MATHEMATICS 10

MAYRA M. LAMONTE
 Let’s Pray
Panginoon papuri at pasasalamat ang handog namin sa iyong
pangalan. Salamat po sa buhay at kalakasan ng bawat isa sa
amin. Patawad po sa aming mga pagkukulang kamalian na
aming nagagawa salamat po sa kapatawaran na iyong binigay
po sa amin. Ama dalangin po naming na kami ay iyong
pagpalain lalo’t higit sa karunungan sa aming pag-aaral lalo na
sa panahon na aming kinakaharap sa ngayon nawa po’y
gabayan mo ang bawat isa sa amin at sumunod kami sa iyong
mg autos ito lang po ang aming samo’t dalangin. Amen.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Write all your answer in your Mathematics Notebook.

2. Read all directions of the activity to understand what you are going to do.
3. If you do not understand clearly the directions, you can ask me through
messenger.
4. Label your activities.
5. If the activities should be written in bond paper, attached it in your
notebook.
6.Always indicate your solution.
 LESSON
1 Polynomials Function

Performance Standard:
Content Standard: The learners should be able to conduct
The learner will demonstrates systematically a mathematical
understanding of key concepts of
investigation involving polynomial
polynomial function.
functions in different fields.

Most Essential Learning Competency:

 Illustrates polynomial functions.
 Understand, describe and interpret the graphs polynomial functions.
 Solves problems involving polynomial functions.

Learning Targets:
1. Identify polynomials and their degree
2. Find the x and y- intercept of a polynomial function.
3. Sketch the graph of a polynomial function.
4. Describe the graph of a polynomial function.
5. Solves problems involving polynomial functions

Lesson Proper

In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, Amen.
Loving Father, I stand before you in the midst of confusion and complexities
of life. My future sometimes seems distant and unknown. Give me, O Lord,
the vision to see the path You have set before me. Grant me the courage to
follow Your way, that through the gifts and talents You given me. I may
bring Your life and Your love to other. I ask this through Jesus, Your Son.
AMEN
In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, Amen

1
Motivational Activity

Activity No. 1 Determine the degree of the following polynomials.

2
1. 4 x +6 x−5
2
2.−6 x – 5 x – 1
3. x – 3
3
4. 4 x + x 2+9 x+18
2
5. 9 x−5−2 x
LECTURE 1

Polynomial Functions
A polynomial function is a function of the form
n n−1 n−2
P ( x ) =an x + an−1 x +a n−2 x + .. .+a 1 x +a0 , an ≠ 0where n is a nonnegative integer,
a 0 , a 1, .. . , an are real numbers called coefficients, a n x nis the leading term, a n is the
leading coefficient, and a 0 is the constant term.
The terms of a polynomial may be written in any order. However, if they are
written in decreasing powers of x, we say the polynomial function is in standard form.
Other than P(x), a polynomial function may also be denoted by f(x). Sometimes,
a polynomial function is represented by a set P of ordered pairs (x, y). Thus, a
polynomial function can be written in different ways, like the following.

Example 1:
Write this polynomial in standard form. 8+5 x 2−3 x 3=¿
Solution:
The first term is the one with the biggest power: 8+5 x 2−3 x 3=−3 x 3+ 5 x 2 +8

Example 2:
Write this polynomial in standard form. 5 x 2−9 x 5+ 8 x 3−11=¿
Solution:

2
 The first term is the one with the biggest
power: 5 x 2−9 x 5+ 8 x 3−11=−9 x 5+ 8 x3 +5 x 2−11

Activity No. 2

Direction: Consider the given polynomial functions and fill in

the table below.

Polynomial
Leading Constant
Polynomial Function Function in Degree
Coefficient Term
Standard Form
f ( x )=−2−11 x +2 x 2
3
2x 5
f ( x )= + +15 x
3 3
y=x ( x 2−5)
y=−x(x +3)( x−3)
2
y= ( x + 4 ) ( x+1 )( x−1 )

LECTURE 2

Graph of Polynomial Function

A. Solve for x and y intercepts

Solving for the x-and y-intercepts is an important step in graphing a polynomial

function. These intercepts are used to determine the points where the graph intersects
or touches the x-axis and y-axis.

 To find the x-intercept of a polynomial function:

a. Factor the polynomial completely.
b. Let y be equal to zero.
c. Equate each factor to zero and solve for x.

 To find the y-intercept:

a. Let x be equal to zero and simplify it.

B. Find the end behavior of the graph (will help to determine the appearance of
the graph)

3
 Condition 1
An >0
An >0 - if the value of the leading
coefficient of the leading term of the n is an odd number
polynomial is greater than zero and
the value of exponent is an odd Q 1∧Q 3
number then the end behavior is
located at Quadrant 1 and Quadrant
3.

Condition 2
An >0
An >0 - if the value of the leading
coefficient of the leading term of the n is an even number
polynomial is greater than zero and
the value of exponent is an even Q 1∧Q 2
number then the end behavior is
located at Quadrant 1 and Quadrant
2.

Condition 3
An >0
An >0 - if the value of the leading
coefficient of the leading term of the n is an odd number
polynomial is less than zero and the
value of exponent is an odd number Q 2∧Q 4
then the end behavior is located at
Quadrant 2 and Quadrant 4.

Condition 4

An >0 - if the value of the leading An >0

coefficient of the leading term of the
polynomial is less than zero and the
n is an even number
value of exponent is an even Q 3∧Q 4
number then the end behavior is
located at Quadrant 3 and Quadrant
4.

4
Find the No. of turning points
The number of turning points is at most (n−1) meaning to say we will subtract the
highest degree of polynomial by one to get the number of turning points.

After getting the no. of turning points we will identify the multiplicity of roots

D. Multiplicity of Roots
 If r is a zero of odd multiplicity, the graph of P( x ) crosses the x-axis at r.
 If r is a zero of even multiplicity, the graph of P( x ) crosses the x-axis at r.

Examples No. 1
Apply the rational root theorem: Possible root
Sketch the graph of y=x 4 −5 x 2+ 4 ± 1, ± 2 ,± 4 . We will test it using synthetic
A.1 Solve for x-intercepts division

Let’s try first the root which

. Then 1 is one of the x-
110-504 intercept of the polynomial.
11-4-4 Our first coordinate is (1, 0)

11-4-40
Get the numerical coefficient
Let’s try second the root -1. of our quotient and divide it
by -1.
-1 1 1 -4 -4
-1 0 4 Then -1 is one of the x-
intercept of the polynomial.
Our first coordinate is (-1, 0)
10-4-0

In our given function, we will have 4 x-intercepts because the highest degree of
polynomial is 4. Therefore, there are 4 roots or 4 x-intercepts.
2
x −4=0 The depressed form of our quotient of polynomial function.

( x−2 ) ( x+2 )=0 Factor form of x 2−4=0

( x−2 )=0 ( x +2 )=0 Equate to zero the given factor to get the value of x.

x=2 x=−2
∴ The x-intercepts are (1 , 0),(−1, 0),(2 , 0)∧(−2 , 0)
5
 Write the equation in factor form.

The x-intercepts are To get the factor form of the equation we will change the
sign of the x value of our x-intercept.
The factor form is

A.2 Solve for the y-intercepts. To get the value of y. We will substitute
zero to the value of x.

(0, 4) The y-intercept of our function.

C. No. of turning Points

B. End behavior

Leading Term: x 4
No. of turning points ¿(n−1)
No. of turning points ¿(4−1)
An >0 → 1>0 No. of turning points is 3
n is an even number which is 4
Located at Q1 and Q2

To get the multiplicity of roots, we will

D. Multiplicity of Roots
(x−1)(x+ 1)(x−2)(x +2)
All the exponent is odd multiplicity
the graph will cross the x-axis.
look at the factored form of the
polynomial
( x−1 ) the exponent is1 ( x +1 ) the exponent is1
( x−2 ) the exponent is 1 ( x +2 ) the exponent is1

Construct a Table of Values

We will think of x value that we can add on our table of values and those x
values that we will think must be somewhere in between or the next term of
our x.

x 1 -1 2 -2 0
y 0 0 0 0 4

4 2
y=x −5 x + 4 (we will substitute the given value of x in our polynomial function)

6
x=3 (besides of 2)
y=(3)4−5(3)2+ 4 (between of 0 and 1) (between of 1 and 2)

y=81−45+ 4
y=40 (between of -1 and 0) (between of 1 and 2)

x=−3 (besides of -2)

y=(−3)4 −5(−3)2 +4
y=81−45+ 4
y=40

Now, we have a table to be graph

x -3 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 -0.5 1 1.5 2 3

y 40 0 -2.19 0 2.81 4 2.81 0 -2.19 0 40

Examples No. 2 Since the polynomial function is

2
already expressed in factored
Sketch the graph of y= ( x +1 ) (x +3) form. We can easily compute for
A.1 Solve for x-intercepts the value of x-intercepts.
( x +1 )=0 ( x +1 )=0 ( x +3 )=0
x=−1 x=−1 x=−3 Equate to zero the given factor to
get the value of x.
(−1 , 0) (−3 , 0)

7
 The x-intercepts

A.2 Solve for y-intercepts.

x=0
2
y= ( x +1 ) (x +3)
To get the value of y. We will substitute zero to the
2 value of x.
y= ( 0+1 ) ( 0+3 )
y=(1)(3)
y=3
( 0 , 3) The y-intercepts

B. End behavior C. No. of turning Points

No. of turning points ¿(n−1)
Leading Term: x 3
No. of turning points ¿(3−1)
An >0 → 1>0 No. of turning points is 2.
n is an odd number which is 3
Located at Q1 and Q3

D. Multiplicity of Roots
( x +1 )2 has even multiplicity the graph is tangent to x-axis.
(x +3) has odd multiplicity the graph will cross the x-axis.

Same process in our first example. Construct a Table of Values

x -1 -3 0
y 0 0 3
2
y= ( x +1 ) ( x +3 ) (we will substitute the given value of x in our polynomial function)

x=−2 x=1 ccx =−4

2
2
y= ( x +1 ) (x +3) asA y= ( x +1 )2 (x +3) y= ( x +1 ) (x +3)
2 2
2 asjdbj y= (1+1 ) (1+3)
y= (−2+ 1 ) (−2+ 3) y= (−4+ 1 ) (−4+ 3)
2
y= (2 )2 (4) y= (−3 ) (−1)
8
y=1 6 y=−9 (−4 ,−9)
y= (−1 )2(1)
y=1 (−2 , 1)
Now we have a table to be graph

x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
y 9 0 1 0 3 16

Now we have a table to be graph

x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
y 9 0 1 0 3 16

has an even multiplicity

has an odd multiplicity
No. of turning points = 2

Activity No. 3

Direction: Sketch the graph of each function.

1. f ( x )=(x+ 1)( x−2)(x−4)
2
2. y=x ( x+5 ) (x+3)

LECTURE 3

Solving Problems Involving Polynomial Functions

Examples:

Alfonso, Cavite is one of the best

9 producers of tablea in the province of
Cavite. Tablea is described as roasted, ground and molded nibs of fermented pure
 a. What is the profit of Mang Boy if he sold fifty (50) boxes?

b. How many boxes did he sell if he earned a profit of Php 149,000?

Solutions:

a. What is the profit of Mang Boy if he sold fifty (50) boxes?

Given:

Profit (P), in thousands of pesos per month

Can be modeled by polynomial function P(x)= 0.00005 x 3 + x – 1
x represents the number of boxes of tableas sold

P(50)

P(50)= 0.0000 + x - 1

P(50)= 0.0000 + 50 - 1
P(50)= 0.00005(125,000) + 50 - 1

P(50)= 6.25 + 50 - 1 Profit = (55.25)(1000)

P(50)= 55.25 Profit = 55,250 Php

b. How many boxes did he sell if he earned a profit of Php 149,000?

Given:

Profit (P), in thousands of pesos per month

Can be modeled by polynomial function P(x)= 0.00005 x 3 + x – 1
x represents the number of boxes of tableas sold

10
 P( x )=0.0000 5 x3 + x−1

Mang Boy sold 100 boxes to earn a

profit of Php149,000.

Activity No. 4

Direction: Answer the following word problem.

1. The demographer in Bayan ni Pedro predicts that the population P of
the town t years from now can be modeled by the function
4 3
P ( t ) =6 t – 5 t +200 t + 12000.
A. What will be the population of the town five (5) years from now?

2. The demographer in Bayan ni Juan predicts that the population P of the

town t years from now can be modeled by the function
P(t )=6 t 4 – 5 t 3 +200 t+ 12000.
B. In how many years will the population of the town be 936,000?

Watch this video to get more references

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFpdAxeIG9g

Reference:

Learning Module 10
Alternative Delivery Mode

11
 LESSON
2 Circles

Content Standard: Performance Standard:

The learner will demonstrates The learners should be able to formulate
understanding of key concepts and find solutions to challenging situations
of circles and coordinate involving circles and other related terms in
geometry. different disciplines through appropriate
and accurate representations.
Most Essential Learning Competency:
 Derives inductively the relations among chords, arcs, central angles, and
inscribed angles.
 Proves theorems related to chords, arcs, central angles, and inscribed angles.
Learning Targets:
1. Define and give examples of chords, arcs, central angles, inscribed angle of a
circle;
2. Determine the relationship between arcs and chords
3. Apply theorems of arcs and chords in solving problems
4. Identify a circle, the lines, arcs and angles associated with it.
5. Fill in the missing data in the two-column proof to prove theorems related to
chords, arcs, central angles, and inscribed angles;
6. Prove theorems related to central angles and inscribed angles

Lesson Proper
General Instruction: Answer the following activities in the attachment. Attachment for
activities are optional to return, you can check your answers in the answer key at the
back of the module. But the assessment should be return.

Motivational Activity
Activity No. 1
Find and cross out all the words related to circle listed below. The words may
go horizontally, vertically, diagonally and backwards. Have Fun!

arcs circle center intercepts

major arc inscribed angle minor arc semicircle

chord central angle congruent angles

12
 M X B C M O P I A B D U C L W M
A E G U A T Y B W R J U R B K I
A L D N J L F A O D C M Y E G N
N C S Y O E E H E M V S N L S O
G R G Q R A C N F Y B S L G H R
L I T H A C J Z B H T E A N D A
E C F W R O Y A I P F B G A C R
S I N S C R I B E D A N G L E C
F M F Y L V T C W C V K K A N T
O E W Q P D R D L M K V X R T V
P S N A W E E L C R I C W T E G
H I H Z T I I Z D Q Y U X N R L
W L T N C O N G R U E N T E J Z
A B I A P C M G H D P B A C N S

LECTURE 1
Terms related to Circle
A circle is a round shaped figure that has no corners or edges.  In geometry, a circle can be
defined as a closed, two-dimensional curved shape.
The Radius is the distance from the center outwards.
The Diameter goes straight across the circle, through the center.
The Circumference is the distance once around the circle.
Circle is a set of all points equidistant from a given point called center. It is named by its
center and indicated by the symbol ⊙. Example ⊙P can be read as circle with center P. The
measure of the entire circle is 360.
Below are some of the terms related to circle. Find out the definitions and examples that will
help you identify and describe chords, arcs, central angles, inscribed angle and intercepted arc.

Terms Related to Figure Discussion/ Explanation

Circle
A chord is a segment which endpoints are on a
given circle.

Example: segment AC or AC is a chord of

Chord
⊙B.

Arc is a part of a circumference of a circle. It is

named by their endpoints and can be read
Arcs clockwise or counter-clockwise. The symbol for
arc is .

13
 A

14
 Types of Arc

Types of Arc Figure Explanation

An arc with a measure equal to
A 1
one-half ( ) of the circumference
D 2
Semicircle B
of a circle. Its measure is 180° . It
C is named using two or three
endpoints of the arc.
Examples:
A It is an arc of a circle that
measures less than a semicircle or
180° . It is named using two
Minor arc D endpoints of the arc or three
B endpoints as long as it measures
less than 180° .
C
Examples:
Example 2. What are the
A
minor arcs of circle B?
B C
D
Solution:

It is an arc of a circle that

A
measures greater than the
semicircle. It measures greater
D
than 180° but less than 360° .
Major arc B To indicate the major arc, we
C must include the point between
the endpoints of the arc
Examples:
D Example 2. What are the
B
major arcs of circle B?
A C
Examples:
Intercepted arc is the arc
that lies in the interior of an
angle and has endpoints on
the angle.
Intercepted Arc Example: is the
intercepted arc of angle
∠ CAB .

15

Angles
Central angle
Inscribed Angle
Points of the Inscribed Angle
P
E H
N S
In Figure 1, the center of
the circle is ON one side of
the inscribed angle or
diameter of the circle.
is the inscribed angle and
intercepts .
A
B
C
A central angle is an angle
whose vertex is at the center
A
Central of the circle. The sides of the
D angle
angle contain two radii of the
circle.
B
C
Example: angle ABC or
∠ ABC is the central angle of
⊙B.
Inscribed angle is an angle
whose vertex is on the circle
and whose sides contain
chords of the circle.
Example:∠CAB is the
inscribed angle of the figure.
G
A
P I
In Figure 2, the center of the
In Figure 3, the center of the
circle is in the INTERIOR of the circle is in the EXTERIOR of
inscribed angle. the inscribed angle.
∠AGP is the inscribed angle
∠IHS is the inscribed angle
and intercepts.
and intercepts .
16
 Exercise No. 1
Given the circle O below, name the following: (Be sure to use proper notation).

P
_______1. 1 semicircle
_______2. 1 inscribed angle
_______3. 1 major arc U
_______4. 1 central angle
_______5. 1 chord
_______6. 1 radius O
Q T
_______7. 1 minor arc
_______8. 1 intercepted arc

R S

LECTURE 2

Arcs and Chords

This lesson deals with Arcs and Chords relationship. So, let’s get to it!

Theorems on Arcs and Chords

17
 and Find SC .
solutions:
are congruent arcs
in the congruent circles, so the
corresponding chords
SC∧OT are congruent.
SC ≅ OT
8 y−1=15 y−15
14=7 y
2= y
So, SC=8 ( 2 )−1=15
In circle C, AR is the diameter
Theorem 2. A diameter or a and FT is a chord.
radius is perpendicular to a
If AR ⊥ FT , then FY ≅ YT
chord, and then it bisects the
chord and its arc with the same XR ≅ XT
endpoints.

In circle H, SR ⊥ EA . Find
EA if the measure of HE =
5in.
Solutions:
if HE ≅ HA , then
HA =5∈¿ .
EA =HE+ HA
EA =5∈+ 5∈¿
EA =10∈¿

Examples:

if

Solutions:
Step 1. Find the value of x.
Theorem 1b

( 5 x ) °=¿ 85° substitution

x=¿ 17 Divide both sides by 5.

18
 2. VE .
Solutions:

Step 1. Find the value of x.

Theorem 2

(8 x−5)°=( 3 x+10 ) ° substitution

5 x=15
x=3 Divide both sides by 5.

substitution

substitution

Exercise No. 2

1.Find

Given the ⊙
Bwith BD ⊥ AE .
AC=4 x−40 and CE=2 x +12.
Find;

2. AC
3. AE

19
20
 Arcs and Central Angles

Measure of Arc and Angles Figures Mathematical symbol

The degree measure of a minor

arc is equal to the measure of the
central angle which intercepts it.

The degree measure of a major

arc is equal to 360° minus the
measure of the minor arc or
central angle.

90°

Its measure is 180° .

A semicircle is always equal to
half of the circle’s circumference. Example:

= 180°

21
Arc Addition Postulate

CHART TITLE
Sum of the Measures of The sum of the measures of the
the Central Angle central angles of a circle with no
common interior points is 360
1 2 degrees.
3

In mathematical symbol; m∠ 1 +
m∠ 2+ m∠3 = 360°

Example.
Refer to the figure at the left. Find
the m∠ DEI .
Solutions:
m∠ DEI + m∠ IEM + m
∠ DEM = 360°
m∠ DEI +35 ° + 205 ° = 360°
m∠ DEI + 240° = 360°
m∠ DEI = 120°

Congruent Circles and Congruent Arcs

Circles are congruent if

their radii are congruent.

Example A:

BC is a radius of circle B.
Congruent Circles
NM is a radius of circle N.

If BC ≅ NM ,then ⊙B≅ ⊙N.

22
 Example B:

MP is 3 cm in circle M and

XY is also 3 cm in circle N.

If MP ≅ XY ,then⊙M ≅ ⊙Y.

In a circle or congruent circles,

congruent arcs have congruent
measures.

Congruent Arcs

Exercise No. 3

Direction: Find each measure of the following figures below.

1.

23
 Arcs and Inscribed Angles
Recall on the Definition of Inscribed Angles and Intercepted Arcs

Term Related to Circle Diagram Discussion

Inscribed angle is an angle

which vertex is on the circle
Inscribed Angle and sides contain chords of
the circle.

Example:∠CAB is the
inscribed angle of the figure.

Intercepted arc is the arc that

lies in the interior of an
inscribed angle and has
Intercepted Arc endpoints on the angle.

24
 Theorems on Inscribed Angle

Theorem Diagram Example

Theorem 1. The measure of

the inscribed angle is equal to
one-half of its intercepted arc
(or the measure of the
intercepted arc is twice the
measure of the inscribed angle).

Theorem 2.

If two inscribed angles of a

circle intercept the same arc,
then the angles are congruent.

Find the measure of ∠NIE.

Solutions:

∠ NIE ≅ ∠ NVE
(10 x−4 )° =(7 x +2) °
3 x °=6
x ° =2
Therefore,
∠NIE = 10 ( 2 )−4 °

25
 = (20 -4)°
= 16°

Theorem 3.

If an inscribed angle
intercepts a diameter
or semicircle, then the
angle is a right angle.

Find the value of x.

Solutions:
m∠ HIT = 90°
6 x ° = 90°
x = 15°

Theorem 4. 1. Quadrilateral LPMO is

inscribed in ⊙ N , then
If a quadrilateral is
inscribed in a circle,
then its opposite ∠ M OL + ∠ LPM = 180° and
angles are
supplementary. ∠ PMO + ∠ OLP = 180°

Find the value of ∠ NTF .

Solutions:
∠ FON + ∠ NTF =180°

(5 y )° + (3 y +12)° =180°

(8 y )° =168°
y =21°

Thus,

26
 ∠ NTF = (5 ( 21 )) °
= 105°
Exercise No. 4

Find the measures of the indicated angle or

arc below.

1
.
.
.
.

2.
...

27
 LECTURE 3

Theorems Related to Central Angles and

Their Corresponding Arcs
CENTRAL ANGLE

A central angle is an angle whose vertex is on the center of a circle and its
sides are the radii of the same circle. The figure below illustrates a central angle.

The illustration presented shows ⨀ C . The central angle is ∠ ACB, point C is the vertex of
the angle which is at the center of the circle. The central angle intercept arc AB of the circle
that connects point-A to point-B. The two segments AC and BC in the diagram are the two
radii.

TYPES OF ARCS

The figures below illustrate the three different types of arcs and the central angles
that intercept those arcs

^
AB -Minor Arc ^
XZ – Semi-Circle ^
PTR - Major Arc
28
 Type of Arc Description Type of Central
Angle

The degree measure of the arc

Minor Arc Acute Angle
is less than 180°

The degree measure of the arc

Semi-Circle Semi-Circle
is equal to 180°

The degree measure of the arc

Major Arc is greater than 180° but less Reflex Angle
than 360°

Example

Determine whether the given arc is a MINOR arc, MAJOR arc, or SEMICIRCLE.

a. ^
AB– Minor arc ^ – Major arc
e. GAD A
B
^ – Major arc
b. CDF f. ^
AB – Minor arc
^ – Semi-circle
c. CAD g. ^
BAG – Semi-circle C D
E
^ – Minor Arc
d. CG ^ – Minor arc
h. GF
G F

Definition
The degree measure of the minor arc is equal to the degree measure of its
central angle.

Illustration:
X Y

Z
^ = 110°
In circle Z, m∠ XZY = 110° and mXY

29
Arc Addition Postulate
Arc addition postulate states that the measure of the arc formed by two
adjacent, non-overlapping arcs is the sum of the measures of the arcs.

Example 1:

Given ⊙ R , find ^
mABC and^
mADC

A Solution:m ^
ABC =m ^ ^
AB + m BC
= 50° + 85°
B
= 135°
R
m^ ^
^ + m DC
ADC =mAD
D C = 135° + 90°

= 225°

Example: If m∠ MON = 85° andm∠ NOP = 60° , find ^

mMNP

Solution:

m^ ^ + m NP
MNP = m MN ^
M
^ = m∠ MON
m MN
= 85°
O
N ^ = m∠ NOP
mNP
= 60°
P Therefore, ^ ^ + mNP
^
mMNP = mMN
=85° + 60°

= 145°

30
Definition of Congruent Circles and Congruent Arcs

Congruent circles are circles with congruent radii.

Example:

AB is the radius of ⊙ A .
B
CD is the radius of ⊙C .

A C If AB ≅ CD , then ⊙ A ≅ ⊙ C .

Arcs in the same circle or in congruent circles which have the same
measures are called congruent arcs.
Example:

W X S

Q T
R

Y Z

In ,
If , then and

31
Theorem on Central Angle and Arc

1. In a circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if and only if their
corresponding central angles are congruent.

Example 1:

In ⨀ X below, ∠ AXB ≅ ∠CXD . The minor arcs they intercept are also
congruent since the two central angles are congruent. Hence, ^
AB ≅ ^
CD .
B C

A D

Example 2:

If ⨀ X ≅ ⨀ Z and ∠ AXB ≅ ∠CXD ≅ ∠WZY , then ^ ^ ≅W

AB ≅ CD ^Y.

B C W Y

A D

Proof of Theorem 1

In a circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if and only if
their corresponding central angles are congruent.

The proof consists of two parts.

Part 1. Given are two congruent circles and a central angle from each circle which are
congruent. The two-column proof below shows that their corresponding intercepted arcs
are congruent.

Given:⨀ W ≅ ⨀ N
M R
∠ AWS ≅∠ MNR
A
Prove: ^
W
AS ≅ ^
MR
N
S

32
 Proof

Statements Reasons

1. ⨀ W ≅ ⨀ N 1. Given

∠ AWS ≅∠ MNR
2. In ⨀ W , m∠ AWS = m ^
AS . 2. The degree measure of the minor arc
is equal to the degree measure of its
In ⨀ N , m∠ MNR =m ^
MR .
central angle.

3. m∠ AWS=m∠ MNR 3. From 1, definition of congruent angles

4. m ^ ^
AS =m MR 4. From 2 & 3, by substitution

5. ^
AS ≅ ^
MR 5. From 4, definition of congruent arcs

Part 2. Given are two congruent circles and intercepted arcs from each circle which are
congruent. The two-column proof shows that their corresponding angles are congruent.

Given:⨀ W ≅ ⨀ N
M R
^
AS ≅ ^
MR
A
Prove: ∠ AWS ≅∠ MNR W
N
S
Proof:

Statements Reasons

1. ⨀ W ≅ ⨀ N and ^
AS ≅ ^
MR 1. Given

2. In ⨀ W , m ^
AS=m∠ AWS 2. The degree measure of the minor arc
is equal to the degree measure of its
central angle which intercepts the arc.
^ = m∠ MNR
In ⨀ N ,m MR

3. m ^ ^
AS =m MR 3. From 1, definition of congruent arcs

4. m∠ AWS=m∠ MNR 4. From 2 & 3, by substitution

33
 5. m∠ AWS ≅ m∠ MNR 5. From 4, definition of congruent angles

Exercise No. 5 S
R

Given: ∠ QPR ≅ ∠ SPW

Q P W
^ ≅ SW
Prove: QR ^

Proof:

Statement Reason

1. ∠QPR ≅ ∠ SPW

2. m∠ QPR ≅ m∠ SPW

3. ^
m∠ QPR=m QR and
m∠ SPW =m ^
SW
^ = m SW
4. m QR ^

^ ≅ SW
5. QR ^

LECTURE 4

Proving Theorems on Inscribed Angle and

its Intercepted Arc
An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex lies on the circle and whose sides contain chords
of the circle. The arc that lies in the interior of an inscribed angle and has endpoints on the
angle is called the intercepted arc of the angle.

Examples:

Figure 1 Figure 234 Figure 3

 In Figure 1, ∠ BAC is an inscribed angle and ^ BC is the intercepted arc. The center of
the circle lies in the interior of the inscribed angle.

In Figure 2, ∠≝¿ is an inscribed angle and ^ DF is the intercepted arc. The center of
the circle lies on one side of the inscribed angle.

In Figure 3, ∠ HGI is an inscribed angle and ^ HI is the intercepted arc. The center of
the circle lies in the exterior of the inscribed angle.

Theorems on Inscribed Angles

Theorem 1.
If an angle is inscribed in a circle, then measure of an inscribed angle is equal to
one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.

Example1:∠ BAC in the figure is an inscribed angle with B

^
BC as its intercepted arc.
^ =170 °
If m∠ BAC =85 °, then m BC

Note: The measure of the intercepted arc is twice the

A
measure of the inscribed angle

C
Example 2: Solve for x if ∠ HGI =25 ° and ^
HI = (4x +
2)°
Solution:
1
m∠ HGI = m ^ HI
2 G H
1
25= ( 4 x +2 )
2
2 ( 25 )=4 x+ 2
50=4 x +2 I
50−2=4 x
48=4 x
48
x=
4
Theorem 2:
x=12 35
If two inscribed angles of a circle (or congruent circles) intercept congruent arcs or the
Example 1. In figure 1 below, ∠ PTE and∠ PLE intercept ^
PE . Since the two inscribed angles
intercept the same arc then,∠ PTE ≅ ∠ PLE .

Figure 1 Figure 2

S M
P E
A
G R

T L O P

^ and ^
Example 2: In figure 2 above, ∠GSO and ∠ RMP intercept GO RP ,
respectively. If

Now, let us prove the first theorem discussed earlier. “If an angle is inscribed in a circle,
then measure of an inscribed angle is equal to one-half the measure of its intercepted
arc”.

In proving the theorem, you must consider 3 cases:

Case 1: The center of the circle lies on one side of the inscribed angle.

Given: ⨀ O with inscribed angle ∠ BAC and

AC is a diameter.

^ 1
Prove: m∠ BAC = m BC
2 B

A O
C

36
Proof:

Statements Reason

1. ⨀ O with inscribed angle ∠ BAC and

AC is a diameter. 1. Given
2. Draw OB 2. Two points determine exactly one line
3. OA ≅ OB 3. Radii of a circle are congruent
4. ∆ BAO is an isosceles triangle 4. Definition of isosceles triangle
5. ∠ BAC ≅ ∠OBA 5. Isosceles Triangle Theorem
6. m∠ BOC=m∠ BAC + m∠OBA 6. Measure of an exterior angle of a
triangle is equal to the sum of the
measures of its remote interior angles
7. m∠ BOC=m∠ BAC + m∠ BAC 7. Substitution Property
¿ 2 m∠ BAC
8. m∠ BOC=m BC^ 8. The measure of a central angle is equal
to the measure of its intercepted arc.
^
9. 2 m∠ BAC=m BC 9. Transitive Property of Equality

^ 1 10. Multiplication Property of Equality

10. m∠ BAC = m BC
2

Case 2: The center of the circle lies in the interior of the inscribed angle.

B
Given: ⨀ O with inscribed ∠ BAC

^ 1 O D
Prove: m∠ BAC = m BC
2 A
To prove: Draw diameter AD C

Proof:

Statement Reason
1 ^ 1. Case 1
1. m∠ BAD= m BD
2
1 ^ 2. Case 1
2. m∠CAD= m C D
2
3. 3. Addition Property of Equality

37
 1 1 ^
m∠ BAD+ m∠ CAD= m ^ BD + m CD
2 2
1 ^ ^ 4. Angle Addition Postulate
4. m∠ BAC = (m BD +m C D)
2
1 ^ 5. Arc Addition Postulate
5. m∠ BAC = m BC
2

Case 3: The center of the circle lies in the exterior of the inscribed angle.

Given: ⨀ O with inscribed ∠ BAC

^ 1
Prove: m∠ BAC = m BC O D
2
A
To prove: Draw diameter AD
C
B

Proof:

1 1. Case 1
1. m∠ DAC = m ^
DC and
2
1
m∠ DAB= m ^ DB
2
2. m∠ DAC +m ∠ BAC =m∠ DAB or 2. Angle Addition Postulate
m∠ BAC =m∠ DAB−m∠ DAC
^ + m BC
3. m DC ^ =m DB
^ or 3. Arc Addition Postulate
^ =m DB
m BC ^
^ - m DC
1 4. By Subtraction
4. m∠ DAB−m ∠ DAC = m ^ DB -
2
1 ^
m DC or
2
1 ^¿
m∠ DAB−m ∠ DAC = ¿ - m DC
2
1 ^ 5. By Substitution
5. m∠ BAC = m B C
2

Exercise No. 6

38
Complete the two-column proof of the theorem which states that “If two inscribed
angles of a circle (or congruent circles) intercept congruent arcs or the same arc, then
 Proof:
Statements Reason

1. ^
PR ≅ ^
AC
^ ≅ m^
2. m PR AC

^ 1
3. m∠ PQR= m PR and
2
1
m∠ ABC = m ^
AC
2
1
4. m∠ PQR= m ^
AC
2
5. m∠ PQR=m ∠ ABC

6. ∠ PQR ≅ ∠ ABC

LESSON
3 Circles

Content Standard: Performance Standard:

The learner will demonstrates
understanding of key concepts of
circles and coordinate geometry.
The learners should be able to formulate and
find solutions to challenging situations involving
circles and other related terms in different
disciplines
39 through appropriate and accurate
representations.
 Lesson Proper
Motivational Activity
Activity No. 1
Directions: Read and understand each question properly. Write the letter of the
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
________1. What do you call the point of intersection of the tangent line and the circle?

A. point of direction B. point of tangent line

C. tangent intersection D. point of tangency

________2. It is a line that intersects a circle at exactly two points.

A. chords B. diameter C. secant D. tangent

________3. What do you call a line that intersects a circle at exactly one point?
A. chords B. diameter C. secant D. tangent

________4. A line that is tangent to two circles in the same plane is called ___.

A. common tangent B. congruent tangent

C. equal tangent D. internal tangent

________5. What do you call the part of a secant segment that is outside a circle?

A. exterior segment B. external secant segment

C. internal secant segment D. interior segment

LECTURE 1

Circles: Tangents and Secants of a Circle

Remember ME?

Tangent line is a line that intersects the circle at exactly one point called the point of
tangency.
Secant line is a line that intersects a circle at exactly two points and contains a chord of a
circle.

Theorems on Angles Formed by Tangents and Secants

40
 A. If two secants, a tangent and a secant or two tangents intersect in the exterior
of a
circle, then the measure of the angle formed is one-half the positive difference of the
measures of the intercepted arcs.
B. If two secants intersect in the interior of the circle, then the measure of an angle
formed is one-half the sum of the measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its
vertical angle.
C. If a secant and a tangent intersect at the point of tangency, then the measure of
each angle formed is one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.

External Secant Segment- is the part of a secant segment that is outside a circle.
*If two chords of a circle intersect, then the product of the measures of the segments of
one chord is equal to the product of the measures of the segments of the other chord.
*If two secant segments are drawn to a circle from an exterior point, then the product
of the lengths of one secant segment and its external secant segment is equal to the
product of the lengths of the other secant segment and its external secant segment.
*If a tangent segment and a secant segment are drawn to a circle from an exterior
point, then the square of the length of the tangent segment is equal to the product of
the lengths of the secant segment and its external secant segment

1. Solve for x in the figure 1.

Note: If two secants, a tangent and a
secant or two tangents intersect in the
exterior of a circle, then the measure of
the angle formed is one-half the positive
difference of the measures of the
intercepted arcs.

Solution: angle x =

= 30°
41
42
1. What is the measure of angle ADB in figure 2?

Note: If two secants, a tangent and a secant

or two tangents intersect in the exterior of a
circle, then the measure of the angle formed
is one-half the positive difference of the
measures of the intercepted arcs.

Solution: angle ADB =

= 35°

3. Given circle O, what is the measure of angle ADC?

Note: If two secants, a tangent and a secant or

two tangents intersect in the exterior of a
circle, then the measure of the angle formed is
one-half the positive difference of the
measures of the intercepted arcs.

Solution: angle ADC =

43
 4. Line AB and line CD intersect in the interior of a circle. Find the value of x in
the figure.

Note: If two chords of a circle intersect, then the product

of the measures of the segments of one chord is equal to
the product of the measures of the segments of the
other chord.

6. In the figure below, what is value of x?

Solution: angle x =

= 50°

5. What is the measure of angle ABC, if the measure of arc AB is 130°?

Note: If a secant and a tangent intersect at the point of

tangency, then the measure of each angle formed is
one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.

Solution: angle ABC =

= 65°

44
 Note: If two chords of a circle intersect, then the product
of the measures of the segments of one chord is equal to
the product of the measures of the segments of the
other chord.

Solution: SL*LA = DL*LN

12*x = 9*4

12x = 36

x=9

7. What is the length of segment BA if segment CB=3, CD=4, and DE=5?

Note: If two secant segments are drawn to a circle from an

exterior point, then the product of the lengths of one secant
segment and its
external secant segment is equal to the product of the lengths
of the other secant segment and its external secant segment.

Solution: CB(CB + BA) = CD(CD + DE)

3(3 + BA) = 4(4 + 5)

9 + 3BA = 4(9)

9 +3BA = 36

3BA= 36-9

3BA= 27

BA= 9

8.What is the length of segment CD in the figure?

Note : If a tangent segment and a secant segment

45 are drawn to a circle from an exterior point,
then the square of the length of the tangent segment is equal to the product of the lengths of
 Solution: (CD)2 = CB(CB + BA)

X2 = 4(4 +5)

X2 = 4(9)

X2= 36

Figure/ X= 6
Term
Expression/ Discussion
s
Equation
Tangent is a line
that intersects the
circle at exactly one
point called the point
Tangent of tangency.
Line and
Secant Tangent Line SecantisLine
Secant a line that
Line intersects a circle at
exactly two points
and contains a chord
of a circle.

46
2.
Intersecting
secants

If two secants, a tangent and a secant or

two tangents intersect in the exterior of a
Intersecting circle, then the measure of the angle
3. secant and formed is one-half the positive difference
tangent of the measures of the intercepted arcs.

Intersecting
tangents
4.

If two secants intersect in the interior of

the circle, then the measure of an angle
Intersecting
formed is one-half the sum of the
5. secants inside a
measures of the arcs intercepted by the
circle
angle and its vertical angle.

If two chords of a circle intersect, then the

product of the measures of the segments
Intersecting of one chord is equal to the product of the
6.
chords measures of the segments of the other
chord.

If two secant segments are drawn to a

circle from an exterior point, then the
product of the lengths of one secant
segment and its external secant segment is
7. Secant segments
equal to the product of the lengths of the
other secant segment and its external
secant segment.

If a tangent segment and a secant

segment are drawn to a circle from an
Tangent segment
exterior point, then the square of the
8. and
length of the tangent segment is equal to
Secant segment
the product of the lengths of the secant
segment and its external secant segment.

47
 Activity No. 2

Name : __________________________ Score: ______________

Grade/ Section : _______________________ Date: ______________

Tell whether the statement is true or false. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if it is wrong.
_______1. Tangent line is a line that intersects the circle in at least one point.

_______2. At a given point on a circle, at least one line can be drawn that is tangent
to the circle.

_______3. The point of intersection of the tangent line and the circle is the point of
tangency.

_______4. If a line is tangent to a circle, then it is perpendicular to the radius drawn

to the point of tangency.

_______5. If two segments from the same exterior point are tangent to a circle, then
the two segments are congruent.

_______6. A common tangent is a line that is tangent to two circles in the same
plane.

_______7. A secant line is a line that intersects a circle at exactly one point.

_______8. A secant contains a chord of a circle.

_______9. If a tangent and a secant intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the
measure of the angle formed is one-half the sum of the measures of the intercepted
arcs.

_______10. If a secant and a tangent intersect at the point of tangency, then the
measure of each angle formed is one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.

_______11. External secant segment is the part of a secant segment that is inside a
circle.

_______12. If two chords of a circle intersect, then the product of the measures of
the segments of one chord is equal to the product of the measures of the segments
of the other chord.

48
 For items # 13-15 refer figure 1

_______13. Point C is the point of tangency.

_______14. Segment AB is an external secant segment.

_______15. Line DF is a secant line.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Name : ______________________________ Score: ______________
Grade/ Section : _______________________ Date: ______________

Tell whether the statement is true or false. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if it is wrong.
For items # 1-3 refer to figure 1

______1. The measure of angle A is one half the sum of the

measures of arc DE and arc BC?

______2. The measure of angle A is one half the positive difference of the measures of
arc DE and arc BC?

______3. The measure of angle A is 40°?

For items # 4-6 refer to figure 2

_____4. The measure of angle A is one half the positive difference of the measures of
arc CBD and arc CB?

______5. Arc CBD measures 260°.

______6. Angle A measures 80°.

For items # 7- 9 refer to figure 3

______7. The measure of angle DEB is 115°.

49
______8. Angle CEB measures 65°.

______9. Angle AED and angle CED are congruent.

For items # 10 -12 refer to figure 4

_____10. If segment AB=4, segment BC=10 and EB = 5, then segment DB is 7.

_____11. Segment DB is congruent to segment EB. If AB=9,

and BC =4, then DB =6.

_____12. The product the measures of AB and BC is equal

to the product of the measures of DB and BE.

For items # 13 -15 refer to figure 5.

_____13. If segment BC is 5 and segment BA is 15, then

segment CD is 10.

_____14. Segment BA is an external secant segment.

_____15. Segment CA measures 20.

50