Pakistan's second Presidential Elections were held on 2 January 1965.

The voting was to be indirect, as

the President had to be elected by the 80,000 "basic democrats", who made up the Electoral College.
These basic Democrats were basically democratically elected public representatives who served in the
Divisional, District, Tehsil or Union councils.

There were two major parties contesting the elections: the Convention Muslim League and the
Combined Opposition Parties. The Combined Opposition Parties consisted of five major opposition
parties, and had a nine-point program, which included restoration of parliamentary democracy and
introduction of direct elections and adult franchise. The Combined Opposition Parties had no single
leadership and were therefore, unable to select a presidential candidate from amongst themselves.
Hence, they chose Fatima Jinnah as their candidate who was seen as an undisputed leader due to her
relationship with Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Meanwhile, the candidate for Convention Muslim League was
the incumbent President Mohammed Ayub Khan. Election campaign

There were four candidates: Ayub Khan, Fatima Jinnah and two obscure people with no party affiliation.
There was a short campaigning period of one month, which was further restricted to nine projection
meetings that were organized by the Election Commission and were attended only by the members of
the Electoral College and members of the press. The public was barred from attending the projection
meetings, which would have enhanced Fatima Jinnah's image.[1]

Ayub Khan

Ayub Khan had came to power in 1958 following the declaration of the 1958 Pakistani coup d'etat. Since
then, he had been serving as a President. He consolidated his position as a Constitutional ruler by
drafting the 1962 constitution. At the time the elections were held, Ayub had introduced a number of
Economic reforms that had increased the growth rate of the country and had also pulled it out of the
severe economic crisis that had begun after the assassination of Prime Minister L.A Khan in 1951. This
had made Ayub a popular ruler. Moreover, being the Commander in Chief of Army, he took several
steps to turn the odds in his favour. He didn't even hesitate to legislate on electoral matters, giving him
an edge over rival candidate, Fatima Jinnah.

Fatima Jinnah

The campaign of Fatima Jinnah suffered from a number of setbacks. An unfair and unequal election
campaign, poor finances, and indirect elections through the Basic Democracy System were some of the
primary problems she faced. However, she had overwhelming support among the public. Many had
sympathies with her as she was the sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, whilst others saw her an excellent
figure to challenge Ayub Khan's Military Dictatorship. Although many clerics had denounced her with
the view that a woman cannot lead a Muslim state, several religious leaders also supported her. The
Jamaat-e-Islami led by Maududi, was a keen supporter of Ms. Jinnah's campaign as she was a
conservative motivated by religious views, as compared to secular Ayub Khan.[2]

Results and aftermath

The election results came in favour of the incumbent President Ayub Khan, who, despite losing the
popular vote, won 62.43% of the Electoral vote, thanks to faithless electors. Fatima Jinnah won 35.86%
of the electoral college votes.[3] Ms. Jinnah was however extremely successful in some areas of the
country. She had swept across major urban centres such as Karachi and Dhaka. Ayub also faced
disappointing results in East Pakistan. However, Ayub had decisively triumphed in rural Pakistan. As
majority of the Electoral College consisted of representatives from the rural setup, Ayub was able to win
a clear majority.

The election results were not accepted by the Combined Opposition Parties, who accused Ayub Khan of
rigging. The COP staged demonstrations and protests, however, didn't gain much public support as Ms.
Jinnah accepted the election results. The Election had an effective result. It further strengthened the
role of Women in politics in Pakistan. Earlier there were only a handful of women politicians, however
since this election women began to enter politics in large numbers and even started to contest for
higher posts.[4]