CHAPTER ONE

1.0

1.1

INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The exert nature of electricity is not known but investigation indicate that it consist of small negative
charge called Electron, when this electron are standing still we have static electricity" and when they are
forced to traveled a movement of electron they are called "Dynamic electricity. Power generation and
distribution has been an indispensable factor in the progress of an economy, ranging from
manufacturing, banking, media, health care, avaiation, etc. (Ulaby, 1999). It has however been proved
that power skyrocket the productivity of a country.

Since power has been defined by Knight (2004) as the rate of doing work; this simply means that the
productivity of a country will largely depend on the availability of power from different source. Thus,
Hassen (1989) cited in Ulaby (1999) states that majority of the problems of Nigeria is traceable to the
erratic power supply nature of the country, where many activities has been paralyzed due to the power
outage. Analysis has clearly showed that Nigeria lost up to about N220 Billion annually, due to the
unstable nature of the country power supply which has poses a threat, hence reducing the capacity of
industries to increase productivity (James 2005).

Environmental pollution which leads to degradation or depletion of ozone layer is one of the major
problems caused by the use of generator with fossil fuels (Ajav, 2012). Other problem includes land and
water pollution, noise pollution, increase in price of fossil fuel year in year out. among others. The
famous Faraday energy generator can be modified for perpetual electrical current maintenance (Adiyat
et.al. 1993). The basic components the fuelless engines consisted of are a set of fast spinning discs
placed between two electromagnets

But this scheme could never maintain current indefinitely, because the disc electrical charge is weak to
withstand the opposing resistance of the conductor Practically, the effective working fuel-less generator
have to be built by each material that have one thousand times the electrical conductivity of copper
could generate and maintain self-sustained current. It is suggested that increasing dise rotation to
incomprehensible velocity or huge component geometrical enlargements would have the same effect
too (Taufik

2005). It is necessary to spin dises with the super-rapidity required to generate self-sustaining electrical
current. The fuel-less engine usually nuns very smooth and quiet and the best part of the design is that it
is free from air pollution, smce there is no emission of dangerous gas like Carbon monoxide (CO),
carbon-dioxide (CO2), etc. The speed are adjustable or can be built to rm at one speed with engine
which does not run on any type of gasoline, oil or other combustible fuel. The free electrical energy
produced by the fuel-less generators is replaced back into the motor and reused by the motor (Main,
1998) Heavy electrical machinery that starts automatically or remotely generally makes use of
contactors which rely on an electromagnetic force to close them to start the machinery. This force is
created by an electric coil placed in the center of a laminated steel core. These coils are typically
designed to operate at fairly low voltages, ranging from 110 volts to as low as 12 volts. As these
machines themselves typically run on far higher voltages, this creates the need for a separate control
voltage feed. Instead of having to run separate cables or install extra sets of bus bars, it is far simpler to
use the main circuit voltage and step it down with a control transformer to the appropriate control
voltage (Wisegeek 2013).

1.0 Introduction

All modern engineering system include certain aspects of control systems at some point in their
broadcast sense, control engineering and the associated theory are concerned with the means by which
systems may be made to behave an a desired way.

The system on this thesis is a DC - AC converter, which is an apparatus which is used for conversion of
Direct Current to Alternating Current or signal.

In our country, this equipment is not all that in used not because it is not important but because people
never give it a thought as per the construction and design.
It is meant, use with a 12v lead acid battery. If it's in a car for example a suitable output voltage of 220v
AC is obtainable.

This output voltage of 220v AC can be used for powering small electrical appliances such as light, electric
fans, radio, soldering iron etc.

However, it is worthwhile that AC operated with this appliance is nothing comparable

to the AC generated by big generators. This is so because the voltage and power are

less in terms of AC generation duration. This appliance is therefore suitable for short

First stage is of the dimmer switch with regulates, the rate at which the power flow is needed. The
second stage being the main switch(s) which controls the primary side, secondary side of the
transformer, the stage 3 comprise of the element made of construction wire which does or finishes the
work needed for the machine.

less in terms of AC generation duration. This appliance is therefore suitable for short time replacement
for the real AC generation especially in the remote areas and install where electrical appliances are sold
and the need might arise for it to be tested and certified good.

Another main area where this equipment can be of great utility is in communication system, in a
situation where there is constant AC power supply failure e.g in offices, DC-AC converter is need and in
such cases can be used as a light sources.

Most industries in the country do not make use of DC-AC converter because they are thought to be
costly with respect to the task they perform. However, putting into consideration the task this appliance
can be used for, it can be concluded that it is cheaper. The construction is simple, cheaper easy to
operate and portable. The usefulness of this device and the function cannot to be over emphasize now
in our economic situation and also when our power generating authority (NEPA).
In these times when control and monitor a complex field engineering operations have gone computer
based, a failure of AC power supply to communication equipment means work stoppage and to some
small scale industries a lot of economic and material losses avoidable. To this end, the equipment (DC-
AC Converter) is incorporated to an impulse sealer machine which has about 3 sections where the,

First stage is of the dimmer switch with regulates, the rate at which the power flow is needed. The
second stage being the main switch(s) which controls the primary side, secondary side of the
transformer, the stage 3 comprise of the element made of construction wire which does or finishes the
work needed for the machine.

1.2 Objective Of The Study

Fuelless generator is simply DC (direct current) to AC (alternating current) converters - they convert DC
energy stored in a battery, to the electric current (AC) that your appliances require. The Fuelless
generator taps current from the public supply when that is on (or, alternatively, from a power
generator), stores that power in its battery bank as DC and converts it to AC when the power supply is
gone.

The objective of this project is to design and construct an inverter which can be powered from the
source of 12V battery which incorporated its battery charger. The battery charger is used to charged 12
volts battery. This inverter is capable of operating a wide variety of loads; electronic and household
items including but not limited to TV, VCR, and satellite receiver, computers, and printers.

1.3 Significance Of The Project

1.2 Objective Of The Study

Fuelless generator is simply DC (direct current) to AC (alternating current) converters - they convert DC
energy stored in a battery, to the electric current (AC) that your appliances require. The Fuelless
generator taps current from the public supply when that is on (or, alternatively, from a power
generator), stores that power in its battery bank as DC and converts it to AC when the power supply is
gone.
The objective of this project is to design and construct an inverter which can be powered from the
source of 12V battery which incorporated its battery charger. The battery charger is used to charged 12
volts battery. This inverter is capable of operating a wide variety of loads; electronic and household
items including but not limited to TV, VCR, and satellite receiver, computers, and printers.

1.3 Significance Of The Project

1.2

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Fuel generator causes Environmental pollution and produces smoke which leads to degradation or
depletion of ozone layer and the smoke affect hinum health, is one of the major problems caused by the
use of generator with fossil fuels (Ajav. 2012). Other problem includes land and water pollution, noise
pollution, increase in price of fossil fuel year in year out among others. All these problems led to the idea
of generation electricity that produces no noise and smoke-fuelless generator.

1.2

AIM OF THE PROJECT

A simple generator can generate as much as electricity we require but every generator requires fuel for
generating electricity. The aim of the work is to create a generator which can generate electricity
without using any fuel

1.3

PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The main purpose of the project is to build a portable generator which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy, without the use of any fossil fuel

1.3

PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The main purpose of the project is to build a portable generator which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy, without the use of any fossil fuel

1.4

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Fuelless generators and generator that continues to produce power hours after it has been put off is
finally here. This fuelless generator, called advanced hybrid needs no fuel, needs no cil, needs no
mechanic, environment friendly and makes no noise. Fuelless Generator is a revolutionary portable
generator which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. without the use of any fossil fuel.
The Fuelless Generator can power multiple electronics with the same energy as if they were plugged in
the wall outlet.

1.5

PROJECT MOTOVATION

Fuelless generator is a generator that does not use fuel or other liquids (water, oil, diesel) and air for it's
mixture and burning. But, don't conclude yet in saying that if not liquid, then it's a solar unverter. No, it's
not because even our common house hold gasoline generator comprises of electrical and mechanical
parts. But in solar inverter, we have mainly electronic components. This fuelless generator has few
parts, simple, user serviceable, free from air pollution because it does not burn any air fuel mixture
anymore. Sound reduction by 70percent from our normal generator is maintained, that means you can
even power it on in your room just by pressing a switch.

1.6

BENEFIT OF THE RPOJECT

This device solves the problem of

1. Business' failure due to inconsistent power supply and high cost of energy 2. Environmental pollution
from emission of gases from generating sets and noise pollution from generators.

3. Total absence of adequate power supply to effectively run businesses

1.7

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The introduction of FUEL LESS GENERATOR replaces the conventional source of power (fuel generator)
we hope to; Help small scale business to Save up to 40% of their daily expenses. Reduce carbon emission
by 30% through the use of fuel less generator Create employment job opportunities.

1.8

PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT

In this country, Nigeria, just like most developing countries in the world, we are faced with the
challenges of light disruption. Continuous spending on fuelling and maintenance of our fuel generator,
but now lets look at another alternative. Converting a fuelled generator into a fuel less generator and it
has a low maintenance cost, these generators give 24hrs of electricity as long as you want to use them.
Though in the earlier days of this mvention a problem was encountered and this problem is that when
the battery that powers the generators goes down the output voltage of the device will start dropping
until when it will not be able to carry the alternator again

1.4 Limitation/Problem Of The Project

Lack of power, cannot run the appliances with same power labeled; it's easy to damage the machine if
customers are not familiar with the operation, the user needs to strictly follow the manufacturers'
instructions.

Fuelless generator cost more. Even without the dual-mode function, they still come with high price tags.

The built-in circuit becomes far more complex due to multiple conversions from AC (Alternating Current)
to DC (Direct Current) and back to AC (Alternating Current). 3 DC, 4-D or All DC inverter ACs have even
more conversions taking place as there are more components working on DC.

Repair costs increase as components are more sophisticated and as a result, more expensive. They
require more effort to build or repair.

Response Time:

The inverter shall respond to any line voltage variation in 1/2 cycle while operating

linear or non-linear loads, with a load power factor of 0.60 of unity. Peak detection of
the voltage sine wave shall not be permitted to avoid inaccurate tap switching due to

input voltage distortion.

Operating Frequency:

linear or non-linear loads, with a load power factor of 0.60 of unity. Peak detection of the voltage sine
wave shall not be permitted to avoid inaccurate tap switching due to input voltage distortion.

Operating Frequency:

The inverter shall be capable of operating at +10% to -15% of the nominal frequency,

50Hz.

Rating: this device shall be rated at IKVA.

Access Requirements:

The inverter shall have removable panels on the front, rear and sides as required for ease of
maintenance and/or repair.

Metering:

An input meter is provided to display line voltages.

Ventilation:

The inverter isolation transformer shall be designed for convection cooling. If fan cooling is required for
the MOSFET used

The only problem of this work over conventional generator is probably cost - an inverter generator
simply costs more than a conventional one with a similar power rating.

1.5 Scope Of The Project

Fuelless generator changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The input voltage, output
voltage and frequency, and overall power handling depend on the design of the specific device or
circuitry. Fuelless generator takes current from a battery, which is usually 12 Volt Dc, as batteries usually
produce DC power, and then after passing this current through a 50Hz integrated circuit, it converts it
into the normal 220 volt Ac which is commonly used.

1.6 Types Of Fuelless Generator

Fuelless generator can be categorized the following ways:

Stand-alone (also known as Off-Grid):

Used in isolated systems where the inverter draws its DC energy from batteries charged by solar arrays
and/or other sources, such as wind turbines, hydro turbines etc. Normally these do not interface in any
way with the utility grid, and as such are not required to have anti-islanding protection.

Grid-Tied:
These systems match their phase with a utility-supplied sine wave. Grid-tie Fuelless generator is
designed to shut down automatically upon loss of utility supply (referred

Grid-Tied:

These systems match their phase with a utility-supplied sine wave. Grid-tie Fuelless generator is
designed to shut down automatically upon loss of utility supply (eferred to as anti-islanding protection).
They do not provide backup power during utility outages In Ontario, any solar arrays that feed the utility
grad (under the FIT/microFII programs for example), are required to have anti-islanding protection

Battery Backup:

These are special Fuelless generator which are designed to draw energy from a battery, manage the
battery charge via an onboard charger, and export excess energy to the utility grid. These inverters are
capable of supplying AC energy to selected loads during a utility outage, and are required to have anti-
islanding protection.

1.7 Application Of The Project

Fuel-less generator find diverse uses and applications in daily life, due to their

function of converting DC to AC. The applications are as follows:

DC power source utilization:

Fuel-less generator designed to provide 220 VAC from the 12 VDC source provided in an automobile.
The unit shown provides up to 1.2 amperes of alternating current, or enough to power two sixty watt
light bulbs
Fuel-less generator comerts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries or fuel cells to AC
electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage; in particular it can operate AC equipment
designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at any desired voltage.

Uninterruptible power supplies:

An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) uses batteries and an inverter to supply AC power when main
power is not available. When main power is restored, a rectifier supplies DC power to recharge the
batteries.

Electric motor speed control:

Inverter circuits designed to produce a variable output voltage range are often used within motor speed
controllers. The DC power for the inverter saction can be derived from a normal AC wall outlet or some
other source. Control and feedback circuitry is used to adjust the final output of the inverter section
which will ultimately determine

from a normal AC wall outlet or some other source. Control and feedback circuitry is used to adjust the
final output of the inverter section which will ultimately determine the speed of the motor operating
under its mechanical load. Motor speed control needs are numerous and include things like: industrial
motor driven equipment, electric vehicles, rail transport systems, and power tools.

Power grid:

Grid-tied Fuel-less generator are designed to feed into the electric power distribution system. They
transfer synchronously with the line and have as little harmonic content as possible. They also need a
means of detecting the presence of utility power for safety reasons, so as not to continue to dangerously
feed power to the grid during a power outage. The subsystem which includes sinusoidal and triangular
subsystem brief about the comparison of sine wave which is the modulated signal and is compared with
carrier signal. When the reference signal is greater than or equal to carrier signal, then the output
waveform is above the reference and otherwise it will be below the reference.

Solar:
A solar inverter can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by an off-grid electrical network.
Solar Fuel-less generator have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including
maximum power point tracking and anti islanding protection Micro-inverters convert direct current from
individual solar panels into alternating current for the electric grid. They are grid tie designs by default.

Induction heating:

Fuel-less generator convert low frequency main AC power to higher frequency for use in induction
heating. To do this, AC power is first rectified to provide DC power. The Fuel-less generator then changes
the DC power to high frequency AC power. Due to the reduction in the number of DC Sources employed
the structure become more reliable and the output voltage has higher resolution due to increase in the
number of steps and the reference sinusoidal voltage can be better achieved. This configuration recently
becomes very nonalar in AC now only and adjustable