
Voltage dnop achoss olnole uruir,
D.acwes K
V="(V.p. aicnusR) + ace:
D.

IR+IR2t IRs
I (R+R+ R)
 At.t6 Dhm's lau (-)
Ri+Ri+ks EHdive kesitan tu. of Hu couis
uruir
ouole iTut usishantu..

oh e unmbn ol dsistbv& a r e onn ett 2d in s ue

Thu
arih meie
the eqiv a l n aulis konce is given by the
tus
um o hein n diieuo neaishan
e R R,+RtRat -.tRn

nport antfoink D

ntD-thoougln alt paitio4 The coTit

eme u
equal o 4he. 8umvDit age diops
&Apptied voitage is
The ciacuar
aeas h e dites
ent paut
uadeheis
indivolual voltage doge
.3. pihrent sesiatot indiidual esiatoiy i's dirdtl
atoosK
Voirage dkop

feols Husistoo
'aaz adlditive
S. Voltage daope

aoess are additive

aanplA in suer
fu small pdios ale

Tube jlauaeuls proteut

He èpipmenthe,
F s ale in sve w
Aikh e in ceiies'ta he heobg
Ahermostat
iorn..
l e n ih a n eurnic wi4h Ahe toil& iu lagL m o s
Kheostabs a i n goits
molo7 CuTet contsl
 s
4he ecle tiq ui kevome usele
l {low aud
4not phactioae or liquting uruitls

reistay one tonu erted in s mies,

hs
should be s30x 8 610o
otal suyyly olte
to th cet.
mDe dusk tons wy adde d
otal vo Itage 5 x 23 o
o higi upply vo ltage is saquised ,fno eq
usibtoS inensases
4 l deices to nn eut ed iu i u nuut be deiqns ol to tuntu a
at aune wm n t nagu' iude
Eleutucal deucts t e Lata,LINsEs , laup etz

De wnn ited n saius

hse iwu tasous LAi aru ovs came j p anllel tuuib

anall el liru
hen a numbn oh usislMS OMe connt ad in auch
a way
tha one end eeo da them is oin d to a com
pint ad the o}heh enda bing joined tb "anohe
commu point, then rui &tos ade said to be conrneted
in poualll auo suchh u uiu ale eubuon af

parall oirui' fato ax many

n hese ur tik u r n t diu ded
pOth as the numbu o, ALiktancls.
 ww.-

I R2

-wwM-

V
Let he huistors Ki,Rz and ka be 0 u eted in parall
au potutial didu tn u o V Volk be afr i ed
a o e s he uuit.
nce potuti al dignen cee achoss ean gusi tõa f
A au

Qud I equal to potutial di en e

applied b tine
rcui r.e . 'y'
Att to ohm3 lauo
Cu entin kuistos Ri
K -
Cu sn in kuieto- RR
2R
R3
otoi tu r t

hus, w r
umba o

Pan allel,the nedpD o

R THhe egudvalen uistonc
is qivn. by h e a nie A u n h e Heupaotals
Hir d duol husictane.
 C t t t+n

nportantoink
a r s o s s all
baanclhes o theuruut
ame volt age atk
ent. uuistrs (or br aeh es) hawe ihein Pudividuaf
D
9to tal ciruit wTeut equal to the Am eh indiidual
ym en 4hsuoug Hh vaispus asi a s [ brauchas)
H) Br andn um na ai addiHva
Conductauces ane 'addi ti ve
6)oDes ont adduve.
The heupko cal of he eGu valent susishance k aq ual ts
he-Aum ohe hiupao cads ehe daistances the
Tndivi duat" branches".
varsous, lanips Ond appliances i'n a drouse ale tonn tutad
in panalul" Ao matr eati 0ue canbu 9pnated
fudependiuetda
Adyauti4s..
atseak ocuTs iu any &ue h e bsanchurui k,it
oftf. bave no euroui olu "braudn ureuir .
The appliant e natid foY KnAr voltage &ut
pouo can bi wnneitid. in
diteent
paroulet Hout-
die tanbing lata &h pi/nauu
30v
30 LO
e &30v Can @fualt

TV ecUV
indepondetly
Jap