Newmar G.

Romero MAT - ENGLISH

1. Phenomenology

According to Edmund Husserl (2019), Phenomenology is a form of qualitative research that

focuses on the study of an individual's lived experiences within the world.

It works to ensure a proper alignment between the researcher’s philosophy and the
question/specific question

“Human beings, who are almost unique in having the ability to learn from the experience of others,
are also remarkable for their apparent disinclination to do so”.—Douglas Adams

He said that we are one of few animals who learn from the experiences of others, and we ought to
do better if we face the same situations. Research involves in the study of a subject after all.
Groups or individuals study other society/ies to gain new information and insights or to obtain new
understanding on a phenomenon.

As researchers, we need to explore carefully and learn from each other and their experiences.

In my understanding through the other article related, phenomenology

Help us understand people's meanings or its contextual meaning, it helps us adjust
to issues that are new and ieas as they emerge to contribute to new theories and
gather data which is natural rather that artificial

In broad terms, phenomenological research refers to researching how an individual perceives the
meaning of an event, as opposed to how the event exists beyond the perception of people. This
form of research endeavors to understand what a group of people felt during a phenomenon.
Perceptions, perspectives, and understandings are all going to be analyzed, and then used to
create an understanding of what it’s like to experience an event.

Deeply rooted in philosophy, this form of research is certainly not without its benefits. At the same
time, there are some downsides you will need to keep in mind(Chief, Editor in. “8 Advantages and
Disadvantages of Phenomenological Research.” ConnectUS, 5 Dec. 2019, connectusfund.org/8-
advantages-and-disadvantages-of-phenomenological-research.)

The Pros of Phenomenological Research

When it comes to phenomenological research pros and cons, here are some of the pros that are
important to understand:

1. Unique Perspectives
To be sure, there is some value to be found in focusing research on how people perceive an event
or phenomena, rather than simply how the phenomena exists in a vacuum.

2. Understanding
Perhaps the biggest benefit of phenomenological research is the fact that it can provide us with a
profound, detailed understanding of a single phenomena.

3. Rich Data
Culled from enough individuals, the data one can receive through phenomenological research is
rich and impressive. This is a form of research that allows for a truly unique approach to
understanding a phenomena.
The Cons of Phenomenological Research

While there are a number of uses with phenomenological research, you can’t say there aren’t
some notable downsides:

1. Subjectivity
Establishing the reliability and validity of the approaches can be challenging, which makes
subjective research difficult.

2. Bias
Researcher-induced bias can influence studies, and this is particularly true with phenomenological
research.

3. Pure Bracketing
Interference with the interpretation of the data can lead to a number of headaches in trying to
establish and maintain pure bracketing.

4. Presentation
Presenting the findings of this research is more often than not difficult, if not impossible. The
results of such research can prove to be highly qualitative, which makes it hard to present the
findings in a fashion practitioners would consider to be useful.

5. Typical
Is it even possible with phenomenological research to say that the experiences are typical?
Considering the fact that this form of research generally works with small groups, it can be dubious
to claim the results are typical in any meaningful way. (Natalie Regoli, 2019)

Phenomenology helps us to understand the meaning of people's lived experience.  A

phenomenological study explores what people experienced and focuses on their experience of a
phenomena.  As phenomenology has a strong foundation in philosophy, it is recommended that
you explore the writings of key thinkers such as Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty
before embarking on your research. (Husserl, Edmund, 1859-1938)

In conclusion, phenomenology examines behavioral patterns of experiences (subjective} and

consciousness to obtain data or information that is authentic and realistic.

2.Grounded Theory

Glaser (1998) suggested you need to conduct grounded theory (GT) in order to understand the
methodology. I found that as I engaged in the process, I began to understand the meaning of
Glaser’s teachings and to discover Glaser. The credibility of a GT rests on the four criteria of fit,
work, relevance, and modifiability (Glaser, 1978, 1998). In analyzing data, it is important that
categories not be forced or selected out of preconceived understandings of the phenomena
studied. It is essential that they be generated systematically from data and constantly validated by
the hard work of fitting and refitting the categories to data. Later in the analysis, categories are
fitted together to a dense and parsimonious theory that fits the substantive area ( Glaser,
1978, 2001). Lomborg and Kirkevold (2003) have pointed to the criterion fit as most important for
evaluating validity and truth of the grounded theory. Therefore, fit is more fundamental to a theory
than the other three criteria of work, relevance, and modifiability.

The second criterion is work, which means that a grounded theory must be able to explain what
happens in the data, predict what will happen, and interpret what is happening in the area studied.
Workability is related to how well a theory accounts for the way in which participants solve their
main concern (Glaser, 1998). The third criterion concerns relevance. A theory is relevant and has
good grab for participants and practitioners in the substantive field when it allows the core
problems and processes in the area to emerge. The fourth criterion is modifiability. A substantive
GT has only partial closure because new ideas and more data can modify the theory. Modifiability
is therefore an ever-ongoing process, and all GTs have potential for further development ( Glaser,
1978).

Preparation for a grounded theory study

In search of a final problem, a suitable method, and a supervisor for my doctoral dissertation, I (the
first author) was introduced to a one-week grounded theory research course in 2001. The
openness required in searching for the participants' problems and perspectives in GT and the way
of analyzing data so that it should result in a dense and parsimonious conceptual theory sounded
like a challenge full of meaningful work. According to Glaser (1998),

The first step in grounded theory is to enter the substantive field for research without knowing the
problem. This requires suspending your knowledge, especially of the literature, and your
experience. The researcher must take a ‘no preconceived interest’ approach and not ask
questions that might be on his mind

Such suspension of knowledge and experiences can be hard, but it is necessary to be able to do a
GT study. I approached the doctoral study with an interest in learning more about how patients
existentially experienced uncertainty and life-threatening situations. To be able to use GT, I had to
be willing to enter the field with the attitude of not knowing the main concern of the participants,
acknowledging that patients do not necessarily share professionals' view of problems. When I had
accepted such initial openness in the planning process, we could move on to discuss what could
be a suitable area for data collection. We searched for a field with multiple outcomes of diagnostic
examinations and decided on a gastric ward because patients there could be diagnosed with
either malignant or benign diseases, and either case could significantly influence their lives.

Because of the principle of seeking the participants' perspective, the aim of the research had to be
formulated in a sufficiently open way to encompass the entirety of the participants' problems and
how they worked to solve them. The main purpose of this study, therefore, was set to gain
knowledge on how patients going through diagnostic workups in a gastroenterological ward
experienced and handled their situation. Learning more about how health care professionals could
help such patients in the best way was also included. Qualitative interviews were chosen for data
collection (Fog,2004) because our study's aim was to learn the participants' perspective,
experience, meaning, and reason for action.

To be able to carry out a GT study, one must be willing and able to stay open to the experience of
the participants, to live with degrees of chaos until the concepts emerge, and then be able to
conceptualize. This requires hard work combined with creativity. In our study we have put much
effort into letting the core problem and processes of the participants emerge (relevance) and to fit
the concepts with data so that they work in presenting what happens in the area we have studied.
It has been a process of learning by doing while extending our grasp of GT methodology, which
has promoted the development of a beginner into becoming more experienced grounded theorist.
3. Ethnography

Ethnography is a traditional social science technique used by anthropologists and sociologists that
seek to describe and explain the worlds of the people it studies in the most detailed and
empathetic terms possible. In a sense, it’s deliberate, systematized empathy. Humans are
wildly complex, a swirl of influences, shared beliefs and experiences that form us separately as
individuals. Ethnography offers us a way to make sense of this complexity and provides us an
opportunity as marketers, designers and innovators to immerse ourselves in others’ worlds, and
most importantly cast off preconceptions about how and why others behave the way they do.
Ethnography does this by allowing us to get “up close and personal” with others and see patterns
of behavior in a real-world context—things we can understand both rationally and intuitively.
(Ethnography Study: Thrive Thinking. (2017, May 04). Retrieved December 19, 2020, from
https://thrivethinking.com/2016/12/23/ethnography-creates-experiences-people-love/)

Human beings act towards things on the basis of the meanings that the things have for them. The
meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction that one has with
one’s fellows.  These meanings are handled in, or modified through, an interpretive process used
by the person in dealing with the things he encounters. Herbert Blumer, Symbolic Interactionism 

Ethnography, or field research/study, is the first-hand study of a social setting (a workplace,

marketplace, etc.) or cultural phenomena (music culture, social movement, and so forth), the
purpose of which is to describe empirical facts and interpret the meaning of social activity and its
products. Ethnographic approaches range from strict observation with little direct interaction with
research subjects to active participation in on-going social activity.

The ethnographic approach typically involves the following steps:

1. Select a research area or subject.
2. Review the literature concerning that area or something approximating it.
3. Identify which variables are of interest to you and of importance to the subjects under study.
Develop sensitizing concepts.
4. Developing a plan on how to enter the field site and maintain a presence there, as well as how
to exit gracefully.
5. Gather data. This requires taking careful field notes of observations and interviews.
6. After completing the data collection phase, you systematically analyze the data for patterns and
meanings. In doing this, it is important to attempt to consider the world from the perspective of the
participants. (Andrew Austin, 2011)

In field study, the emphasis is on symbols, language, music, artifacts, action, and interaction. Data
are in the form of texts, discourses, and social behavior. Researchers tend to be interpretive rather
than positivistic. They see social reality as symbolic and socially constructed, rather than as
numbers to be plugged into equations. Researchers are curious about everyday life, how
meanings are collectively and socially produced during interaction and in context, how social
actors perceive, define, make sense of their social world.

Title: DISTANCE LEARNING MODALITY: BASIS FOR CAPABILITY BUILDING

OF CONCEPCION NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS
Problematic Situations:
Philippine Setting
School Setting
Statement of the Methods (approach/ Data Gathering Instruments
Problem research design, Procedure
This study aims to locale, participants Survey
determine the with the inclusion Information and data Questionnaires,
effectiveness of the criteria, etc.) are gathered Mobile Phones,
two-hours class through the Paper and Pen
duration to the Research method: questionnaires and
senior high school Interviews interviews
students in their
academic Respondents:
performance. It Senior High School
sought to answer Students of
the following Concepcion National
questions: High School,
Koronadal City,
1. Does this South Cotabato
approach affect the
learning process of
the students? In
what way?
2. What are the
advantages of
longer class
duration?
3. What are the
negative effects of
this two-hour class
on the students?