4B12 FS 01e

NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions
12
Variations
9. 1.25 L : 500 mL
Review Exercise 12 (p. 12.4)

1. The required rate
$1 4 8 8hu or =$2 / h 3 =
2.
240 characters 1 hour The required rate 240 characters = 60 m inutes = 4 characters /m in =
7 kg 25 pieces of brick The required rate 7000 g = 25 pieces of brick = 280 g/piece of brick =
15 m 20 L 50 m 0 L 5 = 2 =5 : 2 =
=
240 minutes 6 60 minutes 10. 240 minutes : 6 hours 2 = 3 =2 : 3

11. x:4=5:2
3.
4.
25 km 20 m inutes 25 km The required rate = 20 h 60 = 75 km /h = $40 50 $40 The required rate = 50 dozen 12 = $9.6/dozen = 24 80 24 : 80 3 = 10 = 3 : 10 = 75 105 75 : 105 5 = 7 =5 : 7 =
49 cm : 56 cm
4 9 c m = 5 6 c m 7 = 8 =:8 7
x 5 = 4 2 5 x = ( 4) 2 =10
50 : 60 = 75 cm : x m 50 75 cm = 60 100 x cm 5000 x = 4500
12.
x = 0.9
5.
13.
10 min :
6.
1 hour = 4: (20 x) 2 10 4 = 1 20 x 60 2 1 4 = 3 20 x 20 x =12 x =8
14.
7.
$(x + 1) : $7 = (x 1) g : 5 g x +1 x 1 = 7 5 5 x +5 = 7 x 7
2 x =12 x =6
15. For the 3 kg pack of washing powder: Price per kg
8.
$5 .8 3 3k g =$1 .9 / k (c r. to 2 d .) 7 3 g o .p =
For the 2 kg pack of washing powder:
154
= Price per kg
$3 . 8 5 2k g =$1 .9 / k 7 g
=7 000 000 : 500 000
17. Let x be the number of students in the school. Then the number of teachers in the school is 1300 x. x : (1300 x) = 25 : 1
The 2 kg pack of washing powder is more economical.
16. The required ratio = 7 000 000 500 000 =14 : 1
x = 25 1300 x x = 25(1300 x) 26x = 32 500

There are 1250 students in the school.
x = 1250
18. Let x km be the length of the West Rail Line.

x 5 = x + 12 7 7 x = 5 x + 60 x = 30
Then the length the East Rail Line is (x + 12) km. x : (x + 12) = 5 : 7
The length of the West Rail Line is 30 km.
Activity
Activity 12.1 (p. 12.38) 1. E = 5000 + 2000 n 2. (a) (b) (c) (d) Amount received = $25x Amount received = $30y T = 25x + 30y (i) No, T does not vary directly as x. (ii) No, T does not vary directly as y.
Lets Discuss
Lets Discuss (p. 12.12) y varies directly as x in case only. If y x , then its graph must be a straight line passing through the origin.
Classwork
Classwork (p. 12.7) (a) y = kx2 (c) r = kw3 (e) P = kr2 Classwork (p. 12.18) (a) (c) (e) (b) (d)
y =k x
W = kn
w=
y=
k t3
x
k x2 k (d) w = 3 h
(b)
y=
t=
k v
(b)
y
Classwork (p. 12.30) (a) X = kyw2 (c) P = k x (e) V = khr3
(d)
F=
km d2
R=
k m2
155
12 Variations Classwork (p. 12.40) (a) P = k1 + (c)

1 = 2x2 + 2x 1
k2 y
2
(b)
S = k1 +
k2 y3
2
2x2 + 2x = 0 2 x( x + 1) = 0
W = k1 x + k 2 x
(d) R = k 2t +
k2 t
x = 0 or x = 1
Quick Practice
Quick Practice 12.1 (p. 12.7) (a) p varies directly as q2. p = kq2, where k 0 By substituting q = 5 and p = 175 into the equation, we have
175 = k 52 k =
175 25 =7
p = 7q 2
(b)
When q = 7, p = 7 72 =
33 4
Quick Practice 12.2 (p. 12.8) a varies directly as the cube of b. a = kb3, where k 0 By substituting b = 3 and a = 54 into the equation, we have
54 = k 33 54 k = 27 =2 a = 2b3
When b = 5, a = 2 53 = 250 Alternative Solution a varies directly as the cube of b. a = kb3, where k 0
k=
Thus,
a b3 54 a k= 3 = 3 3 5
a = 125 = 250 54 27
5 When b = 5, a =2 0
Quick Practice 12.3 (p. 12.9) (a) (y + 1) is directly proportional to (x2 + x). y + 1 = k(x2 + x), where k 0 By substituting x = 1 and y = 3 into the equation, we have
3 +1 = k (12 +1) 4 k = 2 =2 y +1 = 2( x 2 + x )
i.e.
y = 2 x 2 + 2 x 1
(b)
When y = 1,
156
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions Quick Practice 12.4 (p. 12.10) (a) C r2 C = kr2, where k 0 By substituting r = 6 and C = 20 into the equation, we have
20 = k (6) 2 k= 20 36 5 = 9
C=
5 2 r 9
(b) (i)
When C = 45,
45 =
5 2 r 9 r 2 = 81 r =9 or 9 (rejected)
(ii)
The radius of the hemisphere is 9 cm. When radius = 0.18 m = 18 cm, i.e. r = 18
C=
5 18 2 =180 9
The cost of coating the hemisphere is $180.
Quick Practice 12.5 (p. 12.11) y x2 y = kx2, where k 0 Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively. New value of x = (1 + 10%)x0 = 1.1x0 New value of y
= k (1.1x0 ) 2
2 =1.21 kx 0
=1.21 y0
=
Percentage change in y
1.21 y0 y0 100 % y0 (1.21 1) y0 100 % y0
=
y is increased by 21%.
= 21 %
Quick Practice 12.6 (p. 12.20) (a) y varies inversely as x. y=
k , where k 0 x
By substituting x = 2 and y = 20 into the equation, we have
20 =
k 2 k = 40
40 . x
The variation constant is 40.
(b) The equation is y =
x
1 x
2 0.5 20
4 0.25 10
10 0.1 4
20 40 0.05 0.025 2 1
157
12 Variations When x = 9, 576 y2 = 9 = 64
y =8
or
8 (rejected)
Alternative Solution The square of y varies inversely as x. (c) (i)
y2 =
k , where k 0 x
k = xy 2
Thus,
k = 4(12 ) 2 = 9 y 2 y 2 = 64 y = 8 or 8 (rejected)
Quick Practice 12.9 (p. 12.22)
y y=
1 x k x
(ii) (d) It is a straight line passing through the origin, but excluding the origin. Quick Practice 12.7 (p. 12.20) (a) y varies inversely as 3 x . y=
, where k 0
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively. New value of
x = (1 + 44 %) x0 = 1.44 x0
= k 1.44 x0 k 1.2 x0 5 y0 6
k
3
, where k 0
New value of y
= =
2=3
k 8 4
k =4 y=3
Percentage change in
x 1 (b) When y = , 3
1 4 = 3 3 x
5 y0 y0 y= 6 100 % y0 5 1 y0 6 100 % = y0 = 16 .7%
x = 12 x = 1728
(cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
y is decreased by 16.7%.
Quick Practice 12.8 (p. 12.21) The square of y varies inversely as x.
Quick Practice 12.10 (p. 12.23) (a) C
y2 =
k , where k 0 x
12 2 =
k 4 k = 576
2
1 x k C= , where k 0 x
The computer was manufactured 2 years ago. By substituting x = 2 and C = 6500 into the equation, we have
576 y = x
6500 =
k 2 k = 13 000 13 000 x
C=
158
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions (b) In 2011, the computers age will be 4 years. When x = 4, C = (c) When C = 1625,
13 000 4 = 3250
1625 =
13 000 x x =8
The value of the computer in 2011 will be $3250.
It takes at least 9 years for the value of the computer to go below $1625.
Quick Practice 12.11 (p. 12.24) 1 x w2 and w y x = k1w2 (1) and w =
k2 y
(2)
where k1 and k2 are non-zero constants. By substituting (2) into (1), we have
k k k2 x = k1 2 = 1 2 y y k1 and k2 are non-zero constants.
2 k1k 2 is also a non-zero constant. 2 By letting c = k1k 2 , we have
x=
c , where c is a non-zero constant. y
i.e. x
1 y
x varies inversely as y. Quick Practice 12.12 (p. 12.31) (a) p varies jointly as r and
s .
p =kr s , where k 0 By substituting r = 15, s = 25 and p = 150 into the equation, we have
1 0 =k (1 )( 5 5 k =2
2 ) 5
p =2 r s (b) When r = 7 and s = 16,

p = (7) 2 ( 1 ) =6 6 5
Quick Practice 12.13 (p. 12.31) (a) T varies directly as s2 and inversely as r. T =
ks 2 , where k 0 r
By substituting s = 2, r = 12 and T = 10 into the equation, we have
10 =
k ( 2) 2 12 k = 30 30 s 2 r
T =
8=
(b) When T = 8 and s = 4,
30 ( 4) 2 r r = 60
159
12 Variations Quick Practice 12.14 (p. 12.32) (a) S S=
F I kF I
, where k 0
By substituting F = 8400, I = 90 000 and S = 11 760 into the equation, we have
k (15 ) 2 5 1 k= 5 y2 x= 5z 9=
y = (1 + 20 %) y0 = 1.2 y0
11 760 =
k (8400 ) 90 000 420 F I
(b) Let y0, z0 and x0 be the original values of y, z and x respectively. New value of
k = 420 S =
New value of
z = (1 20 %) z0 = 0.8 z0
(b) When F = 4500 and I = 122 500,
S =
420 ( 4500 ) 122 500

New value of
x=
= 5400
The subsidy for the student is $5400. Quick Practice 12.15 (p. 12.32) Let $C, t mm and d cm be the cost, the thickness and the diameter of a gold coin respectively. C td 2
(1.2 y0 ) 2 5(0.8 z0 )
2 y0 5 z0
= 1.8 = 1.8 x0
C = ktd 2 , where k 0 Let t1 mm, d1 cm and $C1 be the thickness, the diameter and the cost of the first gold coin, and t2 mm, d2 cm and $C2 be that of the second gold coin respectively.
x= =
1.8 x0 x0 100% x0 (1.8 1) x0 100% x0

x is increased by 80%.
C1 = kt 1d12
(1)
2 C2 = kt 2 d 2 (2)
C1 kt d 2 = 1 12 C2 kt 2 d 2 C1 t d = 1 1 C2 t 2 d 2
(1) (2):
2
= 80%
16 3 4 = 27 4 d 2
2 2
Quick Practice 12.17 (p. 12.41) (a) z partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as y. z = k1x + k2y, where k1, k2 0 By substituting x = 2, y = 1 and z = 4 into the equation, we have
4 = k1 ( 2) + k 2 (1) 2k1 + k 2 = 4 11 = k1 (4) + k 2 (3) 4k1 + 3k 2 =11

(2) (1) 2: k2 = 3 By substituting k2 = 3 into (1), we have
3 27 d = 42 4 16 = 20 .25 d 2 = 4.5 or 4.5 (rejected)

The diameter of the second gold coin is 4.5 cm. Quick Practice 12.16 (p. 12.34) (a) x
2
(1)
By substituting x = 4, y = 3 and z = 11 into the equation, we have
( 2)
2k1 + (3) = 4 k1 =
y z ky 2 x= , where k 0 z
By substituting y = 15, z = 5 and x = 9 into the equation, we have
1 2
z=
1 x +3y 2
z= 1 (3) +3( 2) 2 15 = 2
(a) When x = 3 and y = 2,
Quick Practice 12.18 (p. 12.42) (a) P partly varies directly as x and partly varies inversely
160
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions as x.
k P = k1 x + 2 , where k1, k2 0 x
By substituting x = 1 and P = 2 into the equation, we have
k2 2500 2500 k1 + k 2 = 10 250 4.1 = k1 + k2 8000 8000 k1 + k 2 = 24 000 3 = k1 +

( 2) (1) :
( 1 )
2 = k1 (1) + k1 + k 2 = 2
k2 1 (1)
By substituting n = 8000 and C = 3 into the equation, we have
By substituting x = 2 and P = 7 into the equation, we have
k 7 = k1 ( 2) + 2 2 4k1 + k 2 = 14
( 2) (1) : 3k1 =12 k1 = 4
( 2)
5500 k1 =13 750 k1 = 2.5
( 2)
By substituting k1 = 2.5 into (1), we have
2500 ( 2.5) + k 2 =10 250 k 2 = 4000
By substituting k1 = 4 into (1), we have
4 + k2 = 2 k 2 = 2
C = 2.5 +
4000 n
(b) When C = 3.3,
P = 4x
2 x
3.3 = 2.5 + n = 5000
4000 n
(b) When x = 4,
2 P = 4( 4) 4 31 = 2
Quick Practice 12.19 (p. 12.43) (a) C is partly constant and partly varies directly as n. C = k1 + k2n, where k1, k2 0 By substituting n = 10 and C = 1750 into the equation, we have
5000 newspapers should be printed.
(c) When n = 6000,
C = 2.5 + =3 1 6
4000 6000
The cost for each newspaper is $3
1 . 6
1750 = k1 + k 2 (10 ) k1 +10 k 2 =1750 3625 = k1 + k 2 ( 25 ) k1 + 25 k 2 = 3625 ( 2) (1 ) : 15 k 2 =1875 k 2 =125

Profit per cent
6 3 3
( 1 )
1 6 = 89 .5%
1 6 100 % (cor. to 1 d.p.)
(2)
Further Practice
Further Practice (p. 12.9) 1. (a) y x +2 y =k x +2 , where k 0 By substituting x = 7 and y = 24 into the equation, we have
k1 +10 (125 ) =1750 k1 = 500

C = 500 + 125n (b) When n = 20,
24 = k 7 + 2 k =
C = 500 +125 ( 20 ) = 3000
24 3 =8
Cost per head for 20 participants =
$3000 = $150 20
y =8 x + 2 (b) When x = 14,

y =8 1 +2 4 =3 2
Quick Practice 12.20 (p. 12.44) (a) C is partly constant and partly varies inversely as n.
C = k1 +
k2 , where k1, k2 0 n
2.
By substituting n = 2500 and C = 4.1 into the equation, we have

161
zx z = kx, where k 0 By substituting x = 4 and z = 12 into the equation, we have
12 Variations
When x = 32, z =3 3 2 =9 6
12 = k 4 12 k = 4 =3 z = 3x
(b) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively. New value of
x = (1 19 %) x0 = 0.81 x0
y = 2 0.81 x0 = 2 0.9 x0 = 0.9 y0
New value of
3.
(y 4) is directly proportional to x.
y 4 = kx , where k 0 y 4 =k x 8 4 10 4 k = = 8 x Thus, 8 x = 6 4 = 12
2 When y = 10, x = 1
y= =
0 . 9 y0 y0 100% y0 (0.9 1) y0 100% y0
= 10%
2.
Further Practice (p. 12.11) 1. (a) y varies directly as
y is decreased by 10%. (a) C varies directly as the square of r. C = kr2, where k 0 By substituting r = 5 and C = 20 into the equation, we have
x .
y =k x , where k 0 By substituting x = 16 and y = 8 into the equation, we have
8 = k 16 8 k = 4 =2 y =2 x
20 = k 52 20 k= 25 4 = 5 4 C = r2 5 4 4 2 (b) When r = 1, C = (1) = ; 5 5 4 36 2 when r = 3, C = (3) = 5 5

The total cost of painting
4 36 =$5 +10 5 5 =$76

Further Practice (p. 12.24) 1.
( S + 2) S +2 =
6 +2 =
1 x3
k , where k 0 x3
By substituting x = 2 and S = 6 into the equation, we have
k 23 k = 64 64 S +2 = 3 x 64 i.e. S = 3 2 x 1 When x = , 2
162
S=
64
3
1 2 = 510
Let s0 and w0 be the original values of s and w respectively. New value of New value of
s = (1 10 %) s0 = 0.9s0
w=
2.
1 s2 k w = 2 , where k 0 s
k k 1 = = w0 2 2 2 (0.9s0 ) 0.9 s0 0 .9 2
1 w0 w0 2 w = 0.9 100% w0 1 1 w0 2 0 .9 100% = w0 = 23.5% (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)

3. w is increased by 23.5%. Let d be the number of days that the food can last and n be the number of people trapped on a desert island. d
1 n
k , where k 0 n dn = k d=
k =3 0 = d (1 +2) 0 1 0 d =2 5 When 2 more people come ashore onto the island, the food will last for 25 days.
Thus, 4. (a) and
1 1 and y y z
x=
k1 y
(1)
y=
k2 z
(2)
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
x=

k1 k = 1 z (3) k2 k2 z
k1 and k2 are non-zero constants.
k1 is also a non-zero constant. k2 = k1 , we have k2
By letting C
x = Cz, where C is a non-zero constant. i.e. x z x varies directly as z. (b) By substituting z = 3 and y = 2 into (2), we have
k2 3 k2 = 6 2=
163
12 Variations By substituting k2 = 6, z = have
1 and x = 4 into (3), we 3
Further Practice (p. 12.35) 1. (a) z x 2 y z =kx 2 y , where k 0 By substituting x = 2, y = 9 and z = 24 into the equation, we have 2 =k ( 2) 2 ( 9 ) 4 k =2 z =2 x 2 y (b) When x = 3 and y = 16,
z =2(3) 2 ( 1 ) 6 =7 2
k1 1 6 3 k1 = 72 4=
The equation connecting x and y is x =
72 . y
2.
(a)
x x=
y z2
ky , where k 0 z2
By substituting y = 2, z = 1 and x = 4 into the equation, we have
k ( 2) (1) 2 k =2 2y x= 2 z 4=
x= 2(3) 22 3 = 2
(b) When y = 3 and z = 2,
3.
z xy z = kxy, where k 0 Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z respectively. New value of
x = (1 25 %) x0 = 0.75 x0 y = (1 + 50 %) y0 = 1.5 y0
New value of
New value of
z = k (0.75 x0 )(1.5 y0 ) =1.125 kx 0 y0 =1.125 z0
z=
1.125 z0 z0 100% z0 (1.125 1) z0 100% z0
=
4. z is increased by 12.5%.
= 12.5%
A k R= , where k 0 A Let 1 , A1 and R1 be the length, cross-sectional area and R
164
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions resistance of the first wire, and 2 , A2 and R2 be that of the second wire.
38 = k1 9 + 12 k1 + k 2 = 152
( 2) (1 ) :
k2 ( 2) 2 ( 2)
R1 =
k1 A1
(1) and R2 =
k2 A2
(2)
10 k1 =120 k1 =12
k1 R A A 3 9 27 A ( 1 ) ( 2) : 1 = 1 = 1 2 = 1 2 = = R2 k2 2 A1 2 A1 5 16 80 A2
The ratio of their electrical resistances is 27 : 80. Further Practice (p. 12.45) 1. (a) w partly varies directly as s and partly varies directly as s3. w = k1s + k2s3, where k1, k2 0 By substituting s = 6 and w = 56 into the equation, we have
2(12 ) + k 2 = 32 k2 = 8
z =12
x+
8 y2
56 = k1 (6) + k 2 (6) 3 3k1 +108 k 2 = 28 ( 1 )

By substituting s = 12 and w = 436 into the equation, we have
436 = k1 (12 ) + k 2 (12 )3 3k1 + 432 k 2 =109

(2) (1) : 3 2 k4 = 8 1 2 k2 = 1 4
( 2)
By substituting k 2 =
1 into (1), we have 4
1 3k1 +108 = 28 4 1 k1 = 3 1 1 3 w= s+ s 3 4
(b) When s = 2,
w=
1 1 ( 2) + ( 2) 3 3 4 8 = 3
x and partly varies
2.
(a) z partly varies directly as inversely as y2.
z = k1 x +
k2 , where k1, k2 0 y2
32 = k1 4 + 2k1 + k 2 = 32
k2 (1) 2 ( 1 )

165
12 Variations (b) When z = 21 and x =
1 , 16
3 =3 x 2 x 2 =1 x =1 o x = (rejected r 1 )
2 18 When x = 6, y =3(6) = 0 When y = 192, 192 =3 x 2
21 =12 y2 = 4 9 2 3
1 8 + 2 16 y
y =
3. (a) (i)
x 2 =64 x =8 or x =8 (rejected)
Parking charge for the first hour = $30 Parking charge for the subsequent hours = $20(x 1) C =3 +2 ( x ) 0 0 1 =1 +2 x 0 0
When y = 243, 2 3 =3 x 2 4
x 2 =8 1 x =9 o x = (rejecte ) r 9 d
(ii) The relationship of C and x is a partial variation. This is because C is the sum of two parts, one of them is a constant while the other varies directly as x. (b) When x = 3, C = 10 + 20(3) = 70 He has to pay $70.
2.
(a) y varies directly as x. y = kx, where k is the variation constant and k 0 By substituting x = 9 and y = 6 into the equation, we have
Exercise
Exercise 12A (p. 12.12) 1. (a) y varies directly as x. y = kx, where k 0 By substituting x = 32 and y = 8 into the equation, we have
6 = k 9 2 k= 3
The variation constant is (b) From (a), we have y = When x = 24, y = 3.
2 . 3
2 x. 3
8 = k 32 1 k= 4 1 y= x 4
2 ( 24 ) =16 3
(a) P r P = kr, where k is the variation constant and k 0 By substituting r = we have
When y = 3, 1 3= x 4 x =12 When y = 6, 1 6= x 4 x = 24 When x = 40,
1 and P = 5 into the equation, 3
5 = k
y= y=
1 ( 40 ) =10 4 1 (60 ) =15 4
The variation constant is 15. (b) From (a), we have P = 15r. When P = 60, 0 = 5 r 6 1 r =4 4. (a) y is directly proportional to x2. y = kx2, where k 0 By substituting x = 4 and y = 48 into the equation, we have 48 = k 4 2
1 3 k = 15
When x = 60,
(b) y varies directly as the square of x, where x > 0 y = kx2, where k 0 By substituting x = 3 and y = 27 into the equation, we have 27 = k (3) 2
k =3 y =3 x 2
k =3
y =3 x 2 When y = 3,
5.
166
(b) (i) When x = 3 , y =3( 3 ) 2 =9 (ii) When y = 75, 75 =3 x 2

x 2 = 25 x =5 or x = (rejected) 5
(a) y varies directly as x. y = kx, where k is the variation constant and k 0
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions By substituting x = 2 and y = 4 into the equation, we have
= k 2 4 k = 2
(b) The equation connecting x and y is y = 2x.
(c) (i)
1 From the graph, when x = 7, y = 4 .
(ii) From the graph, when y = 10, x =5 . 6. (a) Consider two points (0, 0) and (2, 5) which lie on the graph, which is a straight line. Slope of the straight line =
5 0 5 = 2 0 2
Since the straight line passes through the origin, the required equation is y = (b) (i) When x = 8,
5 x. 2
y=
5 8 = 20 2
Alternative Solution From the graph, 0 when x = 8, y =2
(ii) When y = 45,
45 =
5 x 2 x =18
7.
V is directly proportional to d 3 .
V = kd 3 , where k 0 By substituting V = 32 and d = 4 into the equation, we have
32 = k 43 1 k= 2 1 3 V = d 2
500 = 1 3 d 2 d 3 =1000 d =10
When V = 500,
167
12 Variations 8. y 3 x
3
y = k 3 x , where k 0 y x =k
12. (a) T is directly proportional to the cube of n. T = kn3, where k 0 By substituting n = 2 and T = 32 into the equation, we have
32 = k 23
Thus,
k =3
=3 27 64 y =8
(b) (i)
k = 4
Let n0 and T0 be the original values of n and T respectively. New value of
T = n3 4
9.
8 When x = 64, y = .
n = (1 10 %) n0 = 0.9n0
p varies directly as
p =k p q =k
. New value of
q,w here k 0
T = 4(0.9n0 )3 = 4 0.729 n0 = 0.729T0

3
k =
4 3 6
2 q
Thus,
q =3
T= =
q =9 When p = 2, q =9 .
0.729T0 T0 100 % T0 (0.729 1)T0 100 % T0

T is decreased by 27.1%. (ii) Let n0 and T0 be the original values of n and T respectively. New value of
10. y x2 y = kx2, where k 0 Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively. New value of x = (1 75%)x0 = 0.25x0 New value of
= 27 .1%
y = k (0.25 x0 ) 2
2 = 0.0625 kx 0
n =(1 +10% n0 ) =1.1n0
= 0.0625 y0
Percentage change in New value of
T = 4(1.1 n0 )3 = 4 1.331 n0 =1.331 T0
y= =
0.0625 y0 y0 100 % y0 (0.0625 1) y0 100 % y0

y is decreased by 93.75%.
T= =
= 93.75%
1.331T0 T0 100 % T0 (1.331 1)T0 100 % T0

T is increased by 33.1%.
11. y varies directly as the square root of x. y =k x , where k 0 Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively. New value of
= 33 .1%
13.
x = (1 + 21 %) x0 = 1.21 x0
y = k 1.21 x0 = k 1.1 x0 =1.1 y0
S varies directly as t. S = kt, where k 0
By substituting t = equation, we have
New value of
3 60 (i.e. t = 45) and S = 45 into the 4
y=
1.1 y0 y0 100% y0 (1.1 1) y0 100% y0
45 = k ( 45 ) k =1 S =t
When t = 25,
=
y is increased by 10%.
S = 25
The train travels 25 km in 25 minutes.
= 10%
14. C varies directly as the square of x. C = kx2, where k 0 By substituting x = 4 and C = 96 into the equation, we have
168
96 = k ( 4) 2 k =6 C =6x2
15. (a) (i)
yx y = kx, where k 0 By substituting x = 16 and y = 24 into the equation, we have
When x = 3, C = 6(3) 2 = 54 The cost is $54.
24 = k (16 ) k = 3 2 3 y= x 2
x y
0 0
4 6
8 12
12 18
16 24
(ii) From the graph, when x = 12, y = 18. The weight of the steel wire is 18 kg. (b) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively. When x is doubled, new value of x = 2(x0) = 2x0 new value of y =
3 (2 x0 ) = 2 y0 2
When the length of a steel wire is doubled, its weight will also be doubled. 16. y varies directly as x. y = kx, where k > 1
y + 2 kx + 2 = x+2 x+2 k ( x + 2) 2 k + 2 = x+2 2 2k =k+ x+2 2 2k Obviously, k + is not a constant. x +2

(y + 2) does not vary directly as (x + 2). Level 2 17. (a) y2 x3 y2 = kx3, where k 0 By substituting x = 3 and y = 18 into the equation, we have (1 ) 2 = k (3)3 8
k =1 2 y 2 =1 x 3 2
(b) When y =
2 , 3
169
12 Variations
2 3 =12 x 3 1 x3 = 27 1 x= 3
18. (a) (y + 2) varies directly as x. y + 2 = kx, where k 0 By substituting x = 3 and y = 13 into the equation, we have 13 +2 = k 3
s= =
1.96 s0 s0 100 % s0 (1.96 1) s0 100 % s0

s is increased by 96%. y2 varies directly as (x b). y2 = k(x b), where k is the variation constant and k 0
= 96%
20. (a)
y +2 =5 x y =5 x 2 i.e. (b) (i) When x = 2,
k =5
y2 =k x b
k =
Thus,
y =5( 2) 2 =8
(ii) When y = 3x, 3 x =5 x 2 x =1 19. (a) r is directly proportional to the square root of s. r =k s , where k 0 By substituting s = 25 and r = 15 into the equation, we have
15 = k 25 k =3 r =3 s
22 3 b 9 b 9 b 3b b
42 9 b = 4(3 b) = 12 4b =3 =1 =
(b) By substituting x = 3, y = 2 and b = 1 into y2 = k(x b),

we have
(c)
(b) When r = 6s,

6s = 3 s 2s = s 4s 2 s = 0 s ( 4 s 1) = 0 s = 0 (rejected) or s= 1 4
The variation constant is 2. When x = 19, y 2 =2(1 ) 9 1 =3 6 y =6 o 6 (rejected r )
2 2 = k (3 1) k =2
21. (a) y x2 y = kx2, where k 0
y =k x2
k= 16 4 = 2 t (t 1) 2
(c) Let s0 and r0 be the original values of s and r respectively.

r =3 s
2
i.e.
r s = . 3
New value of
4(t 1) 2 = t 2
Thus,
[2(t 1)]2 t 2 = 0 [2(t 1) + t ][ 2(t 1) t ] = 0 (3t 2)(t 2) = 0 t= 2 or t = 2 3
r =(1 + 40% r0 ) =1.4 r0
New value of
1.4r0 s= 3
(b) (i)
2
r = 1.96 0 3 = 1.96 s0
The larger value of t is 2. By substituting x = 1 and y = 4 into y = kx2, we have 4 = k (1) 2
k =4 y =4x2
(ii) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y

respectively. y = 4x2 i.e.
x=
y 4
170
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions New value of
y = (1 36% y0 ) = 0.64 y0
x=
New value of
0.64 y0 4 y0 4
22. (a) t varies directly as d. t = kd, where k 0 By substituting d = 5 and t = 15 into the equation, we have
15 = k (5) k =3 t = 3d
(b) (i)
= 0.8 = 0.8 x0
Percentage change in x
= =
0.8 x0 x0 100 % x0 (0.8 1) x0 100 % x0
When d = 3, t = 3(3) = 9 It takes 9 s to hear the thunder from lightning that is 3 km away. (ii) When d = 8, t = 3(8) = 24 It takes 24 s to hear the thunder from lightning that is 8 km away. (c) When t = 1,
x is decreased by 20%.
= 20 %
1 = 3d 1 d= 3
The required distance is
1 km. 3
23. (a) d varies directly as the square of t. d = kt2, where k 0 By substituting t = 3 and d = 45 into the equation, we have
45 = k 32 k =5 d = 5t 2
(b) When t = 4, d = 5(4)2 = 80 The height of building B is 80 m. (c) Height of building C = 45 m + 80 m = 125 m When d = 125, 125 = 5t 2
t 2 = 25 t = 5 or t = 5 (rejected) It takes 5 s to reach the ground.

24. (a) V is directly proportional to the square of r. V = kr2, where k 0 By substituting r = 20 and V = 84 into the equation, we have
84 = k ( 20 ) 2 k = 0.21 V = 0.21 r 2
(b) Let r0 and V0 be the original values of r and V respectively.
V =0.21 r 2
i.e. r =
V 0.21
V =(1 +69% V0 =1.69 V0 )
New value of
r=
New value of
1.69V0 0.21 V0 0.21
= 1.3 = 1.3r0
171
12 Variations Percentage change in By substituting (2) into (1), we have
1.3r0 r0 r= 100% r0 (1.3 1)r0 = 100% r0 = 30%

r is increased by 30%. 25. Let $V be the value of a diamond and w carats be its weight. (a) V varies directly as the cube of w. V = kw3, where k 0 By substituting w = 2 and V = 120 000 into the equation, we have 120 000 = k 2 3
V = k1 [ k2 (t + V ) + t ] = k1k 2t + k1k 2V + k1t
(1 k1k 2 )V = (k1 + k1k2 )t k +kk V = 1 1 2 t 1 k k 1 2 k1 + k1k 2 As long as k1k2 1 and k2 1, is a 1 k1k 2

non-zero constant. V varies directly as t. (b) By substituting (1) into (2), we have
m = k 2 [ t + k1 (m + t )] = k 2t + k1k 2 m + k1k 2t
k =15 000 V =15 000 w3

3
(1 k1k2 )m = ( k2 + k1k 2 )t k +kk m = 2 1 2 t 1 k k 1 2 k 2 + k1k 2 As long as k1k2 1 and k1 1, is a 1 k1k 2

non-zero constant. m varies directly as t. Exercise 12B (p. 12.25) Level 1 1. (a) y
When w = 3.5, V = 5 0 0 .5 1 0 (3 )
=6 3 1 5 4 2 The value of the diamond weighing 3.5 carats is $643 125. (b) When w = 1, V = 15 000 13 = 15 000 Percentage change in value
2 15 000 120 000 100 % 120 000 = 75 % =

The percentage loss in its value is 75%. 26. (a) The number of kilocalories and the weight of the potato chips are in direct variation. (b) E and W are in direct variation. E = kW, where k 0 By substituting W = 200 and E = 1000, we have
1 x k y= , where k 0 x
k 4 k = 56 y=
y=
1000 = k ( 200 ) k =5 E =5W 250 = 5W W = 50
14 =
(c) When E = 250,
56 x
When x = 2,
Percentage that Sally should eat
50 100% = 62.5% = 80
27. (a) V varies directly as m. V = k1m, where k1 0 m varies directly as t. m = k2t, where k2 0
56 2 = 28
When x = 7, 56 y = 7 =8 When x = 8, 56 y = 8 =7 When x = 28, 56 y= 28 =2 (b) y

172
V = k1 ( k 2t ) = ( k1k 2 )t
k1k2 is a non-zero constant. V varies directly as t. (b) V + m = (k1k2)t + k2t = (k1k2 + k2)t (k1k2 + k2) is a non-zero constant. (V + m) varies directly as t. 28. (a) V varies directly as (m + t). V = k1(m + t), where k1 0(1) m varies directly as (t + V). m = k2(t + V), where k2 0(2)
1 x
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions y=
k x
, where k 0
30 =
25 k = 150 y= 150 x
When y = 75, 150 75 = x

x =2 x = 22 =4
When x = 9, 150 y= 9 =50 When y = 37.5, 10 5 3 .5 = 7 x x =4 x =4 2 =1 6 When y = 25, 150 25 = x

x =6 x = 62 = 36
2.
(a) y
1 x k y= , where k is the variation constant and k x

12 =
The variation constant is 360. (b) From (a), we have y = When x = 45, 360 y= 45 =8 3. (a)
k 30 k = 360
360 . x
y y=
1 x k x
, where k 0
173
12 Variations By substituting x = 16 and y = 2 into the equation, we have
2=
k 16 8 x
96 y =3 8 = 48
k =8 y=
(b) When x = 36, 8 y= 36 4 = 3
4.
(a)
1 n3 k m = 3 , where k 0 n m
By substituting n = 10 and m = we have
1 into the equation, 8
1 k = 3 8 10 k = 125 125 m= 3 n
When n =
(b) (i)
1 , 2
m=
125
3
1 2 = 1000
(ii) When m = 8,
125 n3 125 n3 = 8 5 n= 2 8=
5.
y3
k
3
1 x
, where k 0
y=
32 =
k
3
27 k = 96 96 y= 3 x
(a) When x = 8,
174
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions (b) When y = 16, 96 16 = 3 x

3
w=
New value of
k 0.4 P0 k P0
x =6 x = 216
= 2. 5
6.
1 ( F 2) 2 d
= 2.5w0
k , where k 0 d2 ( F 2)d 2 = k F 2=
9 k = 2 42 = ( F 2) 2 2 4 1 2 ( 4 ) = ( F 2)( 4) 4 F 2 = 1 F =3
w= =
2.5w0 w0 100 % w0 ( 2.5 1) w0 100 % w0

w is increased by 150%.
= 150 %
8.
Thus,
y y=
1 x k x
7.
When d = 2, F =3
, where k 0
1 P w k P = , where k 0 w
x = (1 36%) x0 = 0.64 x0
y= k 0.64 x0 k 0.8 x0
(a) Let w0 and P0 be the original values of w and P respectively.
New value of
w = (1 20%) w0 New value of = 0.8 w0
P=
New value of
k 0.8w0 k w0
= 1.25 y 0
y=
= 1.25
1.25 y0 y0 100 % y0 (1.25 1) y0 100 % y0
= 1.25 P0
Percentage change in y is increased by 25%.
= 25 %
P= =
1.25 P0 P0 100 % P0 (1.25 1) P0 100 % P0
9.
(a) (i)
= 25 %
1 x2 k y = 2 , where k is the variation constant x y
and
P is increased by 25%.
k (b) P = w k i.e. w = . P
Let w0 and P0 be the original values of w and P respectively. New value of
k 0 By substituting x = 2 and y = 4 into the equation, we have
k 22 k = 16 4=
The variation constant is 16. (ii) From (a)(i), we have
P = (1 60%) P0 = 0.4 P0
y=
16 . x2
x =(1 + 25% x0 ) =1.25 x0
175
12 Variations
y=
New value of
16 (1.25 x0 ) 2
By substituting q = 4 and p = 15 into the equation, we have
16 = 2 1.5625 x0 = 0.64 y0
15 =
k 4 k = 60 p= 60 q
(b) When p 5,
y= =
0.64 y0 y0 100% y0 (0.64 1) y0 100 % y0

12.
60 5 q 12 1 q q 1 2
q > 0)
= 36%
The range of possible values of q when p 5 is q
y is decreased by 36%. (b) Yes, because the corresponding percentage change does not depend on the value of the variation constant.
11. (a) y
10. (a) p
1 q k p= , where k 0 q
1 x +1 k y= , where k 0 x +1
By substituting x = 14 and y = 6 into the equation, we
have
k 14 +1 k = 90 6= y=
90 x +1 90 x +1 = y i.e. 90 x= 1 y
(b) When y 6,
90 6 x +1 15 1 x +1 ( x + 1 > 0) 15 x + 1
12. (a) (i) The range of possible values of x when y 6 is x 14. The relationship of x and y is an inverse variation because the graph of y against
x 14
1 is a straight x
line passing through the origin, but excluding it. (ii) and
1 x k y = , where k is the variation constant x
k 0 The graph passes through (2, 100). By substituting
1 = 2 and y = 100 into the x
equation, we have
176
100 = 2k
k = 50
(b) The equation is y = (i) (ii) x y 2 25
50 . x
5 10 10 5 20 2.5 25 2
4 12. 5
13. (a) The relationship of y and z is a direct variation because
y = 0.5 , which is a constant. z

(b) (i) (ii) x 20 0.05 1.5 10 0.1 3 5 0.2 6 4 0.25 7.5 2 0.5 15 The relationship of x and y is an inverse variation because xy = 30, which is a constant.
1 x
y
The graph of y against
1 x
(iii)
When y = 12,
1 = 0.4 , x
x=
1 0.4 = 2.5
177
12 Variations 14. Let h cm be the height of the cylinder and A cm2 be its base area.
1 A k h = , where k 0 A
10 P0 P0 P = 11 100 % P0
By substituting A = 2 and h = 30 into the equation, we have
30 =
k 2 k = 60 h= 60 A
10 1 P0 11 = 100 % P0 = 9 1 % 11
1 %. 11
The pressure is decreased by 9 (i)
When h = 15,
15 =
The base area of the cylinder is 4 cm2 when the height is 15 cm.
60 A A =4
17. (a)
1 x k y = , where k 0 x
k 12 .5 k = 180 1 y = 180 x
By substituting x = 12.5 and y = 14.4 into the equation, we have
15.
1 V T k V = , where k 0 T
k 265 = 1.8 k = 477 V = 477 T
14 .4 =
By substituting T = 1.8 and V = 265 into the equation, we have
The equation of the line is y =180 0.01 1.8 0.04 7.2 0.08 14.4
1 . x
1 x
y
When T = 2.5,
V =
477 2.5 = 190 .8
The average speed of the helicopter is 190.8 km/h when its travel time is 2.5 hours.
16. V
1 P k V = , where k 0 P k i.e. P = , where k 0 V

Let P0 and V0 be the original values of P and V respectively. New value of
V =(1 +10% V0 ) =1.1 V0
(ii) When x = 50,
P=
New value of
k 1.1V0
1 1 = = 0.02 and from the graph, x 50 1 = 0.02 , y = 3.6. when x
10 k = 11 V0 = 10 P0 11
When the speed of the car is 50 km/h, the travel time is 3.6 h. (b) (i) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively. New value of x = 2x0
178
1 y = 180 2x 0
New value of
respectively. New value of
y = (1 + 33.1%) y 0 =1.331 y 0
k 3 x = 1.3 3 1 1 = 1.1
3
1 1 = 180 x 2 0 = y0 2
New value of
y0
k y0
1 0 = x0 1 1
The travel time is halved. (ii) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively. New value of x =
x0 2
10 x0 x0 x = 11 100% x0 10 1 x0 11 = 100% x0
1 y = 180 x0 New value of 2 1 = 2 180 x 0 = 2 y0

Level 2 18. i.e. The travel time is doubled.
= 9
1 % 11
x is decreased by 9
1 %. 11
19. (a)
h h=
1 k c k
1 y 3 x k y = 3 , where k 0 x
x =3 k , where k 0 y
, where c 0
By substituting k = 64 and h = 15 into the equation, we have
(a) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively. New value of
y = (1 27.1%) y0 = 0.729 y0
x =3 k 0.729 y 0
(b)
64 c =120 120 h= ......( 1) k hk = 20
15 =
h=
20 ......( 2) k
New value of
1 k 3 = 0.9 y 0 = 10 x0 9
By substituting (2) into (1), we have 20 120 = k k
k = 6k k = 36k 2 k (36k 1) = 0 k = 0 ( rejected) or

2
10 x0 x0 x= 9 100 % x0 10 1 x 0 9 100% = x0 1 = 11 % 9
x is increased by 11 % . (b) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
179
1 36
(c) From (1), we have k =
120 . h
Let k0 and h0 be the original values of k and h respectively. New value of
h = (1 18%) h0 = 0.82 h0
1 9
12 Variations
120 k = 0.82 h 0
New value of
20. (a) y
2
120 1 2 0.82 h0 1 = h0 0.82 2 =
1 x k y= , where k 0 x
xy = k Thus,
k =a (8) =b(1 ) 0 a 5 = b 4 a : b =5 : 4
1 h h0 2 0 k = 0.82 100 % h0 1 1h0 2 0.82 100 % = h0 = 48.7% (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)

k is increased by 48.7%.
5 b 4 5 (b) From (a), a b = b b 4 b = 4 a=

xy = k
b b(10 ) = y 4 y = 40
21. (a)
1 x +a k y = , where k 0 x +a
y = .. .. k .. ( 1)
(x + ) a
k =( 4 +a ) 2 5 5( 4 +a ) Thus, 4 +a 4a a
= (8 +a ) 6 5 2 = 2 (8 +a ) 5 = 4 +5a 0 =6 3 = 9
(b) By substituting a = 9, x = 4 and y = 25 into (1), we have
( 4 9) 25 = k k = 25
y =
25 x 9
(c) When y = 4,
25 x 9 2 x 18 = 25 2 x = 7 7 x= 2 4 =
22. (a) y y=
y
1 x c k x c
, where k 0
x c =k (1)
180
Thus,
3 1 6 c = 38 c 2 2 9(6 c ) = 38 c 8c =16 c =2
2 .5 =
1600 k =100 100 p= n

100 n
(b) By substituting c = 2, x = 6 and y = have
3 into (1), we 2
(b) When p = 4,
4=
3 6 2 =k 2 k =3
y=
3 x 2
3 27 2 3 5
625 bottles are available on the island when the retail price is $4.
n = 25 n = 625
(c) When x = 27,
y= =
(d) For y to be real, x 2 > 0, i.e. x > 2. The smallest integer of x such that y is real is 3. 23. (a) Let $V be the value of a flat and n years old be the age of the flat.
1 n k V = , where k 0 n V
k 4 k = 6 000 000 6 000 000 n
By substituting n = 4 and V = 1 500 000 into the equation, we have
1 500 000 =
V =
The age of the flat in 2009 is (4 + 4) years old, i.e. 8 years old. When A = 8,
V =
6 000 000 = 750 000 8
The value of the flat is $750 000. (b) When V = 2 000 000,
2 000 000 =
6 000 000 n n =3
The flat was worth $2 000 000 in 2004.
24. (a) p p=
1 n k n
, where k 0
By substituting n = 1600 and p = 2.5 into the equation, we have
181
12 Variations (c) When n = 2500,
p= =2
100 2500
800 =
k 40 k = 32 000 n= 32 000 d
The retail price is $2 when the number of bottle available on the island is 2500. 25. Let n be the number of workers and m be the number of months needed to complete the job.
1 m k n= , where k 0 m
n By substituting m = 21 and n = 56 into the equation, we have
56 =
k 21 k = 1176 n= 1176 m
When m = 7,
n=
1176 = 168 7
18 5 12 Additional workers employed = 6 6 = 1
26. (a)
1 r3 k n = 3 , where k 0 r n
By substituting r = 6 and n = 4000 into the equation, we have
4000 =
k 63 k = 864 000 864 000 n= r3
When r = 4,
n=
864 000 43 =13 500
13 500 gold beads of radius 4 mm can be cast. (b) When n = 864,
864 =
864 000 r3 r 3 = 1000 r = 10
The diameter of the gold beads 0 m = 2 10 mm = 2 m 27. (a) n
1 d k n= , where k 0 d
By substituting d = 40 and n = 800 into the equation, we have
182
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions (b) When n = 640,
The diameter of the front wheel of the bicycle is 50 cm if it makes 640 revolutions in travelling 1 km. (c) (i) For every kilometre travelled, Number of revolutions the front wheel of Angels bicycle makes =
32 000 640 = d d = 50
29. (a)
( x + y)
32 000 = 640 50
1 1 1 + x y k x+ y = 1 1 + x y , where k 0 kxy x+ y = x+ y
( x + y ) 2 = kxy
( x + y ) 2 xy
Number of revolutions the front wheel of Kens
32 000 = 400 bicycle makes = 80
Distance travelled = (18 2.5) km = 45 km The number of revolutions the front wheel of Angels bicycle makes more than that of
5 ( 4 0 Kens bicycle =4 6 0 4 0 ) =0 80 1 0
( x + y )2 = kxy
(b)
x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 = kxy x 2 + y 2 = (k 2) xy 1 2 2 xy = (x + y ) k2 1 is a non-zero constant, provided that k k 2

xy (x2 + y2)
(ii) No, because the distance travelled remains unchanged. 28. (a) (b) The area of the rectangle = cm w cm is fixed, i.e. w = constant. The relation between the length and the width of the rectangle is an inverse variation. 2.
1 w k = , where k 0 w
k 45 = 20 k = 900 900 = w
900 = 2 = 900 = 30 or
Exercise 12C (p. 12.35) Level 1 1. (a) z xy (b) s varies directly as d and inversely as t. (c) C m3n2 y . (d) z varies jointly as x2 and (e) z varies directly as (f) 2.
3
By substituting w = 20 and = 45 into the equation, we have
x and inversely as y2.
a2
b3 c
......( 1 )
(c) When the rectangle becomes a square, w = .
P mn P = kmn, where k 0 By substituting m = 3, n = 5 and P = 120 into the equation, we have
(from (1)) = 30 ( rejected)
12 =k (3)( 5) 0 k =8 P =8m n
The length of the rectangle is 30 cm when it becomes a square.
3.
(d)
2( + w) = 150 w = 75
By substituting w = 75 into (1), we have
b c2 kb a = 2 , where k 0 c
By substituting b = c = 2 and a = we have
900 7 5 2 7 5 + 9 0 0= 0 ( 6 0)( 1 5) = 0 = 6 0 o r 1 5 (rejected ) =
0 m Length of the rectangle = 6 c Width of the rectangle = (75 60) cm 5 m = 1 c

183
3 k ( 2) = 2 ( 2) 2 k =3 3b a= 2 c
12 Variations 4. (a) z xy2 z = kxy2, where k is the variation constant and k 0 By substituting x = 3, y = 2 and z = 3 into the equation, we have
3 = k (3)( 2) 2 1 k = 4
The variation constant is
1 . 4
(b) From (a) we have z =

When x = 5 and y = 4,
1 2 xy . 4
z=
1 (5)( 4) 2 4 = 20
5.
(a)
p 3 q r
p =k 3 q r , where k 0 By substituting q = 8, r = 3 and p = 30 into the equation, we have
3 =k (3 8 )( 3) 0 p =53 q r (b) When p = 10 and q = 27,
k =5
10 =5(3 27 )( r ) 2 r= 3
6.
(a)
y y=
u2 t ku 2 t
, where k is the variation constant and
k 0 By substituting u = 2, t = 9 and y = 4 into the equation, we have
4=
k ( 2) 2 9
k =3
(b)
From (a), we have y =
3u 2 t
When y = 12 and u = 4, 3( 4) 2 12 = t t =4 t =16
184
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions 7. (a)
u3 v2w ku 3 F = 2 , where k 0 v w
When a =
By substituting u = 6, v = w = 3 and F = 2 into the equation, we have
2 and c = 3, 3 2 9b = 3 3 2 b= 9
y
2
(b) When u = 4, v = 3 and w = 6,
k (6) 3 (3) 2 (3) 1 k= 4 u3 F= 4v 2 w 2=
9.
z x 2
z =k x y , where k 0 By substituting x = 4, y = 9 and z = 6 into the equation, we have
6 = k ( 4) 2 ( 9 )
k=
(4)3 8 F = = 2 4(3) (6) 27

8. (a) a bc a = kbc, where k 0 By substituting b = 2, c = 3 and a = 12 into the equation, we have
1 8 1 z = x2 8
(a)
When x = 3 and y = 16, 1 9 z = (3) 2 ( 16 ) = 8 2 4 and y = 64,
12 =k ( 2)( 3) k =2 a =2bc
(b) When z =
When b = 3 and c = 6,
1 2 x ( 64 ) 8 x2 = 4 4= x =2
a =2(3) 6) = 6 ( 3
When a = 64 and c = 4, 6 =2b ( 4) 4
b =8
1 When a = 10 and b = , 4
1 10 = 2 c 4 c = 20
(b)
10.
r3 T s
T= kr 3 s , where k 0 Ts =k r3
k =
b c kb a= , where k 0 c a
Thus,
By substituting b = 4, c = 2 and a = 18 into the equation, we have
(1 )( 9) 8 ( 4)(1 ) 2 = 3 3 3 r 3 r =8 r =2
18 =
When a = 27 and b = 3,
k ( 4) 2 k =9 9b a= c
9(3) c c =1 9(6) 9 =6
11.
When T = 4 and s = 12, r = 2.
pq r2 kpq W = 2 , where k 0 r
k ( 4)( 3) ( 2) 2 k =5 5 pq W = 2 r 15 =
27 =
By substituting p = 4, q = 3, r = 2 and W = 15 into the equation, we have
When b = 6 and c = 9,
a=
When W = 6, p = 3 and r = 5,
185
12 Variations
5(3) q (5) 2 q =10 6=
12. z xy3 z = kxy3, where k 0 (a) Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z respectively. New value of x = (1 20%)x0 = 0.8x0 New value of y = (1 + 20%)y0 = 1.2y0 New value of
z = k (0.8 x 0 )(1.2 y 0 ) 3
3 =1.3824 kx 0 y 0
=1.3824 z 0
z= =
1.3824 z 0 z 0 100 % z0 (1.3824 1) z 0 100 % z0
z is increased by 38.24%. (b) Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z respectively. New value of x = (1 + 30%)x0 = 1.3x0 New value of y = (1 10%)y0 = 0.9y0 New value of
= 38.24%
z = k (1.3 x0 )( 0.9 y 0 ) 3
3 = 0.9477 kx 0 y 0
= 0.9477 z 0
z= =
0.9477 z 0 z 0 100 % z0 (0.9477 1) z 0 100 % z0

z is
decreased by 5.23%. 13.
= 5.23%
p p=
l w kl w
, where k 0
(a) Let l0, w0 and p0 be the original values of l, w and p respectively. New value of l = (1 + 15.5%)l0 = 1.155l0 New value of w = (1 + 21%)w0 = 1.21w0
p=
New value of
k (1.155 l0 ) 1.21 w0 kl 0 w0
= 1.05 = 1.05 p0
186
p= =
1.05 p0 p0 100 % p0 (1.05 1) p0 100 % p0

p is increased by 5%.
(b) Let l0, w0 and p0 be the original values of l, w and p respectively. New value of l = (1 14%)l0 = 0.86l0 New value of w = (1 + 44%)w0 = 1.44w0
= 5%
p=
New value of
k (0.86 l 0 ) 1.44 w0 kl 43 0 60 w0 43 p0 60
= =
Percentage change in p
43 p0 p0 60 = 100% p0 43 1 p0 60 100% = p0 1 = 28 % 3
p is decreased by 28 % . 14. C d 2t C = kd 2t, where k 0 Let d0, t0 and C0 be the original values of d, t and C respectively. New value of d = (1 + 40%)d0 = 1.4d0 New value of t = (1 20%)t0 = 0.8t0 New value of
1 3
C = k (1.4d 0 ) 2 (0.8t 0 )
2 =1.568 kd 0 t 0
=1.568 C 0
C= =
1.568 C0 C0 100 % C0 (1.568 1)C 0 100 % C0

C is increased by 56.8%.
= 56 .8%
15. (a)
By substituting A = 1500, d = 50 and n = 12 000 into the equation, we have
A d kA n= , where n 0 d
187
12 Variations
12 000 =
k (1500 ) 50 k = 400 n= 400 A d
54 = 4( 4) r 3 r3 = 27 8 3 r= 2
(b) When A = 1200 and d = 80,
n=
400 (1200 ) 80 = 6000
16. (a) I rt I = krt, where k 0 By substituting r = 4, t = 3 and I = 3000 into the equation, we have
3000 = k ( 4)( 3) k = 250 I = 250 rt
(b) When r = 5 and t = 4, I = 250(5)(4) = 5000 The interest obtained by Peter is $5000. Level 2 17. (a) V r2h V = kr2h, where k 0 By substituting r = 3, h = 4 and V = 108 into the equation, we have
1 0 8= k (3) 2 (4) k=3 V = 3r 2 h
(b) Let r0, h0 and V0 be the original values of r, h and V respectively. New value of r =
r0 2
2
New value of h = 2h0
r V = 3 0 (2h0 ) 2 New value of 3 = r02 h0 2 1 = V0 2 New value of V 1 = i.e. V0 2
1 The required ratio = : 2
18. (a) p qr3 p = kqr3, where k 0 By substituting q = equation, we have
1 , r = 3 and p = 18 into the 6
1 18 = k (3) 3 6 k =4 p = 4qr 3
(b) When p = 54 and q = 4,
188
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions 19. (a)
u u=
v w2 k v , where k 0 w2
Let
M 1 , M 2 , d' and F' be the original values of M1,
M2, d and F respectively. New value of
By substituting v = 36, w = 2 and u = 1 into the equation, we have
k ( 36 ) 22 2 k= 3 1= u= 2 v 3w 2
2 , 5
New value of
New value of d = 2d'
M1 2 M M2 = 2 2 M1 =
(b) When u = 50 and w =
50 =
2 v 2 3 5
2
M M k 1 2 2 2 F= (2d ) 2 New value of 1 kM 1 M 2 = 16 (d ) 2 1 = F 16

i.e. 22.
v =12 v =144
20. T wn T = kwn, where k 0
New value of F 1 = F' 16

1 6 The required ratio = : 1
i.e. w =
T , where k 0 kn
V P kV x= , where k 0 P
Let w0, n0 and T0 be the original values of w, n and T respectively. New value of T = 2T0 New value of n = 3n0
w=
New value of
2T0 k (3n0 ) 2 T0 3 kn 0
Let V1 cm3, P1 W and x1 min be the volume of the water in the first kettle, the power of the first stove and the time required to boil the first kettle of water, and V2 cm3, P2 W and x2 min be the volume of the water in the second kettle, the power of the second stove and the time required to boil the second kettle of water respectively.
x1 = x2 =
kV1 (1) P 1 kV2 (2) P2
2 = w0 3
2 w0 w0 3 w= 100% w0
and
2 1w0 3 = 100% w0 1 = 33 % 3
(1) (2) :
kV1 x1 P = 1 kV2 x2 P2 = V1 P2 V2 P 1
9 9 13 = x2 13 12 x2 = 12
The time required to boil the second kettle of water is 12 min.
w is decreased by 33 % .
1 3
21.
M 1M 2 d2 kM 1M 2 F= d2 F
23. (a) , where k 0
D D=
s2
ks 2
By substituting s = 60, = 0.3 and D = 100 into the

189
, where k 0
12 Variations equation, we have 24.
100 =
k (60 ) 0.3 1 k= 120 s2 D= 120
By substituting t = 1, V = 100, R = 50 and h = 480 into the equation, we have
tV 2 R ktV 2 , where k 0 h= R
k (1)(100 ) 2 (50 ) k = 2.4 h= 2.4tV R
2
(b) When s = 50 and = 0.3,
480 =
D=
50 2 625 = < 80 120 (0.3) 9

The train has enough time to brake without hitting the obstacle.
When t = 60, V = 40 and R = 2,
h=
25.
2.4(60 )( 40 ) 2 =115 200 2

y x
The heat developed is 115 200 J.
z=
y
k1 y , where k1 0 (1) x
1 x
k2 , where k2 0 x k x= 2 y y=
(2)
z=
k1 y k2 y k = 1 (y2) k2
26.
k1 is a non-zero constant. k2
z y2
3
y2
z=
x
k1 3 x , where k1 0 (1) y2
1 y
x=
k2 , where k2 0 y
y=
k2 x
(2)
190
z=
k1 3 x k2 x
1 2
z3 =

k1 k2
k1 6 k2
3 6
x7
is a non-zero constant.
z = k1 x 3 z=
7 3
x2 2 k2
z3 x7
k1 (x ) 2 k2
Exercise 12D (p. 12.45) Level 1 1. (a) D is partly constant and partly varies directly as t2. (b) y partly varies directly as x2 and partly varies directly as x3. (c) P partly varies directly as r and partly varies inversely as r . (d) u partly varies inversely as v and partly varies inversely as w2. (e) z partly varies directly as x and partly varies inversely as y. 2. y partly varies directly as x and partly varies inversely as x.
y = k1 x +
k2 , where k1, k2 0 x k2 2 (1) k2 4 ( 2)

k1 = 3 2
1 = k1 ( 2) + 4k1 + k 2 = 2
5 = k1 ( 4) + 16 k1 + k 2 = 20
( 2) (1) :
12 k1 =18
By substituting k1 =
3 4 + k 2 = 2 2 k 2 = 4
3.
y=
3 4 x 2 x
z partly varies directly as x2 and partly varies directly as y. z = k1x2 + k2y, where k1, k2 0 By substituting x = 0, y = 2 and z = 1 into the equation, we have
1 = k1 (0) 2 + k 2 (2) 2k 2 = 1 k2 = 1 2
1 into the 2
By substituting x = 2, y = 10, z = 17 and k 2 = equation, we have

191
12 Variations
1 17 = k1 ( 2) 2 + (10 ) 2 k1 = 3
4.
(a) w is partly constant and partly varies directly as t. w = k1 + k2t, where k1, k2 0 By substituting t = 1 and w = 1 into the equation, we have
1 z = 3x + y 2
2
1 = k1 + k 2 (1) k1 + k 2 = 1 4 = k1 + k 2 (2) k1 + 2k 2 = 4 k1 + ( 3) = 1 k1 = 2
( 1 )
By substituting t = 2 and w = 4 into the equation, we have
( 2)
(2) (1): k2 = 3 By substituting k2 = 3 into (1),
w = 2 3t
i.e. t =
2 w 3
(b) When w = 5,
t=
2 5 3 = 1
5.
(a)
z is partly constant and partly varies inversely as y .
z = k1 +
k2 y
, where k1, k2 0
By substituting y = 1 and z = 8, we have
8 = k1 + k1 + k 2 = 8
k2 1 ( 1 ) k2 4 ( 2)
By substituting y = 4 and z = 7, we have
7 = k1 + 2k1 + k 2 =14
6 + k2 = 8 k2 = 2
(b) (i)
(2) (1): k1 = 6 By substituting k1 = 6 into (1), we have
y When y = 25,
z =6 +
z =6 + = 32 5
2 25
(ii) When z = 12,
12 = 6 + y = 1 3 1 y= 9
2 y
192
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions 6. (a) y partly varies directly as inversely as x.
x and partly varies
8.
(a)
z partly varies inversely as x and partly varies inversely as y .
y = k1 x +
k2 , where k1, k2 0 x
z=
k1 k + 2 , where k1, k2 0 x y
41 = k1 1 + k1 + k 2 = 41
k2 1 (1) k2 9 ( 2 )
k1 k + 2 1 9 3k1 + k 2 =15 (1) 5=

19 = k1 9 + 27 k1 + k 2 = 171
( 2) ( 1 ) : k1 = 5
26 k1 = 130
k1 k + 2 8 36 3k1 + 4k 2 = 24 ( 2) 1=
( 2) (1) : 3k 2 = 9 k2 =3
5 + k 2 = 41 k 2 = 36
3k1 + 3 = 15 k1 = 4
36 y =5 x + x
y =5 4 + =19 36 4
z=
(b) When x = 4,
4 3 + x y
(b) When x = 4 and y =
1 , 4
z=
7.
(a)
y partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as x2. y = k1x + k2x2 , where k1, k2 0 By substituting x = 2 and y = 22 into the equation, we have
4 3 + 4 1 4 =5
9.
(a)
22 = k1 (2) + k 2 (2) k1 + 2k 2 = 11 51 = k1 (3) + k 2 (3) 2 k1 + 3k 2 = 17
p partly varies directly as q3 and partly varies inversely as r.
(1 )
p = k1 q 3 +
k2 , where k1, k2 0 r
By substituting q = 3, r = 4 and p = 5 into the equation, we have
( 2)
5 = k1 ( 3) 3 + 108 k1 k 2 = 20
k2 4 (1)
2 into the 3
k1 + 2( 6) = 11 k1 = 1
y = x 6x
2
By substituting q = 2, r = 3 and p =
2
1 1 1 (b) (i) When x = , y = 6 = 1 2 2 2

(ii) When y = 1,
equation, we have
1 = x 6x2 6x2 x 1 = 0 (3 x + 1)(2 x 1) = 0 x= 1 1 or x = 3 2
k 2 = k1 ( 2) 3 + 2 3 3 24 k1 + k 2 = 2 (2) ( 1 ) + ( 2) : 132 k1 = 22 1 k1 = 6
By substituting k1 =
193
12 Variations
1 108 k 2 = 20 6 k2 = 2
(b) (i)
When p = 11 and r = 6,
p=
q3 2 + 6 r
q3 2 + 6 6 3 q = 64 q = 4 11 =
(ii) When p = q = 2,
2 =
( 2) 3 2 + 6 r 3 r = 5
10. (a) y-intercept = 8 Consider two points (2, 15) and (4, 22) lying on the graph. Slope of the line = (b) (i)
22 15 7 = 4 2 2 7 x +8 . 2
The required equation is y = When x = 3, y =
7 (3) + 8 =18 .5 2
(ii) When y = 36, 7 36 = x +8 2 x =8 11. (a) y partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as x2 . y = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2 0 The points (2, 12) and (4, 16) lie on the graph. By substituting x = 2 and y = 12 into the equation, we have
12 = k1 ( 2) + k 2 (2) 2 k1 + 2 k 2 = 6 16 = k1 ( 4) + k 2 (4) 2 k1 + 4 k 2 = 4 ( 2) (1) : 2k 2 = 2 k2 = 1

( 1 )
( 2)
k1 + 2( ) = 6 1 k1 = 8
(b) y = 8x x2
x =3 o r
(i)
From the graph, when y = 15,

x =5
(ii) From the graph, when the value of y is the

194
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions greatest, the value of x is 4. 12. (a) z is partly constant and partly varies directly as x2. z = k1 + k2x2, where k1, k2 0
By substituting x = 3 and z = we have
13 = k1 + k 2 (3) 2 2 2k1 +18 k 2 =13 (1)

By substituting x = 4 and z = 10 into the equation, we have
10 = k1 + k 2 (4) 2 k1 +16 k 2 =10 (2) ( 2) 2 (1) : 14 k 2 = 7 k2 =

1 2
1 2k1 + 18 = 13 2 k1 = 2 1 z = 2 + x2 2
2x = 2 + x2 4x + 4 = 0 ( x 2) 2 = 0 x=2 1 2 x 2
(b) When z = 2x,
(c) Minimum value of z = 2 + 13. (a)
1 (0) 2 = 2 2
a partly varies directly as b and partly varies directly as c. a = k1b + k2c, where k1, k2 0 By substituting b = c = 2 and a = 4 into the equation, we have
4 = k1 ( 2) + k 2 ( 2) k1 + k 2 = 2 6 = k1 (6) + k 2 (3) 2k1 + k 2 = 2 4 + k 2 = 2 k 2 = 6

a = 4b 6c 4b a i.e. c = 6
(b) When a = 10 and b = 13,
( 1 )
By substituting b = 6, c = 3 and a = 6 into the equation, we have
( 2)
c=
4(13 ) 10 6 =7
195
12 Variations (c) Let a = 2k and b = 3k for some real number k.
4(3k ) 2k 5 c= = k 6 3 5 :2 =5:6 c:a= 3
14. (a) E is partly constant and partly varies directly as x. E = k1 + k2x, where k1, k2 0 By substituting x = 300 and E = 680 into the equation, we have
680 = k1 + k 2 (300 ) k1 + 300 k 2 = 680 (1 )

By substituting x = 450 and E = 845 into the equation, we have
845 = k1 + k 2 ( 450 ) k1 + 450 k 2 = 845 ( 2) ( 1 ) : 150 k 2 = 165 k 2 = 1.1

( 2)
k1 + 300 (1.1) = 680 k1 = 350

E = 350 + 1.1x (b) When x = 380,
E = 350 +1.1(380 ) = 768
15. (a)
The expenditure of hiring the taxi yesterday was $768. C is partly constant and partly varies inversely as n.
C = k1 +
k2 2000 2000 k1 + k 2 = 450 000 225 = k1 + k2 5000 5000 k1 + k 2 = 1 050 000 210 = k1 +
( 2) ( 1 ) : k1 = 200
(1 )
(2)
3000 k1 = 600 000
2000 ( 200 ) + k 2 = 450 000 k 2 = 50 000
C = 200 +
50 000 n
(b) When n = 8000,
C = 200 +
50 000 8000 = 206 .25
The cost of producing a copy of the video game is $206.25.
16. (a) C is partly constant and partly varies directly as n. C = k1 + k2n, where k1, k2 0 By substituting n = 40 and C = 3500 into the equation, we have
196
3500 = k1 + k 2 ( 40 ) k1 + 40 k 2 = 3500 ( 1)
2900 = k1 + k 2 (32 ) k1 + 32 k 2 = 2900 ( 1 ) ( 2) : 8k 2 = 600 k 2 = 75

( 2)
k1 + 40 (75 ) = 3500 k1 = 500

C = 500 + 75n (b) When n = 50,
C = 500 +75 (50 ) = 4250 $4250 = $85 Cost per head = 50

Level 2 17. (a) Each participant should pay $85.
y is partly constant, partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as x2. y = k1 + k2x + k3x2, where k1, k2, k3 0 By substituting x = 0, y = 5 into the equation, we have
5 = k1 + k 2 (0) + k 3 (0) 2 k1 = 5
By substituting x = 1, y = 2 and k1 = 5 into the equation, we have
2 = 5 + k 2 ( 1) + k 3 ( 1) 2 k2 k3 = 3 (1 )
5 = 5 + k 2 ( 2) + k 3 ( 2) 2 k 2 + 2k 3 = 0 ( 2) (1 ) : 3k 3 = 3 k3 = 1
( 2)
k 2 ( 1) = 3 k2 = 2
y = 5 + 2x x2 (b) When y = 3, 3 = 5 + 2x x2
x2 2x 8 = 0 ( x + 2)(x 4) = 0 x = 2 or x = 4
y = 5 + 2x x2 = ( x 2 2 x ) + 5
(c)
= ( x 2 2 x +12 12 ) + 5 = ( x 2 2 x +1) +1 + 5 = 6 ( x 1) 2
The maximum value of y is 6.
197
12 Variations 18. (a) y partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as x3. y = k1x + k2x3, where k1, k2 0 By substituting x = 2 and y = 4 into the equation, we have
4 = k1 ( 2) + k 2 (2) 3 k1 + 4 k 2 = 2
By substituting x = 3 and y = we have
18 2 + 3 w 2 3 3 w = 9 9=
( 1 )
3 = k1 (3) + k 2 (3) 3 2 2k1 +18 k 2 = 1 (2) ( 2) ( 1 ) 2 : 10 k 2 = 5 k2 =

1 2
1 k1 + 4 = 2 2 k1 = 4 1 y = 4x x 3 2
y = 4 ( 4) 1 ( 4)3 = 16 2
(b) When x = 4,
19. (a)
u partly varies inversely as v and partly varies jointly as v and w.
u=
k1 + k 2 vw , where k1, k2 0 v
By substituting v = 3, w = 1 and u = 3 into the equation, we have
k1 + k 2 (3)( 1) 3 k1 9k 2 = 9 ( 1 ) 3 =
By substituting v = 6, w = equation, we have
1 and u = 5 into the 9
k1 1 + k 2 (6) 6 9 k1 + 4k 2 = 30 ( 2) ( 2) (1 ) : 13 k 2 = 39 k2 = 3 5=
k1 9(3) = 9 k1 =18
18 + 3vw v 2 (b) When u = 9 and v = , 3
u=
198
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions 20. (a) p partly varies jointly as q and r, and partly varies directly as r2. p = k1qr + k2r2, where k1, k2 0 By substituting q = 7, r = 2 and p = 20 into the equation, we have 22. (a) C partly varies directly as r2 and partly varies as r3. C = k1r2 + k2r3, where k1, k2 0 By substituting r = 10 and C = 80 into the equation, we have
20 = k1 (7)( 2) + k 2 ( 2) 2 7 k1 + 2k 2 =10 (1)

By substituting q = 5r = 15 and p = 18 into the equation, we have
80 = k1 (10 ) 2 + k 2 (10 ) 3 k1 +10 k 2 = 0.8 12 .5 = k1 (5) 2 + k 2 (5) 3 k1 + 5k 2 = 0.5 ( 1 ) ( 2) : 5k 2 = 0.3 k 2 = 0.06

k1 +10 (0.06 ) = 0.8 k1 = 0.2
C = 0.2r2 + 0.06r3 (b) When r = 8,
(1)
By substituting r = 5 and C = 12.5 into the equation, we have
15 15 18 = k1 (15 ) + k 2 5 5 18 = 45 k1 + 9k 2 5k1 + k 2 = 2 ( 2) 2 ( 1 ) : 3k1 = 6 k1 = 2

( 2 )
( 2)
5(2) + k 2 = 2 k 2 = 12
p = 2qr + 12r2 (b) When p = 5 and q = 2,
( 0 3 2 0 Total profit =$ 6 4 .5 ) 2 0
2
C =0.2(8) 2 +0.06 (8) 3 = 43 .52

=$3 9 26
5 = 2( 2)r + 1 2r 1 2r 2 4r 5 = 0 (2r + 1)(6r 5) = 0 r=

21. (a)
1 5 or r = 2 6
23. (a) S is partly constant and partly varies directly as A, S = k1 + k2A, where k1, k2 0 By substituting A = 300 000 and S = 7000 into the equation, we have
C partly varies directly as l and partly varies directly as w2. C = k1l + k2w2, where k1, k2 0 By substituting l = 1, w = 20 and C = 200 000 into the equation, we have
7000 = k1 + k 2 (300 000 ) k1 + 300 000 k 2 = 7000

By substituting A = 400 000 and S = 9000 into the equation, we have
(1 )
200 000 = k1 (1) + k 2 (20 ) 2 k1 + 400 k 2 = 200 000 (1)

By substituting l = 1.5, w = 10 and C = 150 000 into the equation, we have
9000 = k1 + k 2 ( 400 000 ) k1 + 400 000 k 2 = 9000 ( 2) ( 1 ) : 100 000 k 2 = 2000 k 2 = 0.02
(2)
150 000 = k1 (1.5) + k 2 (10 ) 2 3k1 + 200 k 2 = 300 000 ( 2) ( 2) 2 (1 ) : 5k1 = 400 000 k1 = 80 000
By substituting k1 = 80 000 into (1), we have
k1 + 300 000 (0.02 ) = 7000 k1 =1000

S = 1000 + 0.02A (b) When A = 350 000,
S =1000 +0.02 (350 000)

Her income for that month is $8000. (c) When S = 20 000, 20 000 =1000 +0.02 A A = 950 000 The amount of her sales should be $950 000. 24. (a) The length of the spring is the original length plus the extended length. L is partly constant and partly varies directly as W. L = k1 + k2W, where k1 is the original length of the spring and k1, k2 0
199
80 000 + 400 k 2 = 200 000 k 2 = 300

C = 80 000l + 300w2 (b) When l = 2 and w = 15, C = 80 000(2) + 300(15)2 = 227 500 The cost of building the railway is $227 500.
=8000
12 Variations By substituting W = 2 and L = 10.1 into the equation, we have
0 = k1 (160 ) + k 2 (160 ) 2 k1 +160 k 2 = 0 ( 1 )

By substituting x = 80 and P = 32 000 into the equation, we have
10 .1 = k1 + k 2 ( 2) k1 + 2k 2 = 10 .1 ( 1 )
By substituting W = 3.5 and L = 11.3 into the equation, we have
11 .3 = k1 + k 2 (3.5) k1 +3.5k 2 =11 .3 ( 2) ( 1 ) : 1.5k 2 = 1.2 k 2 = 0.8

32 000 = k1 (80 ) + k 2 (80 ) 2 k1 + 80 k 2 = 400 (1 ) ( 2) : 80 k 2 = 400 k2 = 5

( 2)
( 2)
k1 + 2(0.8) =10 .1 k1 = 8.5

The original length of the spring is 8.5 cm. (b) From (a), we have L = 8.5 + 0.8W (c) When L = 2 8.5 cm = 17 cm,
k1 + 160 (5) = 0 k1 = 800

P = 800x 5x2 (b) When x = 20, P =8 0 ( 2 ) 5( 2 ) 2 0 0 0 =1 0 0 4 0
17 = 8.5 + 0.8W W =10 .625
P = 800 x 5 x 2
(c)
The weight of the load is 10.625 kg when the length of the spring is double the original length.
= 5( x 2 160 x) = 5( x 2 160 x + 80 2 80 2 ) = 32 000 5( x 80 ) 2

When x = 80, P attains its maximum value. The price of the magazine should be $80 in order to obtain the maximum profit.
25. (a) P is partly constant and partly varies directly as n. P = k1 + k2n, where k1, k2 0 By substituting n = 4 and P = 8600 into the equation, we have
8600 = k1 + k 2 ( 4) k1 + 4k 2 = 8600 11 300 = k1 + k 2 (7) k1 + 7 k 2 = 11 300 ( 2) ( 1 ) : 3k 2 = 2700 k 2 = 900

(1)
By substituting n = 7 and P = 11 300 into the equation, we have
Revision Exercise 12 (p. 12.52) Level 1 1. (a) The relationship of x and y belongs to inverse variation because y =
( 2)
k , where k is a constant. x
(b) By substituting x = 4 and y = 3 into xy = k, we have ( 4)( 3) = k i.e.
k =12 xy =12
k1 + 4(900 ) = 8600 k1 = 5000

P = 5000 + 900n (b) When n = 5, P = 5000 + 900(5) = 9500 A 6 days/5 nights Tokyo package would cost $9500. (c) When n = 9, P = 5000 + 900(9) = 13 100 0 1 Expenditure for food and transport =$5 0 0
y=
12 x
(c) When x =
3 y= = 20 , 3 5
12 5
2.
=$5 0 00
(a)
Amys total expenditure
V r3 V = kr3, where k is the variation constant and k 0 By substituting r = 3 and V = 36 into the equation, we have
=$ 1 1 0 + 0 0 ( 3 0 50) =$1 1 0 8 0
26. (a) y varies directly as x and z varies directly as x2. y = k1x and z = k2x2, where k1, k2 0 P=y+z P = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2 0 By substituting x = 160 and P = 0 into the equation, we have
36 = k (3) 3 4 k = 3
The variation constant is
4 . 3
(b) From (a), we have V = When V = 288,
4 3 r . 3
200
288 = r3
4 3 r 3 = 216
( 1 ) ( 2) :
9k1 = 2250 k1 = 250
r =6
250 + k 2 = 260 k 2 = 10
3.
1 P ( w 1) 2
y = 250 +
P=
k ( w 1) 2 , where k 0
10 x
10 x
(b) When y = 252,
k = P ( w 1) 2 k =5(3 ) 2 = P (6 ) 2 1 1
Thus,
252 = 250 + x =5
5( 2) 2 P= 52 4 = 5
( y + 2) x
4.
y +2 = k x , where k 0 y +2 k = x
k =
Thus,
7 +2 9
x (12 )( 3) x = 9 =4 x =16
10 +2
5.
(a) p varies jointly as q2 and r. p = kq2r, where k 0 By substituting q = 5, r = 2 and p = 100 into the equation, we have 10 =k (5) 2 ( 2) 0
p =2 q 2 r (b) When p = 24 and q = 2,

2 = 2( 2) 2 r 4 r =3
k =2
6.
(a)
y is partly constant and partly varies inversely as x.
y = k1 +
k2 , where k1, k2 0 x
k2 10 10 k1 + k 2 = 2510 (1) 251 = k1 +

260 = k1 + k1 + k 2 = 260
k2 1 (2)
201
12 Variations 7. (a) w partly varies directly as directly as

y
x and partly varies
10.
w = k1 x + k 2 y , where k1, k2 0 By substituting x = 4, y = 9 and w = 13 into the equation, we have
1 x3 k y = 3 , where k 0 x
= (1 50 %) x0 = 0.5 x0
13 = k1 4 + k 2 2k1 +3k 2 =13
9 (1)
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively. New value of x
By substituting x = 9, y = 16 and w = 18 into the equation, we have
18 = k1 9 + k 2 16 3k1 + 4k 2 =18
(1) 3 (2) 2: k2 = 3 By substituting k2 = 3 into (1), we have
=
New value of y
k ( 0 .5 x 0 ) 3
( 2)
2k1 + 3(3) = 13 k1 = 2
w =2 x +3 y (b) When x = 16 and y = 25,
k = 8 3 x 0 = 8 y0
=
8 y0 y0 100 % y0 (8 1) y 0 100 % y0
w =2 1 +3 2 6 5 =2 3
=
11. y is increased by 700%.
8.
b a c kb a= c , where k 0 ac k= b ( 4)( 2) (60 )c k= = 10 25 ( 4)( 2)( 25 ) Thus, c= (10 )( 60 ) 1 = 3

z 2 x y
= 700 %
y 3 x
y = k 3 x , where k 0 Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively. (a) New value of x
= (1 48 .8%) x0 = 0.512 x0
=k
3
0.512 x0
3
New value of y
=0.8k
x0
=0.8 y 0
9.
=
, where k 0
z 2 = kx k = z x
2
y y
0.8 y 0 y 0 100 % y0 (0.8 1) y 0 100 % y0

y is decreased by 20%. y = k 3 x , where k 0
k=
Thus,
42 120 4
20 9 (20 )(3)(16 ) z2 = (120 )( 2) =4 z = 2
z2
= 20 %
(b)
i.e. x =
y . k
New value of y
= (1 + 20 %) y 0 = 1.2 y 0
New value of x
1.2 y 0 = k
y = 1.728 0 k = 1.728 x0
202
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions Percentage change in x 12. i.e. w st2 w = kst2, where k 0
1.728 x0 x0 100 % x0
s=
w . kt 2
= (1 + 20 %) w0
(1.728 1) x0 = 100 % x0 = 72 .8%

x is increased by 72.8%.
Let s0, t0 and w0 be the original values of s, t and w respectively. New value of w =1.2 w0
= (1 20 %) t 0
New value of t = 0.8t 0
=
New value of s
1.2 w0 k (0.8t 0 ) 2
w = 1.875 0 kt 2 0 = 1.875 s0
=
Percentage change in s
1.875 s0 s0 100 % s0 (1.875 1) s 0 100 % s0
=
13. s is increased by 87.5%.
= 87.5%
z z=
x2 y kx 2 , where k 0 y
Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z respectively. New value of x = 2x0 New value of y
New value of z
y0 2 k ( 2 x0 ) 2 = y0 2 kx 2 = 8 0 y 0 = 8z0 =
= 8 z0 z0 100 % z0 (8 1) z 0 100 % z0
Percentage change in z
=
z is increased by 700%.
= 700 %
14. (a) y x y = kx, where k is the variation constant and k 0 By substituting x = 9 and y = 27 into the equation, we have
203
12 Variations
27 = k (9)
The variation constant is 3. (b) From (a), we have y = 3x. x y 0 0 2 6 4 12 6 18 8 24 9 27
19 = 3 + ( x 2) 2 ( x 2) 2 = 16 x 2 = 4 x =6 or x = 2 (rejected)
(ii) From the graph, the minimum value of y is 3.
k =3
15. (a)
1 x k y = , where k 0 x
The graph passes through (9, 10). By substituting x = 9 and y = 10 into the equation, we have
10 =
k 9 k = 90 y= 90 x
y= 90 20 = 4.5
(b) (i)
When x = 20,
(ii) When y = 60,
60 =
90 x x = 1 .5
16. (a)
y is partly constant and partly varies directly as (x 2)2. y = k1 + k2(x 2)2, where k1, k2 0 The graph passes through (2, 3) and (4, 7). By substituting x = 2 and y = 3 into the equation, we have
3 = k1 + k 2 ( 2 2 ) 2 k1 = 3
7 = 3 + k 2 ( 4 2) 2 k2 = 1
(b) (i) y = 3 + (x 2)2 When y = 19,
204
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions 17. (a) (i) uv u = k1v, where k1 0 By substituting v = 3 and u = 24 into the equation, we have
24 = k1 (3)
k1 = 8 u = 8v
(ii) v w v = k2w, where k2 0 By substituting w = 4 and v = 20 into the equation, we have
6 3 9 y 6 12 y 1 ( y > 0) 2 y 1 y 2
The range of possible values of y is y
20 = k 2 ( 4)
(b) (i)
1 . 2
k2 = 5
u = 8v
v = 5w
(ii) When u = 5, 5 = 40 w
= 8(5w) (by (a)(ii)) u = 40 w
w=
1 8
18. (a)
1 x +3 k y= , where k 0 x +3 3 By substituting x = 1 and y = into the equation, 2 y

we have
3 k = 2 1 +3 k =6 6 x +3 6 x +3 = y y=
x= 6 3 y
(b) When y =
3 , x 6 x= 3 3 x x = 2 x 3 x =3
(c) When x 9,
205
12 Variations 19. yx y = kx, where k 0 21. (a) y partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as x2. y = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2 0 By substituting x = 1 and y = 2 into the equation, we have
k=
y x
k= 5 t + 15 1 t + 15 0 0 6 or t = 1 0
20 = t2 4 = Thus, t2 t 2 4t 60 = (t + 6)(t 1 0) = t=
20. (a)
2 = k1 (1) + k 2 ( 1) 2 k1 k 2 = 2 42 = k1 (3) + k 2 (3) 2 k1 + 3k 2 = 14

( 2) (1) : 4k 2 =16 k2 = 4
(1)
( 2)
q p 2 r kq p = 2 , where k 0 r
1 into the 2
k1 4 = 2 k1 = 2
(b) (i) y = 2x + 4x2 When y = 12, 1 2 = 2x + 4x 2
By substituting q = 10, r = 2 and p = equation, we have
2x 2 + x 6 = 0 ( x + 2)(2 x 3) = 0 x = 2 or x =
(ii) When y = 5x, 5x = 2x + 4x 2
1 k (10 ) = 2 ( 2) 2 1 k= 5 q p= 2 5r
2 , 3
3 2
4 x 2 3x = 0 x(4 x 3) = 0 x = 0 or x = 3 4
(b) When q = 20 and r =
p=
20
2
2 5 3 =9
22. (a)
1 r2
and r s and r = k 2 s where k1, k2 0
p : q =9 : 5 p 9 (c) = q 5 i.e. q 5 = p 9
T=
k1 r2
=
Hence, T
k1 k 1 k = 1 2= 2 2 2 (k2 s) k2 s s
, where
q p= 2 5r q 2 r = 5p 1 5 = 5 9 1 = 9 1 r= 3
k=
k1 k2
2
By substituting s = have
1 and T = 9 into the equation, we 9
1 9 1 k= 9 1 T= 2 9s
5 , 6
9=
k
2
(b) When s =
206
T =
1
2
23. (a)
5 9 6 4 = 25
When n = 2, S =1 +2
S partly varies directly as n and partly varies directly as n2. S = k1n + k2n2, where k1, k2 0
=3
3 = k1 ( 2) + k 2 ( 2) 2 k1 + 2k 2 =
=6
When n = 3, S =1 + 2 +3
3 2
(1)
6 = k1 (3) + k 2 (3) 2 ( 2)
k1 + 3k 2 = 2 1 (2) (1): k 2 = 2
1 into (1), we have 2 1 3 k1 + 2 = 2 2 1 k1 = 2 1 1 S = n + n2 2 2 1 1 S = (50 ) + (50 ) 2 (b) When n = 50, 2 2 = 1275
17 Sum of all the integers from 1 to 50 = 2 5
24. Let $V and d cm be the value and diameter of the gold plate respectively. V d2 V = kd 2, where k 0
k=
V d2
Let $V1 and d1 cm be the value and diameter of the smaller gold plate, and $V2 and d2 cm be that of the larger gold plate.
k=
V1 V = 22 2 d1 d2 V1 d1 = V2 d 2
2
2000 2 = V2 3 V2 = 4500
The value of the larger plate is $4500.
25. Let T be the time taken to drink a bottle of cola and d be the diameter of the straw.
1 d2 k T = 2 ,k 0 d
Let T0 and d0 be the original values of T and d respectively.

207
12 Variations New value of d = 2d0 28. (a) C is partly constant and partly varies directly as n. C = k1 + k2n, where k1, k2 0 By substituting n = 150 and C = 3750 into the equation, we have
k T= ( 2d 0 ) 2
New value of
k = 0.25 2 d 0 = 0.25T0
3750 = k1 + k 2 (150 ) k1 +150 k 2 = 3750 ( 1 )

T=
0.25T0 T0 100 % T0
7590 = k1 + k 2 (750 ) k1 + 750 k 2 = 7590 ( 2) (1 ) : 600 k 2 = 3840 k 2 = 6.4

= 75 %
26. The time taken is decreased by 75%.
( 2)
1 v k t = , where k 0 v
k1 +150 (6.4) = 3750 k1 = 2790

C = 2790 + 6.4n (b) When n = 200,
k=
C td 2
C = 2790 +6.4( 200 ) = 4070
By substituting v = 2 and t = 14 into the equation, we have
14 =
k 2 k = 28 t= 28 v
29.
The cost of making 200 coats is $4070.
y varies inversely as x.
y=
20 =
k , where k 0 x
When v = 2 + 1.5 = 3.5,
t=
27.
28 3 .5 =8
k 15 k = 300 y= 300 x
It takes 8 minutes for him to go back to his office. C td 2 C = ktd 2, where k 0
When x = 5,
y=
k=
C td 2
300 5 = 60 300 10 = 30 300 20 =15
When x = 10,
Let $C1, t1 cm and d1 cm be the cost, thickness and diameter of circular table A, and $C2, t2 cm and d2 cm be that of circular table B respectively.
y=
k=
C1 C2 = 2 2 t1d1 t2 d 2 C1 t1 d1 = C2 t 2 d 2
2
When x = 20,
y=
8 5 120 = 5 2 d2 120 16 d = 25 2 120 4 = d2 5
(5, 60), (10, 30) and (20, 15) lie on the graph. (or any other reasonable answers)
30. Possible relationships among P, x and y: For non-zero constants k1, k2 and k3,
P = k1 x + k 2 y
i.e. P partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as y.
or
120 4 = d2 5 d 2 = 150 (rejected)
P = k1 + k 2 xy
i.e. P is partly constant and partly varies jointly as x and y.
d 2 = 150 or
P = k1 + k 2 x + k3 y
The diameter of circular table B is 150 cm.
i.e. P is partly constant, partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as y.
208
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions 31. (a) (b) The expenditure ($E) of the party includes buying gifts and food. $400 is spent for the gifts and the expenditure of food is $F. E = 400 + F and it is in patial variation. 12 L of drink is provided for N classmates and each classmate is supposed to consume x mL of the drink. Level 2 32. (a)
1 ax 1 k y= , where k 0 ax 1
4 ( 4a ) 1 7 = 3( 4a ) 1 = =1 a 3 2 =4 =2
(c)
12 000 x= and it is in inverse variation. N

Each classmate has to pay $40 for the food and the expenditure of food is $F. F = 40N and it is in direct variation.
k = y ( ax 1) 4 k = ( 2a ) 1 3 7( 2a ) 1 Thus, 1 a 7 4 2a a
(b)
By substituting a = 2, x = 2 and
y=
4 3 into
k = y ( ax 1) , we have
k=
4 [ 2( 2) 1] 3 =4 4 y= 2 x 1
4x =
(c) When y = 4x,
4 2x 1 2x 2 x 1 = 0 (2 x + 1)(x 1) = 0 1 x = or x = 1 2
33. (a) A rn A = krn, where k 0
k=
A rn 16 54 k = n = n 2 3 16 2n = n 54 3
8 2 = 27 3 2 = 3 n =3
3 n
Thus,
(b) By substituting n = 3, A = 16 and r = 2 into k we have
A , rn
k=
16 23 =2
A = 2r3 (c) When A = 250,
209
12 Variations
250 = 2r 3 r
3
=125
34. (a)
y (x 2)(x + a) y = k(x 2)(x + a), where k 0
r =5
k=
Thus,
y ( x 2)( x + a )
48 ( 4 2)( 4 +a ) 48 = 2( 4 + a ) 8 = 4 +a = 24 +8a =4 =
k =
21 (3 2)( 3 +a ) 21 3 +a 7 3 +a 28 +7 a a
(b) By substituting a = 4, x = 3 and y = 21 into
k=
(c) When y = 165, 165 = 3( x 2)( x + 4)
y , we have ( x 2)( x + a ) 21 k = (3 2)( 3 + 4) =3 y = 3( x 2)( x + 4)
x 2 + 2 x 63 = 0 ( x + 9)( x 7) = 0 x = 9 or x = 7
35. (a)
w
2 3
x2 z
3
w= k z xy , where k 0 By substituting x = y = z = 4 and w = 1 into the equation, we have
k ( 4) 2 ( 4 ) ( 4) 3 k =2 1= w= 2x2 z3 y
(b) If y = 2w = 2x = 2z, i.e. w = z = x and y = 2x,
x=
2x2 2x x3
5
x4 = 2 2 x 2
3 3
x 2 = 22 x=2
36. (a) y partly varies directly as (x + 1) and partly varies directly as (x 3)2. y = k1(x + 1) + k2(x 3)2, where k1, k2 0 By substituting x = 4 and y = 44 into the equation, we have
44 = k1 (4 + 1) + k2 (4 3) 2 5k1 + k2 = 44
210
( 1 )
By substituting x = 5 and y = 64 into the equation, we
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions have
64 = k1 (5 + 1) + k 2 (5 3) 2 3k1 + 2k 2 = 32
(1) 2 ( 2) : k1 = 8
p = k1 q 2 +
k2r , where k1, k2 0 q
(2)
7 k1 = 56
By substituting q = 1, r = 2 and p = 34 into the equation, we have
34 = k1 (1) 2 + k1 + 2k 2 = 34
k 2 ( 2) 1 ( 1 )
5(8) + k 2 = 44 k2 = 4
y = 8( x + 1) + 4( x 3) 2 = 8 x + 8 + 4 x 2 24 x + 36
= 4 x 2 16 x + 44 y = 4 x 2 16 x + 44
= 4( x 2 4 x) + 44
(b)
= 4( x 2 4 x + 2 2 2 2 ) + 44 = 4( x 2 4 x + 4) 16 + 44 = 4( x 2) 2 + 28
The minimum value of y is 28.
37. (a)
y is partly constant, partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as x2. y = k1 + k2x + k3x2, where k1, k2, k3 0 By substituting x = 0 and y = 5 into the equation, we have 2 1 2 3
5 = k + k ( 0 ) + k (0 )
k1 = 5
15 = 5 + k 2 ( 2) + k 3 ( 2) 2 k 2 + 2k 3 = 5 (1 )
11 = 5 + k 2 ( 2) + k 3 ( 2) 2 k 2 2k 3 = 3 (1 ) +( 2) : 2k 2 = 2 k 2 =1
( 2)
1 + 2 k3 = 5 k3 = 2
y = 5 + x + 2x2 (b) When y = 12x, 12x = 5 + x + 2 x 2
2 x 2 11x + 5 = 0 (2 x 1)(x 5) = 0 1 x= or x = 5 2
38. (a) p partly varies directly as q2, and partly varies directly as r and inversely as q.
211
12 Variations By substituting q = 4, r = 15 and p = 21 into the equation, we have New value of E = 3E0
k (15 ) 21 = k1 ( 4) + 2 4 64 k1 +15 k 2 = 84 (2)

2
=
New value of m
3E 0 k ( 2v0 ) 2 3 E0 2 4 kv 0 3 m0 4
3 m0 m0 4 = 100 % m0
( 2) 2 ( 1 ) 15 :
113 k1 = 678 k1 = 6
= =
6 + 2k 2 = 34 k 2 = 20
p = 6q 2
20 r q
20 r 3
Percentage change in m
(b) When p = 14 and q = 3,
14 = 6( ) 2 3 r = 6
39.
3 1m0 4 = 100 % m0 = 25%
m is decreased by 25%.
r2
1 h k r 2 = , where k 0 h
r= k , where k 0 h
41. (a) V r2h V = kr2h, where k 0 By substituting r = 4, h = 30 and V = 160 into the equation, we have
Let h0 and r0 be the original values of h and r respectively.
= (1 19 %) h0 New value of h = 0.81h0

=
New value of r
160 = k (4) 2 (30 ) 1 k= 3 1 2 V = r h 3

540 = 1 2 r ( 45 ) 3 r 2 = 36 r =6 or r = 6 (rejected)
When V = 540 and h = 45,
k 0.81 h0 10 9 10 r0 9 k h0
(b)
= =
V =
1 2 r h 3
3V h
10 r0 r0 = 9 100 % r0
Percentage change in r
r =
Let V0, h0 and r0 be the original values of V, h and r respectively. New value of V
10 1r0 9 100 % = r0 1 = 11 % 9
= (1 + 36 %) V0 =1.36V0
New value of h = h0
=
New value of r
3(1.36V0 ) h0
r is increased by
1 1
40. i.e.
1 9
% .
3V0 = 1.36 h0 = 1.36 r0
E mv2 E = kmv2, where k 0
Percentage change in r
m=
E . kv 2
212
1.36 r0 r0 100 % r0 (cor. to 1 d.p.)
Let m0, v0 and E0 be the original values of m, v and E respectively. New value of v = 2v0
=16 .6%
r is increased by 16.6%.
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions (c)
Let r0, h0 and V0 be the original values of r, h and V, and r1, h1 and V1 be the new values of r, h and V respectively.
1 2 r h and r remains unchanged. 3 V = k ' h for some real number k ' V =
T = 30 +
1 n 5
(b) When n = 300,
T = 30 + = 90
1 (300 ) 5
r1 = r0 r0 5 = h0 4 h0 = 4 r0 5 and and r1 4 = h1 5 h1 = 5 5 r1 = r0 4 4
The monthly charge is $90 if the airtime used is 300 minutes.
4 k ' r0 5 5 V1 = k ' h1 = k ' r0 4 V0 = k ' h0 =

Percentage change in V
V1 V0 100 % V0
5 4 k ' r0 k ' r0 5 = 4 100 % 4 k ' r0 5 5 4 k ' r0 4 5 = 100 % 4 k ' r0 5 = 56 .25 %
V is increased by 56.25%.
42. (a) T is partly constant and partly varies directly as n. T = k1 + k2n, where k1, k2 0 By substituting n = 400 and T = 110 into the equation, we have
110 = k1 + k 2 ( 400 ) k1 + 400 k 2 = 110 (1 )

By substituting n = 600 and T = 150 into the equation, we have
150 = k1 + k 2 (600 ) k1 + 600 k 2 = 150

(2) (1):
(2)
200 k 2 = 40 k2 =
1 5 1 By substituting k2 = into (1), we have 5 1 k1 + 400 = 110 5 k1 = 30
213
12 Variations (c) Let $T0 be the mobile phone charge in last month.
1 n 5 1 T0 = 30 + n0 5 T = 30 +
When T = 2T0
1 n 5 1 1 2 30 + n0 = 30 + n 5 5 2 1 60 + n0 = 30 + n 5 5 2 1 30 + n0 = n 5 5 n = 150 + 2n0 2T0 = 30 +

43. (a) The airtime used in this month is (150 + 2n0) minutes. C is partly constant and partly varies inversely as n.
C = k1 +
k2 200 200 k1 + k 2 = 50 000 250 = k1 + k2 400 400 k1 + k 2 = 80 000 200 = k1 +

( 2) ( 1 ) : k1 = 150
( 1)
( 2)
200 k1 = 30 000
200 (150 ) + k 2 = 50 000 k 2 = 20 000
C = 150 +
20 000 n
(b) When n = 500,
C =150 + =190
20 000 500
The cost of manufacturing a rice cooker is $190. Profit per rice cooker =
$25 000 500 =$50
The selling price of each rice cooker =$ 1 0 +5 ) ( 9 0 =$2 0 4
214
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions 44. (a) P partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as x2. P = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2 0 By substituting x = 20 and P = 60 000 into the equation, we have month.
60 000 = k1 ( 20 ) + k 2 ( 20 ) 2 k1 + 20 k 2 = 3000 (1 )
By substituting x = 30 and P = 75 000 into the equation, we have
75 000 = k1 (30 ) + k 2 (30 ) 2 k1 + 30 k 2 = 2500 ( 2) ( 1 ) : 10 k 2 = 500 k2 = 50

(2)
k1 + 20 ( 50 ) = 3000 k1 = 4000
P = 4000x 50x2 (b) When x = 35,
P = 4000 (35 ) 50 (35 ) 2 = 78 750

The total profit is $78 750 if the selling price of each VCD is $35.
P = 4000 x 50 x 2
(c)
= 50 ( x 2 80 x ) = 50 ( x 2 80 x + 40 2 40 2 ) = 80 000 50 ( x 40 ) 2
When x = 40, P attains its maximum value. The maximum profit from selling the VCDs is $80 000 and the corresponding selling price of each VCD is $40.
45. (a) y is partly constant and partly varies directly as x. y = k + kx, where k, k 0 From the graph, when x = 0, y = 3000. By substituting x = 0, y = 3000 and k = 3000 into the equation, we have 3000 = k +k (0)
k = 3000
(b) From the graph, when x = 120, y = 6000. By substituting x = 120, y = 6000 and k = 3000 into the equation, we have
(c) (i)
y = 3000 + 25x When x = 700,
6000 = 3000 + k (120 ) k = 25
y = 3000 + 25 (700 ) = 20 500
His income of last month is $20 500. (ii) Expected income of this month
=$20 500 (1 +20% ) =$24 600
When y = 246 00,
24 600 = 3000 + 25 x x = 864
He needs to sell (864 700) items = 164 items more than last
215
12 Variations 46. (a) C partly varies directly as r and partly varies directly as r2. C = k1r + k2r2, where k1, k2 0 By substituting r = 4 and C = 8 into the equation, we have (rejected) The radius of the Earth 6400 km Jonathans claim is justified.
8 = k1 ( 4) + k 2 ( 4) 2 k1 + 4 k 2 = 2 5 = k1 (5) + k 2 (5) 2 k1 + 5k 2 = 1
( 1 )
By substituting r = 5 and C = 5 into the equation, we have
( 2)
k1 + 4( 1) = 2 k1 = 6
C = 6r r2
(b) (i)
r C
1 2 3 4 5 8 9 8
5 5
(ii) From the graph, the maximum cost of making the model is $9.
47. Let r km be the radius of the Earth.

d = r + h, where h = altitude above sea level
m d2 km F = 2 , where k 0 d km F= (r + h) 2
F ( r + h) 2 m
666 .4(r + 0) 2 664 .7(r + 8.2) 2 = 68 68 666 .4 r + 8.2 = 664 .7 r
2
k=
k=
Thus,
1+
8.2 = r r=
666 .4 or 664 .7 8.2
666 .4 664 .7
666 .4 1 664 .7 = 6400 (cor. to 2 sig. fig.)

216
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions 48. (a) (x2 y2) (x2 + y2)
x 2 y 2 = k1 ( x 2 + y 2 ), where 0 < k1 < 1 x 2 k1 x 2 = y 2 + k1 y 2 x 2 (1 k1 ) = y 2 (1 + k1 ) 1 k1 2 y2 = 1 + k x 1 y=

(b)
k x xy = k y= 1 xy 1 k 1 y = = 1 xy +1 k +1 x+ y x
x 1 k 1 1 = x + y k +1 y
1 k1 x 1 + k1
k 1 0 , provided that k 1, 1 k +1
1 1 x x + y y
0 < k1 < 1
1 k1 0 is a non-zero constant. 1 + k1
yx yx y = k2x, where k2 0
x y x k2 x 1 k2 = = x + y x + k2 x 1 + k2
49. (a)
1 k2 x y = 1 + k ( x + y ) 2 1 k2 0 , provided that k2 1 and k2 1. 1 + k2

(x y) (x + y)
3 1 3 1 x 3 x + 3 y y
1 1 = k1 x 3 + 3 , where k1 1, 0, 1 3 y y k 1 x 3 k1 x 3 = 1 + 3 3 y y 1 x 3 (1 k1 ) = 3 (1 + k1 ) y x3 1 + k1 1 y3 = 1 k x3 1 y =3

3
1 + k1 1 1 k1 x
1 + k1 0 , provided that k 1, 1 1 k1
1 x
(b) From (a), we have
217
12 Variations Multiple Choice Questions (p. 12.58) 1. Answer: C x varies directly as y2. x = ky2, where k 0 By substituting y = 2 and x = 20 into the equation, we have 20 = k ( 2) 2
x y =
k , where k 0 x+y
(x y) varies inversely as (x + y).
k =5
x =5 y 2 When x = 80, 80 =5 y 2
y 2 =16 y = 4
2.
Answer: A (3x + 5y) (4x 6y)
3.
yx
3x + 5 y = k (4 x 6 y) (5 + 6k ) y = (4k 3) x , where k 0 4k 3 y = x 5 + 6k 4k 3 3 5 0 for k or 5 + 6k 4 6
Answer: B y varies inversely as (x + 1)2.
y=
k , where k 0 ( x +1) 2 1 into the equation, we 3
By substituting x = 2 and y = have
1 k = 3 ( 2 +1) 2 1 k = 3 9 k =3 3 y= ( x +1) 2
12 = 3 ( x + 1) 2
When y = 12,
4( x + 1) 2 = 1 1 ( x + 1) 2 = 4 1 x +1= 2 x=
4.
or x + 1 = 1 2 or
1 2 3 x= 2
Answer: D (x + y) varies inversely as (x y).
x+y =
k , where k 0 xy
218
NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions 5. Answer: B x varies inversely as y and directly as z2.
x=
kz 2 , where k is a non-zero constant y
k (1.3 x0 ) 2 = 1 .3 y 0
New value of z
xy =k z2
The answer is B. 6. Answer: D z (y + 2) and y (x 1)
kx 2 =1.3 0 y 0 =1.3 z 0
=
Percentage increase in z
1.3 z0 z0 100 % z0
z = k1 ( y + 2), where k1 0 z = k1 y + 2k1......( 1)

y = k 2 x k 2 ......( 2 )
= 30 %
and y = k 2 ( x 1), where k 2 0 By substituting (2) into (1), we have
z = k1 (k 2 x k 2 ) + 2k1 = k1k 2 x k1k 2 + 2k1

7. Options A, B and C are not true. The answer is D.
Answer: A y partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as the cube of x. y = k1x + k2x3, where k1, k2 0 By substituting x = 3 and y = 21 into the equation, we have
21 = k1 (3) + k 2 (3) 3 k1 + 9k 2 = 7 (1)

115 = k1 (5) + k 2 (5) 3 k1 + 25k 2 = 23

(2) (1):
( 2)
16 k 2 = 16 k2 = 1
k1 +9( ) = 1 7 k1 = 2
8. y = 2x x
3
Answer: A z varies directly as x2 and inversely as y.
z=
kx 2 ,k 0 y
Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z respectively. New value of x New value of y
= (1 + 30 %) x0 = 1.3 x0 = (1 + 30 %) y 0 =1.3 y 0
219
12 Variations 9. Answer: B x y xy 1 315 315 3 105 315 5 63 315 7 45 315 9 35 315
315 x 1 y x y=
10. Answer: D y is partly constant and partly varies directly as x. y = k1 + k2x, where k1, k2 0 The answer is D. HKMO (p. 12.60) x and y are two positive numbers that are inversely proportional to each other.
y=
k , where k 0 x
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively. New value of x
= (1 +10 %) x 0 = 1.1x 0
=
New value of y
k 1.1x0 10 k 11 x0 10 y0 11
= =
10 y0 y0 = 11 100 % y0
Percentage increase in y
10 1 y0 11 = 100 % y0 = 100 % 11
y will be decreased by
100 %. 11
d =
100 11
220

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NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions

Review Exercise 12 (p. 12.4)

240 minutes 6 60 minutes 10. 240 minutes : 6 hours 2 = 3 =2 : 3

1 hour = 4: (20 x) 2 10 4 = 1 20 x 60 2 1 4 = 3 20 x 20 x =12 x =8

For the 2 kg pack of washing powder:

NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions

The 2 kg pack of washing powder is more economical.

16. The required ratio = 7 000 000 500 000 =14 : 1

x = 25 1300 x x = 25(1300 x) 26x = 32 500

18. Let x km be the length of the West Rail Line.

The length of the West Rail Line is 30 km.

Classwork (p. 12.30) (a) X = kyw2 (c) P = k x (e) V = khr3

12 Variations Classwork (p. 12.40) (a) P = k1 + (c)

The cost of coating the hemisphere is $180.

1.21 y0 y0 100 % y0 (1.21 1) y0 100 % y0

Quick Practice 12.6 (p. 12.20) (a) y varies inversely as x. y=

By substituting x = 2 and y = 20 into the equation, we have

The variation constant is 40.

(b) The equation is y =

12 Variations When x = 9, 576 y2 = 9 = 64

Alternative Solution The square of y varies inversely as x. (c) (i)

Quick Practice 12.9 (p. 12.22)

Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively. New value of

By substituting x = 8 and y = 2 into the equation, we have

5 y0 y0 y= 6 100 % y0 5 1 y0 6 100 % = y0 = 16 .7%

(cor. to 3 sig. fig.)

Quick Practice 12.8 (p. 12.21) The square of y varies inversely as x.

Quick Practice 12.10 (p. 12.23) (a) C

By substituting x = 4 and y = 12 into the equation, we have

The value of the computer in 2011 will be $3250.

Quick Practice 12.11 (p. 12.24) 1 x w2 and w y x = k1w2 (1) and w =

k k k2 x = k1 2 = 1 2 y y k1 and k2 are non-zero constants.

2 k1k 2 is also a non-zero constant. 2 By letting c = k1k 2 , we have

c , where c is a non-zero constant. y

p =2 r s (b) When r = 7 and s = 16,

By substituting s = 2, r = 12 and T = 10 into the equation, we have

(b) When T = 8 and s = 4,

12 Variations Quick Practice 12.14 (p. 12.32) (a) S S=

By substituting F = 8400, I = 90 000 and S = 11 760 into the equation, we have

k (8400 ) 90 000 420 F I

(b) When F = 4500 and I = 122 500,

420 ( 4500 ) 122 500

1.8 x0 x0 100% x0 (1.8 1) x0 100% x0

4 = k1 ( 2) + k 2 (1) 2k1 + k 2 = 4 11 = k1 (4) + k 2 (3) 4k1 + 3k 2 =11

3 27 d = 42 4 16 = 20 .25 d 2 = 4.5 or 4.5 (rejected)

By substituting x = 4, y = 3 and z = 11 into the equation, we have

(a) When x = 3 and y = 2,

NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions as x.

k2 2500 2500 k1 + k 2 = 10 250 4.1 = k1 + k2 8000 8000 k1 + k 2 = 24 000 3 = k1 +

By substituting n = 8000 and C = 3 into the equation, we have

By substituting x = 2 and P = 7 into the equation, we have

5500 k1 =13 750 k1 = 2.5

By substituting k1 = 2.5 into (1), we have

2500 ( 2.5) + k 2 =10 250 k 2 = 4000

By substituting k1 = 4 into (1), we have

(b) When C = 3.3,

3.3 = 2.5 + n = 5000