dn clseborue snshumae & He one twhich ds Lbasl on BE electronic Con) elchrenll -pamresples fea ds measurcment dunchn. The measumamak of any eleehorc Cov) elladrical Quanbly or Voniaits is tenmad oy an elactsone masssumant The prysaal chancel, Hlachicol quantty poopasty ee: Vande ov o Gondatien te the measuad 18 Safed. 63 -measunand. ‘Penorumance chosactenisbes \ > “Hon dalecking @ pops: anshotument fox o pooticados ype j amaoaisard neds lhe Somuleday of the popemance hasorclewtia qe anihrurant Skokie chanoekeninhies Stabe chonackenisbés 2 The Sok of Cuiteaia afro Need on Phe toskuments sulwch are avsd to sreotiem bho qusniibas tehich ane AMouty Ha diene Cos) tmosity Combbant St MWed Sloke bes) Aceunaesy mde is The Aagrss eg Mloseness uth astuch Ihe Bro Jue Value of tre orshumerdt sanding, apace f ques do the mnnosused > 4 Phe anilhumenk has aes Scoble, Yho axcusecy Gon be expaatien a -poncoaings op fut Scale susding > 4) Be accunosy as eluscal in beams of teu Value of apsandihy feing meoseoed ik 18 exprotiad a Pecontaae Of true Valu. > 4) te suakoument Nob poy pant dp» seh Peaking at spor > 4 He arewwany 4 dpacitet al edly one : peels pena 4s ColOad poink Aecesbony. at Yre smosumum vn Beale 8 Gillbmated anc 4 min are ) Procision SSE denotes he clleseres> yah ashudh andundid) qneasunomonis dca departed Gs) dptrbwed plist the Gusting: rusmben of maouincd Wolues %> AL is snabhernsh cally expacal as P= Tooasm Xo > Vad of n'* mansssesrt Rn > Aveswge of the do), of mmansurcd value =The atgebrase Abeoance Qehrcer Hix andumnbed Vals. and the Lowe Vale g te quankty Jo Le imectuod 44 Gllcd ease. C= AL- Am Arm > Moasuscd Valua of the quensy At > Tou Value og the quankty >] Pilakie exes, ©, - Abscille exnor Tous Valu Sx = Ay-Am At ©) Senssbanky"- ® dk 4s dabyrad os the sole of changes an the sukpst ef an anshumard © 0 change 7 dhe value of the Quantity de Qe measmnedSensitivity = Aq0 Agi Rosotubwon > 24 p Be Smallest incxomunt of quandiny eg meotutd Lushich an be dobected auth Galeivuhy {oy a trthrurnnl Thoushaid | adh the sapal quasihy 18 Mouly Vasiat from 20 Gwusedd, the oukput does nat charge aarkd dere maura Matus ap He sepa Bs aecoscted. This musuemius Value g the tipak D Gadded theesheld - Lonansiby * eae dienes op Me abil, + Depeundioe the taps Chasacteousnes dh yreodoeatty ancl Denes shy. 4b iS he masa dastaber of She ack Grssre Joon the tclealhased toast Dine Specs Ae je Salle suading > maf JS the poe sluft @ the avuhumant ch Glibrahar as indezabon over an extended eo divoarg authuch The Value op he tnpud Vaoualde dines rat chong j=> Zano dott ais Khe dosiahion ub the “smikeysnoni: expat = hime feow Ms Zou Value shor the Veriable dro be 48 Sonatanh Auelbdiby > 4b as the ogra op Plosenat skh where may Oe Sapcatedly measmacd 7 Al is debacd a Nbowalum of Scale steading and is amv nohus ¢ Repeakalbibity ) AL io He alnbly of on wthrurnl be vcain als suman Eroveughous Ne Apoad opssatieg Deja ord ZS Tho marumum adleualte eux tin Hye mooumenart e perp snlesint of dome WaQhur 1 ait tenance Banas (0) Span 2 The rium anc smacainum Neluet of 0 quarhy As schish an snutsirren ih dasighed Fo masa 0 ahiiel ls sane “Co spon Bos - the Gnstant ennom shih ecuk oven tho 4.0 sarge 26 mreasusumart of an miluret 1 cleat Blassnibrummank Js ncnaasecl => 4) te oe dn tre asm a Jnagakwr vole, the anibpat gaol mesicase COs |) v v 4h tre Gowe b Accnapad akeadily, the ouhpet Qs) Goaun Aset not {pes Le dame Gre Mut: Bogs Vols). The adh Gus dure Gone 2 cohted Bead Zone: SAL Hie inal incsioase Sener hysheme'ans ¢ nance Coskeun Vale Ye cubput Aves wal’ chonge “The Bot a} sapub fs caltiedl feod zor Span deal: > AL Lhe eons a, paopontional change Scale Shen the dost calidad oe a in tne mndicarar, ak alleng the pwnd jpem nomindl chosactenstesyyamic chonackenisbes ° Dthe Ack of Guikesuo. dalacad Sreund on elias Chonackentins Paeacrtal equabon a called aypanie | apie > 4) seproents eluddan, unglarinnene ond fret charge id enpal FO A ® Romp opt’ the Neauatite bo Gr macstued Vaouab Grriooadey 2h saath sraspack do Sere heme. AL chonggs ot Constant abe FO): A li) Pasablic inp - >The anpol Agra its poupoatenal de He Agiow & the hme Fis). OA 33iy Smmpuaie anpi- a al eau erly at E-v/and hezee aso. al Pr than hve fon -0 for E40 ) Seiusoidal mp * ath ee on sip agkach acesdane uth 0 duwimsd See of dnskor changes wm Sangha Fadeily = > 4b a the agra Yo shah oo archurnant educates Fhe change in the amps preasuad Voss asthe q> Eueny daphers lakes dome tame, whalers Arno 0 4 ts dre bo respond ye Phe changes In ‘tho -meotinad Veto’ Gis daloy 2+ otpme se dabseh dag ad in Menbusament 3 Gowss Errors * => Jt cauns due Jo Coalrssness on Dark ap errpanuianes Sf a horns Qing, St ghio ose duc 0 incnasiacl adjpubirart s andbeumesks 2b Gan be Aliminaied thy Inking cyeal Gis sehls Ladang Aha seading saeco siding JNe steading and Gallewabag the Gest Aloas! hue ox mote aaddarg mat Ge token ard sally by dafsert- -porsena 2) Syshemakie xno | “> St ovcuns “Ate So Me eBhont Gornings oy tre tnhumant end) the chavackesutics of He saben Aue cn He tubumet duch as Adlechive o swonn pasls, agoung alfgets Enron mnantal oflocls ee > Ab As ops Heve feels ad Snakumantal errors Brutnoneenal exsasd Obseswakronal exces4nshrumeniad Gee © 2 4b occur div to Bhambourrangp 9 tndbumants, Hawe of sitbumentt ond decd ofesb > he Bhorkecring op ssstoumants 1 Gecouie of Hs mechan dhuckus of be drabrurerls. SH Can Me “avowed by Meeting 0 poopon anshmiment | GOlbsahog lhe trdumert Gora} wis ee a dando > By poo anda) Sapatrrents, tps Bow “she, 7 Wir, Loads of high susan Cre, Yee subiunad Gn be mused => the foasdivg alpck isvate, te the ainsi Woy op sang Dhe aruhuments Eninonmintnll exnoxs 2 > 4b i dus Js tre Grdibont exlenrel to She Mreatasing scalar ks Lempnahuia chang, prosnas ee emt lapiink atc poercy crestor db an De seduced My seducing be Abel dusk, Suomi) en Lhe Components Diy cuediscing the effect ef econ flats and Oy suming the poses Coaeiec hon eeChseunkondl Fanos - => 4 is anteodund $hy He shserver auch as parma» So) while seading a rroker, vonang, Scale Sedlechon, Lhe SBabils of sidisidusd obsewen ele > 4t Gn fe Almancil by tug Aho anshmaments eth cee seis aye artes Ard snshumenkt sth lm Ae display. Rasdom cowan !- > These eons aoe duc bo the occumulahen of Domae raumber op Br drat etiecis Thake eoeiesy Ge cheredd , SES of sand Grenan arly shor the Pugh daa & orcuncn) 1s esqueee > SE Gnideomeiiei Shy irene Ailieg Lhe rusalee of Shsewvelien and. by using Alatshuall molucds Dasssieation op branadacons >A borsdues a device Hat accoues nena) Jeera Ore duyptern and knoniml ab yo annthes in. Aigner porn 4 Facsically Jk 4s op hen dyp Hechomeod bransdieas Elechical tranducer > Mechohiea) toraniduesns are thet prurosy Soniteg Soment Shak seapond bo. changes in the praca Gondshen of &Sephem and qu cukpak “sn Affpmaek dom Sthe Leckneod toonsducans sol aeapord bo ne eborine al gprantiny Gat grusake oulpul: Augras which elactrcall dy nokune the elachncal Ioanschuct ace paofescd cx mechanical Jyanseducon \ DP the elected Jooniducers wa {ant fossil arto : 5) Odie and passine Mantd.vecs W) On Bre asin of pew 6) 6 anmioy’ arc hada braniduess 8) OS powwow ond Sceoretosy traniducasd. ) aS faruduct and mene tronsduscin Voswabts Rasisbie bransduren + the stithanve of Ye salad nde is ee by, 4 “— A f. Resistindy Cam) L > Length op Geomdider (m) AS joiea op Goss Scar Capt) The swsistance charge dite Jothe Change 1° Sonu ef the Gnduuctos is sad in mshahanad poke(ee) sdraluonall a fo mnsesira Qusicor SThe chang Ut snosivvane: pind. ais, Sho usostking pounaps ag She Shears PUG = A sosisonee -potenkomcken Graal of a Beciutic Borrant along en o Aiding Gries A lyse “wy mods up of plokewrn omsithie wee sumund ch ehuch th dk ab skxper ox nuchal ak oc) rm The Ioy vith. changes a Small 0 J) Gmant, thet mmeifidcd Gober co? Dement Ad mode up Galen Hien Sarg sienibhaence patenternton mochanicall usplananid Gomented inte ary clacheimd oukpt > Ansan Cos) angalon duiplarornon) 48 Eerercencbech ib) splick be She AQeding Conboct and thon the Copsesparding Phone jn mosishance aS GrscoleA ante Vath: Con) Gee preaaume combmnahan of Airea ond angie mrohnon nenk he hs pots Onc 30Aduonkoags = > Avruple jn Grstruchion and pponahen > Shah allectneall etary > Sroseponauve Disadvantages - => 4n near poteniondien Barge ome a» Segue’. Jo snove Lirtpos > Suber frorn ‘mechanical seo, and Midabaarsih fae > Anite suaseuition ond high: ciecrionue nose as Strain Con = dk aa a posnive srossihine teonsdecen astuch 1 Krosed on tre preys af Goruenaus of rochanvco Auiplacomant ty fo ls sestthares hong She dhengih oj Be qrdboud ‘x chosocterucd tnleound ef Stvesd achech dobre at the donee erpusuinad pay rik ose. 4p is oduced Jpor changes in| mechanical domarsiore ord She applud Le, Ste machoned Aajpsahon Ge puatuned 20th Arron age ellerrarts the Gleave 6 Achracl 04 ane hang an Sarg pa al orgntkede of the Alvan is ectserndly, Small the sag da opege > ‘ued ro cmeouuns He Ahean dowelty Bisd a Strain apuge. Bape cf opens >the bate poncipls as the fact Yhat Phe sesishencs Hhe ie changes ab tanith funchen of Svan, incnoastrg, om and seducing aith coigretien the chang iin gositkanes mrésausd ath a avhealstons Dsasdyp oka Goll aouagp as Neeidad smth ihe elpacimen 4 c= the gusoy aditiecied de the Sars Straunias Prat of eatin The mest Gemenon Maleials sted so ures Shain BP ase Gmitanian aWleys dnbatning ss of Nuvelectt of Copper. Bending Caments ans adkanies sod bo ho disain gauge culo the tert ahpocienan =the panpen cfunckionig af a ebksain gouge 1s malic on tha qualily: of Garang, -ashich Held the oye sluol re ef the MbckuneBesinakion of Grange peice» > Gage lgckon ss atabinod as he swt cheney ap dtasitlance pos aural chacay ‘sn Gongs. dt denoted by K Cov) $. $k as alto aed as choristiety of yw strani Ig S= ave ald 5 > Gauge |schow RS Gay asi Meislenet ARS chanee in Aafoio Se siance a> Gonghh of he gauge wire en unthvessech Condsbon Ad > charge in Gong in Stress Conds Apphicalbin : The Dacrarad obbsain gauges coe suach foe Hho. macuimemont og fosses prodasd = Aca, ao > ted in suid Jamel seasurcments Jew Maqsurorect 95 ersipn, Poouee, temgue shiesses => used je mieasuming Ararte Sheps ta Gonple x dhtenehwt>ance Tempanatus Debetor (97D) © S4t wg -pourtinny Alorknzdl beansdincor seta os Reed fo eae Lhe charge in the temperate => The Fompenalias chouing eloment ured apa menska eShotd exhibl a selabidy Qasye change 1 sone ps Regie: change i Femparahve > the srolaleon stp Mecbsxor, eanpsiae acd moaithares BY Conduckor Js quien sy R [i+ xae] t = Beep Ry > Resistance of tne cordudvs ak 4° Rosh, > Rasistance of She Cemebucher ak the Auakeares Ferpeaahss (0 ) ws Ternposabus Gel yaaa np Ihe aotiiisna at > Ph jerasce Qretween the Jempushus te Ye Tretiiused and folganes Aerapenahuie SAY the anctaic conducted hove postue Jemposahue dn Jatistanes ix mequited by tt nistone EN ee the chee g = Teeter dorsers gnade out of suckal and siclal) sever dan De sed sob eet sadiatldy uy the Lenpeiabue e ef feo to Ase xGnabuckion. of RID > “SAhe weie Sekutance Hrounomalen dinuallay cst of a cs0 ascund ona Fuca Cov) Goarnic Sate GoW selind an L548bs orn id at to ake tk non inductue - Such ces cus aunts an dijlenal Sugh and sth dafiprent stanitrancs Vetus - SJ amd Gsswsum of geile coment, elemats ano enrkssed tn & posteckss date of PY qos, porcdau, quasle Cony neha - > The ble nw evacualed and pBoallad (os) }ilod th au Coo othe anor gas and Kept asound atkrassphsol € spouse « Adwoninge ef RTD > Accuoke meas urormank © <2 Mpbicahes | entonion.an de Auoty opetaled ~> Suita Ave Stamnte ducahan > Smabten an Sey? > Hpie stalblikyLsadvonkege of RTD > Vossubidy, ay sel haahng > Supe ty Sarge 2A Aooudge Greiah asidh calomel Sauer 14 Porersary js Shas opens, Gpoahue Krantducs pdb Anke on the oe -pouncapla of Aircneatd dlance. the Capaciance © doperds the Aidackre medium tact and -pepolie mf reas modliuins >the enpeslad: Capecitanet ated un Gpachue Baniducen as 9 Fase phake Coprcdor Cs £& 5 a E28, fy fy = esxie’ MF Je £3 > Rabie peony A > Gass Sechondl aca of plots a5 plate alepoiakonee we dk demaisl og Shou Lagos op Andicnes hawig poean €., £9.03. The Brose Gasp asing Muekvow A.ds.dy. The Capacitance of a ayslern 4 quen by. Cz fA diya dy need € 3, @3 mates An this Mype. pales aus Sfrdusal Fhayshabed fy a Aualerrne Cz aved (4) Qs 0 , > Llangth of the fades ¥5 ouket oder of annos Gedo R > drnes sadn of ewer Giade Vlaniahiba ‘wn “Capacikaren:: >the Gapacshaes ¢ depend on Acporabion fe Qrdsucon the pater thao hy Versieg dhe dustance of Sopot C Gn te Naud.Vue. He Aulane B Ved toy Seeping ont pide Aicak ond othe plate meng AS Bre Shettase “in dubanee jon glee! the Gpanbaree dacs Yow C38 © i) change in. Cosas pioke auc > By Soapang Ae one poke meving ard shai is aston pallid 4o obras poe Gonmen plate axza Gn SE Vosusd > Ths mothed 9 Qulable an the snaasatemanl Sstaksnal disploconsnt the avenger 7 emplyed a he os of dilated actey ard Stabor “> ven the sushey ploves op the apace axe arabe, the Gpnehans, Ness _pospontonl ho Sep ongfon Auseliaccment of Lhe oustoy_pllabes This frethod (Gow Gee sued & mansue She fooquect i) change sin dallerloic Ce Buy angasting 0 alas of Vaualte pamiiety the fopsciboria Gao Me Vera> Antveduchon af Cab of Vosnalte -pooaltudly ae gus de a Gmpnsile Capacitor . This meted 1s vubarl tn Gopoesianes ype Bevel malen > dn dome Gass, hw Ailverad qposte cians are, uted 3 Depending pm the. prwhte,. Hho, dusplacor Of there Gusriniaains Nawy and shone the epapsbeares of the dyaten gps Vaan Adana >The poe Sexpwtirvent is Veay mal? and once the pace Sequial de oposaie as Stra oak Very din doald Aisi}, Bae Ss Hegpty hanithwe > Have gent bequeney fa aad Mey Hah he ania = Das ansuflalssn J sequins Qrehvoon he malalfic pas og the poh JronsdiicatSos Mow value Papacikance ‘the oukpuk ampadanc: ferd to Voiy Aug Natu: shch Gases Moadig etlacs Ghenatve MicaePHone 2 4b is an acho mechasseal bsonsducat uthech Gensel tho dbourd eaatyy (on) Bigied Inve an’ aecincal ) ri Sonal > Nicwphene ab a Bamducer alu doweds Se Se presse change ante, Contespondurg Dactaiead drqnat > Sound Sqn cs Po al lal Hovolile Mekal | een | dhaghiogn : | Te Sappenieg Scchuce , ————> 4niulater cad Trobal plate > de donuist of arsvallo melal Asaphiogin sehuch Bassperccd oboe @ foad mand Qxiche plate > The Aaapiicye ack 94 ore plate wala proto’ Oreck plate Ge at arcthon Pate of pall pale Gpaniboretx Me pope epessthian, Khe rato ph sno nocd Naas Geom Soo Grakont D-¢ Malioge 1% applusd Qehuem a draphsogn asc \exod arakal pote Mesugh a sosistor the ditance Lebuen we plates ef Capacior a b en 220) = cp 4 KPCED Xo > Diakance bias Awe lla adh no Sound Signal Ks ‘Vaopostinaihy Guskood PLE) > Sound pressus > The Spector ar anetaphone us e by. at): Eb “xa & 3 -pasindtordy og $e dye ct: Gh te + ke Ce) >The Valinge acsoss the pacer aun by Ve olfee 34 Saye on ee ais Gmalant, When tue vn: 6 =, © ech) Een eed = Axe 5 Ok pa) oR fo tha the Votkage actess the Gpsah ds Asuclty eoposharal to Jhe Vausbeon Jn pseseuse Adsankage : > Hos divmolty esckended peur, mange “Dk 48 suraged and efisctaey isoues age Sound The dif fiacken inbeslenarne Yes; Secanse of smal hood, Sine janknge > Vey expensive a Sepa at needs wc Mas sbeap ply Feelin = => Used th hugh fatctaty sroxivsding Sypterns 4 Studs > used ob detdasd rucephane bo @iduaie othe Rrabiar horetPreroedechic bransducnt = Pthen hoc oppose pet of a Hun Alico of Gakain Guptals any cluljerted Ako a amchanenl! jpec. Bon oppose chougie ane daloped 3H kha taro ee og He Ales the potouly of the poedral produced acinss the pcs qe saverred a}, Se dwschs of da orahen tb smvenred > Grvewa, a Yang potential ab applisa to Vhe assis of, Be Geusin’, tha! damansists ani. choniged ana the Gustaf Aahpsms . Th -phenemensy 48 caQsd pisnpelashic ag and Me smakeualls exiting thes paspeshy ay Glled piecodliichne smatesials>A re Dsekuseon elated hase and, Lenco arerei. Halal Aochredtes plated en to Joes of Racks Grupo aie faker oul bp maosure bpul i > the nul pu Vethoge ih yen Qsy, 4 ‘J Vp =o < ~The Sensikye spargpellichse ellbinent op a _pisrgpencn AsontAuct 4s in the fone 4 pia 8f -pass.ap qpacte hese dues are held jn uch o unis that hate epic ‘yes aie thelivean o {ot arated tece cathel Dead plow Be duo and Soansdias tousmg on othen ade. > lol P te the fomee preducad dy Ve external Bue. thi oe apt nko bo pass >the phe Ph Me Gagshed pats Ade Le fone % the pindeading Khun. stalled bebe Pa f +Pe =Ky ant kp ax = Ax Oxia ka) Bees ee a Ue Oxakeaxr kitkaSNe Phe sults ha!) dacimses, the Lantilumby Rip incowais.% have Arattd, Values of Kare, 4p eyicn Skins Ii of the Guystcl pido, Phe flassboy OF Deading alpouna Akoutd be dose > ap Kosky, ds Gnstant men She -pasus sang fo Be meatued Shen onty’ Oineox epesahnn ib posal Advantages = > GinadO Sige and Ragged Gershmchan re Sg oulpet anh raga le phase Shift > Maoh Frcquoney Susprmic Bisadwonkn ses > ftampasabite Senukur > tod fos ayreari frcoseasemncn}s RLY 3 Sn high Shamash Gondabon , He Capgists aunt at Solved. Applicahisn 2 Alewwdrynasn ; Supoosrue snarsch Arsenal) = wWihsasmic. yon daibuctie teal Se > Spas rikon erques 0 Qediaddicn :- dn Mas lyge the Wastihon op snduckane 08% Bon ef duspocarmasd ss achined “thy Vaiiahen tn “Al, farce (ox) Mrududl. ncluckanes Lew s Nd Namber of Gds & > Palucans of ad $: ¥l => Hares aay, aidudtane LB oper by, L: Niue fb N > Nuseller of tens of cal LS Tesurcabitity, ap Ge Cake) a> Anco of snare Goeiat Cro) LS Lenatn of Nic Grcink Cm) oe § = > The Vowuahin in fat}, vedbirdateer traay Ye duo te 2) hana aw tained ig shuns 2 f 41) Cengy “ant oiallertheanee”* ( te) harap an jponrnaadlsJ Wonduan Onved on insgle of chasge in lil Suduchare cath Number op kusns ek D cludely -poaposaral ho 24 O tusect te Measate Duns as ave a5 ngutes Auiplocement 3 4n oth Gusi,as sounflet of tuans changes, {We Value Sa, Anduchroce changes and franco rho Subpu Notlage abso chan Deplocannt eB oa ap Nene aierk 3 E e L- pak i) Nasunbla permeatti Srduckive Tronsdce DThe Value gy Self shdudane qos dopa on pesansallhy a do the. the Asplacserend dle aneased appliad de the sted awhich immed in and “iow of SEH Gone accortss9 sto chunischien of dusplocamentS when thon Gre rime in, te effectsie ponabihg mand ashen em Gone rover aut, the a} prhue lity Aatreases ans -honca eubput , Vollogs Chonsps Ralarckoncs Snduckwe' Tansdicss : The dal}, Anduckane “as snwvesrsally panpoohions bn Eitan $ é {Tasges poke PA Geld 5° ori YE depad joomegrade Stake a nowt: poke poe alee Css seth a A pp The ty of the aie app istesimines the Farce of tho sree Camel pwhach decidos the Gnd hence>the dusplacement de be meatincd 2 apples to the Argel plate. Aeeossdvig te He displace Be tasaet poade mies tutiich Congss Ahe ali gop aod hence Hye Set}, Spdudone . Lvat :: © fnoat Vosable Dahsondl “rare Dato Bhe brane Asnsing elarent ay the Meassiervant of prosue, feud ard acralnokion x 4b abso Josms the Lote element op Lechoone Conposaies: thickness, Jneabusing Unit and Gove tndicaloos. Gorstouckin and Wonking’- Ste lay Gntst yo aingts spouriasy vending, ol be ecendlay svdung sc0ind) oy 0 bole Gybinconeal ‘formu. The Sccerdasit tae an equal salle of teens Sut Boy ane Gruacled in South eppasin So thak he emys induad ty he Gol epee Coach Oth,> the -Pasimasy asanding is G@morted do ac deuce meyatic abd num Cone Alrles swiside the -batlew s Mode up f nuchal: seu aaltey os Bed Limmasbucanlty b> oedaue ectday Gomer Gossrésis aromert te fe mansued AS applied to >The duspharon ons allnchad te tha: Gate. othoth ihe Cove an the ec He andueed C1 ty the Eecondlacies one eqnutl hey oppose eoeh ebhes Mhe eabpal Volkage audit Zeno Yotl > when an extemalty applic jpos fret He Jo the fat dhand -posihen » iene reg othe uss Suwa . 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