Review of Related Literature and System

The monitoring system provides continuous information on the direction, pace and magnitude of change.
This provides the foundation for determining whether an intervention is moving in the intended direction
and makes good monitoring critical to effective project management. To achieve this aim, data must be
systematically aggregated, analysed and reported.

Guide on Measuring Decent Jobs for Youth - Monitoring, evaluation and learning in labour market
programmes. Note 3: Establishing a monitoring system/ International Labour Office. Geneva, 2018.

We reviewed the literature and found that implementation of advanced monitoring technology tools in
aeroponics could provide an opportunity for the farmer to monitor and control several paraments without
using laboratory instruments, and the farmer can control the entire system remotely. Thus, it could reduce
the concept of the usefulness of the system due to the complicated manual monitoring and controlling
process.

Lakhiar, I. A., Jianmin, G., Syed, T. N., Chandio, F. A., Buttar, N. A., & Qureshi, W. A. (2018). Monitoring
and control systems in agriculture using intelligent sensor techniques: A review of the aeroponic
system. Journal of Sensors, 2018.

Global and regional scale agricultural monitoring systems aim to provide up-
to-date information regarding food production to different actors and decision
makers in support of global and national food security. To help reduce price
volatility of the kind experienced between 2007 and 2011, a global system of
agricultural monitoring systems is needed to ensure the coordinated flow of
information in a timely manner for early warning purposes.
Fritz, S., See, L., Bayas, J. C. L., Waldner, F., Jacques, D., Becker-Reshef, I., ... & McCallum, I. (2019). A
comparison of global agricultural monitoring systems and current gaps. Agricultural systems, 168, 258-
272.

The objective of our study was to present the information about the use of automated monitoring and
controlling technique in the aeroponic system. The aeroponic system is the new plant cultivation method
of the modern agriculture. Its existence can allow producing food whole year without any interval. The
system could create an excellent set which encourages the sustainable city life for those peoples who want
to live in urban area. Moreover, during plant growth from sowing to harvest time, the methods adopted in
the aeroponic system require a little hand-operated contribution, interference regarding physical presence,
and expertise in domain knowledge of plants, environment control, and operations to maintain and control
the growth of the plant. Therefore, the system is considered hitherto to be somewhat unsuitable for the
grower, and due to the above reasons, it is not common to find an installation. We reviewed the literature
and found that implementation of advanced monitoring technology tools in aeroponics could provide an
opportunity for the farmer to monitor and control several paraments without using laboratory instruments,
and the farmer can control the entire system remotely. Thus, it could reduce the concept of the usefulness
of the system due to the complicated manual monitoring and controlling process. The technology offers
incredible opportunities for the aeroponic system to increase the capability, reliability, and availability
among the farmers and growers. We believe that our review article will contribute to the adoption of the
advanced monitoring technology in the aeroponic system. However, the technique provides a range of
information which could be required by plant scientists to provide a greater understanding of how these
environmental and nutrient parameters correlate with plant growth.

Lakhiar, I. A., Jianmin, G., Syed, T. N., Chandio, F. A., Buttar, N. A., & Qureshi, W. A. (2018). Monitoring
and control systems in agriculture using intelligent sensor techniques: A review of the aeroponic
system. Journal of Sensors, 2018.

This study reviews open-access operational agricultural monitoring systems

available for Africa. These systems provide the best-available open-access EO
data that countries can readily take advantage of, adapt, adopt, and leverage to
augment national systems and make significant leaps (timeliness, spatial
coverage and accuracy) of their monitoring programs. Data accessible
(vegetation indices, crop masks) in these systems are described showing
typical outputs. Examples are provided including crop conditions maps, and
damage assessments and how these have integrated into reporting and
decision-making. The discussion compares and contrasts the types of data,
assessments and products can expect from using these systems. This paper is
intended for individuals and organizations seeking to access and use EO to
assess crop conditions who might not have the technical skill or computing
facilities to process raw data into informational products.
Nakalembe, C., Becker-Reshef, I., Bonifacio, R., Hu, G., Humber, M. L., Justice, C. J., ... & Sanchez, A.
(2021). A review of satellite-based global agricultural monitoring systems available for Africa. Global Food
Security, 29, 100543.

This section presents analysis, discussion and a few significant recommendations on the basis
of extensive literature review on various SEMs. The SEM systems were studied, covering air
quality assessment, water pollution monitoring and agriculture monitoring system, in addition to
Sensors 2020, 20, 3113 10 of 18
the sub-subsidiary applications of these three major studies. The recent research contributions were
the main focus of the study though a few important research studies, conducted and investigated
in last two decades, were also included. The contributions were reported on various SEM methods
used for several purposes, mainly air quality assessment [1,5,11,12,47,58,76,85,89,90]; water pollution
monitoring methods [1,13,14,39,64,66,71–73,91–97]; radiation monitoring methods [1,36]; and smart
agriculture monitoring systems [1,14,28,54,60,62,63,98–102].

Ullo, S. L., & Sinha, G. R. (2020). Advances in smart environment monitoring systems using IoT and
sensors. Sensors, 20(11), 3113.

The proposed system provide agriculture solution using Artificial Neural Network Machine learning
algorithm which is used for performing data prediction on data sensed by sensors. The produced result
will be helpful for farmer to take accurate decision for profit gain. The system will give all prior knowledge
in advance to the farmer for taking proper decision. The proposed system will be used to improve the
detection of diseases and predict how the disease will spread in crop field. Same proposed system can
be extended to provide the pesticides for predicted diseases.

Narayana, B. V. V. S., Ravi, K. S., & Ramesh, N. V. K. (2018). A review on advanced crop field
monitoring system in agriculture field through top notch sensors. Journal of Advanced Research in
Dynamical and Control Systems, 10(6), 1572-1578.

DISTRIBUTION----------------------------------------------------

 We advocate that strengthening varietal release and seed distribution systems will play a
more determining role in delivering genetic gains at farmer’s field. 

 We also underline the significance of varietal release and seed distribution systems in
pursuing our goal of sustainable food production.

Bohra, A., Chand Jha, U., Godwin, I. D., & Kumar Varshney, R. (2020). Genomic interventions for
sustainable agriculture. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 18(12), 2388-2405.

Although significant public resources are invested in the public plant breeding and multiplication, the
products are not reaching farmers. OPV seed that is available is often stockpiled in farmer unions and
cooperatives, and ineffective distribution mechanisms hinder the reach of existing seed.

Distribution of seed currently happens only through existing institutions, such as cooperatives and
farmer unions, and is a constraint to the meaningful development of the private seed sector.

Alemu, D., Rashid, S., & Tripp, R. (2019). Seed system potential in Ethiopia: Constraints and
opportunities for enhancing the seed sector. Gates Open Res, 3(948), 948.
The main reason for planting late was delay in receiving seed supply.
Kernza seeds are harvested typically in late July and August, then sent for
processing, cleaning and redistribution, and this makes a tight timeline
for planting in September of the same year.

This problem of seed distribution on time for planting is probably related

to the initial stages of development of the supply chain. Seed producers
are the farmers or researchers at experimental stations, who are both
learning to manage this novel crop. It is reasonable to expect that as the
crop expands the seed supply and the logistics will be streamlined.
Lanker, M., Bell, M., & Picasso, V. D. (2020). Farmer perspectives and experiences introducing the novel
perennial grain Kernza intermediate wheatgrass in the US Midwest. Renewable Agriculture and Food
Systems, 35(6), 653-662.

The final goal, to achieve which Analytics from devices is used – is to increase the efficiency of the
distribution of production resources in agricultural enterprises and to achieve an optimal ratio between
income and expenses [18].

For example, when making a decision about the distribution of fields for crops, you can look at the ratio
of risk and return.

Mironkina, A., Kharitonov, S., Kuchumov, A., & Belokopytov, A. (2020, October). Digital technologies for
efficient farming. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 578, No. 1, p.
012017). IOP Publishing.