Mini Cincrete Mixer

MEKELLE UNIVERSITY
ETHIOPIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
FINAL YEAR THESIS
TITLE: DESIGN AND MODEL OF MINI CONCRETE MIXER
NAME ID NO
1. Abraha Gebru …………………… EIT/UR1434 /05
2. Micheale Kindeya ……………….. EIT/UR0938/05
3. Abraha Mezgebe ………………… EIT/UR1098/05
ADVISOR: INR.Mehammod salih
DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page I

Figure 2.1: Cross section of drum mixer [9]......................................................................................................7
Figure 2.2: Reversing drum mixer [10]..............................................................................................................8
Figure 2.3: Tilting drum concrete mixer [12]....................................................................................................8
Figure 2.4: Cement Mixer truck [9]...................................................................................................................9
Figure 2.5: Self Loading Drive Mixer [13]..........................................................................................................9
Figure 2.6: Pan Mixers [8]...............................................................................................................................10
Figure 2.7: Continuous Mixers concrete.........................................................................................................11
Figure 4. 1: Small scale concrete mixer model-1............................................................................................17
Table 2.1: Tilting drum concrete mixer capacity.............................................................................................11

Table 2.2: Reversing concrete mixer capacity.................................................................................................12
Table 2.3: Cement Mixer truck capacity.........................................................................................................12
Contents
CHAPTER-ONE...............................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of a concrete mixer..............................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem statement...................................................................................................................................3
1.3 Objective of the project...........................................................................................................................3
1.5 Significance of the study.........................................................................................................................3
1.6 Scope and limitation of the study............................................................................................................4
CHAPTER-TWO..............................................................................................................................................5
LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Brief history of small scale concrete mixer.............................................................................................5
2.2 Types of concrete mixer..........................................................................................................................6
2.2.1 Batch Mixers.....................................................................................................................................6
f) On-site and small portable concrete mixers.............................................................................................10
2.2.2 Continuous Mixers..........................................................................................................................11
2.3 Definition of terms and concepts...........................................................................................................12
2.3 Mixer characteristics..............................................................................................................................13
DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page II

CHAPTER-THREE........................................................................................................................................15
3. RESEARCH/PROJECT METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................15
3.11 generate concepts about small scale concrete mixers..........................................................................15
3.12 Select concepts for the design of the small scale concrete mixer........................................................15
3.13 design, multi way driven small scale portable mixer machine............................................................15
3.14 prepare part drawing of each components and prepare 3D model of the finalized small scale portable
concrete mixer.............................................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER-FOUR...........................................................................................................................................16
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT........................................................................................................................16
4.1 Concept generation criteria....................................................................................................................16
4.2 Concept selection...................................................................................................................................16
4.2.1 Selection criteria.............................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER - FIVE..........................................................................................................................................21
DESIGN ANALYSIS.....................................................................................................................................21
Design of drum................................................................................................................................................21
Figure 5.1: Drum.............................................................................................................................................24
5.2 Design of blades....................................................................................................................................26
Figure 5.2: Blade of mixing drum Figure 5.3: Cross section of the blade.......................26
5.3 Design of ring gear and the pinion gear................................................................................................28
Design of shaft.............................................................................................................................................32
5.13 Design of shafts for the pinion gear.....................................................................................................37
5.6Design of belt..........................................................................................................................................38
Figure 5.6: Angles and other parameters of pulley and belt contact...............................................................40
Figure 5.7: V- belt and V-grooved pulley.......................................................................................................41
Table 5.3 Dimensions of standard V- belts according to IS: 2494-1997........................................................41
Table 5.4 Dimensions of standard V- grooved pulley according to IS: 2494 - 1974......................................42
Figure 5.8: Dimensions of the belt..................................................................................................................42
4.7 Design of pulleys...................................................................................................................................45
DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page III
CHAPTER-ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of a concrete mixer

A concrete mixer is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and
water to form concrete or a powered device that mixes concrete with water and aggregate, such as sand or
pea gravel, to make concrete. A concrete mixer is comprised primarily of a motor, a rotating drum. Inside
the drum, the materials used to make concrete spin around, mixing together evenly and remaining soft for
application and forming. Concrete Mixer is one of the first-rate products that have a wider acceptance in the
market it plays vital role in construction buildings and industries [1].
Concrete mixers range from the very large commercial mixing truck to the smaller portable concrete mixer
sometimes called a mini mixer. The smaller cement mixers are known as mini cement mixers, and are used
for minor works. The smaller concrete mixers are used to make the concrete at the site of construction.
Adequate time is available for the concrete hardening, before being used. The small concrete mixers are
used for production of small batches, and are normally electric powered or manually operates, and equipped
with wheels for movement. A cement mixer primarily consists of a drum, motor, blades and shaft. The
materials required for the production of concrete are thoroughly mixed in the drum. The mixing is even, and
the aggregate remains soft for forming and application. Use of cement mixers may not be essential for the
minor repair work, when the concrete is mixed manually [2].
In describing the mixing process, the mixer hardware is only one of several components. The mixing
process also includes the loading method, the discharge method, the mixing time, and the mixing energy.
The loading method includes the order of loading the constituents into the mixer and also the duration of the
loading period. The duration of this period depends on how long the constituents are mixed dry before the
addition of water and how fast the constituents are loaded. The loading period is extended from the time
when the first constituent is introduced in the mixer to when all the constituents are in the mixer.The
loading period can be into two parts: dry mixing and wet mixing. Dry mixing is the mixing that occurs
during loading but before water is introduced. Wet mixing is the mixing after or while water is being
introduced, but still during loading. This means that materials are introduced any time during the loading
period: all before the water, all after the water, partially before and partially after. The loading period is
important because some of the concrete properties will depend on the order in which the constituents are
introduced in the mixer [3].
DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 1

Unfortunately, there is no systematic study, to our knowledge, that has examined the influence
of the order of constituent loading on concrete properties. Most operators rely on experience and trial and
error to determine the loading order of their mixer. Very often, the mixing time is defined as the time
elapsed between the loadings of the first constituent to the final discharge of the concrete. It should be noted
that solid constituents can be added at various stages of the loading period. In any case, it is important that
the mixing process be described fully for each batch of concrete. The discharge from the mixer should be
arranged so that it increases productivity (fast discharge), and it does not modify (slow discharge) the
homogeneity of the concrete. For instance, if the discharge involves a sudden change in velocity asin falling
a long distance onto a rigid surface there could be a separation of the constituents by size or, in other words,
segregation. Parameters that can be controlled are the rotation speed of the drum and, in certain mixers, the
angle of inclination of the rotation axis.
To determine the mixing method best suited for a specific application, factors to be considered include
location of the construction site (distance from the batching plant), the amount of concrete needed, the
construction schedule (volume of concrete needed per hour), and the cost. However, the main consideration
is the quality of the concrete produced. This quality is determined by the performance of the concrete and
by the homogeneity of the material after mixing and placement [4].
There should be a methodology to determine the quality of the concrete produced, but only few methods
and only one attempt of standardization were found in the literature. The methodology to determine the
quality of the concrete mixed is often referred to as the measurement of the efficiency of the mixer. The
efficiency parameters of a mixer are affected by the order in which the various constituents of the concrete
are introduced into the mixer, the type of mixer, and the mixing energy (power and duration) used. Purpose
is to lift the materials as the drum rotates. In each rotation, the lifted material drops back into the mixer at
the bottom of the drum and the cycle starts again. Parameters that can be controlled are the rotation speed of
the drum and, in certain mixers, the angle of inclination of the rotation axis [5].
As for all materials, the performance of concrete is determined by its microstructure. Its microstructure is
determined by its composition, its curing conditions, and also by the mixing method and mixer conditions
used to process the concrete. The mixing procedure includes the type of mixer, the order of introduction of
the materials into the mixer, and the energy of mixing (duration and power). To control the workability of
the fresh concrete, for example, it is important to control how the concrete is processed during manufacture.
Further, the advantages and disadvantages of the different mixers and mixing methods and their application
will be examined. A review of mixing methods in regards to the quality of the concrete produced and some
procedures used to determine the effectiveness of mixing methods will also be given [6].
A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works
portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the
workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens. An alternative to a machine is mixing concrete or
concrete by hand.

In our country Ethiopia mixers are used mostly in large projects the commonly used types of mixers are the
tilting type, reversing type, and the truck mixer for high mixing volume. In small projects home owners and
rural areas mixing is performed by hand.
1.2 Problem statement

It is known that concrete mixer is one of the first-rate products that plays vital role in the construction
buildings and industries and also in small scale projects. But in our country there are a lot of problems
existing related with homeowners attempting small concrete projects such as a patio, sidewalk repair, or
small slabs, in accessible areas or sites such as underground and pole works in different rural areas or
mountains that needs small scale portable concrete mixer, high rising buildings for plastering or other works
to produce concrete, other projects that needs smaller volumes of concrete have no access to a mixer due to
cost, transportation and they need a small scale portable concrete mixer.
1.3 Objective of the project

General objective:
The major objective of the project is to design a small scale concrete mixer for small scale projects.
Specific objective:
The project specifically focuses:
 To generate and select concepts for the design of the small scale concrete mixer.
 To design multi way of driven small scale portable mixer.
 To prepare geometric analysis and design of each components of the small scale concrete mixer.
 To prepare part drawing of each components and prepare 3D model of the finalized small scale
portable concrete mixer
1.5 Significance of the study

Today many buildings are ongoing process in our country this machine will be supportive for any building
process. As the designed concrete mixer is easy to handle and transport from place to place and throughout
the building it can be used simply at long buildings in any floor. The small scale concrete mixer havealso
many advantages specifically in small scale projects and the main advantages are it will minimize the time
needed to produce concrete by hand especially in rural areas for home owners andreduces the output labor
cost and giving the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens because only the needed
amount of concrete can be produced. It reduces the cost for fuel since it have alternative manual driving
mechanisms.

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study
The project covers gathering full information about concrete mixer and related to the problem through
different techniques mainly observation, interviewing peoples, searching in literature, &other related
machine design books, design of every component of the small scale portable concrete mixer machine such
as belt, shaft, pulley, drum, ring gear, pinion gear etc. And prepare detail manufacturing drawing for each
part. The design includes also material selection, mechanism design, dimensional analysis, power
requirement, strength analysis, component selection preparation of 3D model of the finalized small scale
portable concrete mixer using by CAD software. There are also different limitations related to our project
some of those are absence of adequate data required, Limitation of internet accesses and also there is no
budget to manufacture the machine.

CHAPTER-TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Brief history of small scale concrete mixer

The Egyptians, the Mesopotamian and Greeks were among the first who used concrete, but they did not use
it quite often. Instead, it is the Romans who began to use it a lot in their buildings about the time of Emperor
Nero, 60 AD. From then on, they used it more and more. That is why much old Romanic architecture we
can still see today is made of concretes. A Concrete is a kind of man-made stone. You make it by mixing
limes, clay, sand and water. You can do the mixing either by hand or by machine. The machine is called a
concrete mixer, or a cement mixer [7].
It keeps a mystery when the first concrete mixer came into existence. Mixers were first seen as trays that
were heated over coal fires. Aggregate was dried in this tray, and then asphalt would be poured on top of it.
This mix was then stirred by hand. Drums were soon after invented, and wheels were later added in order to
make it easier for the building of roadways and sidewalks. The concrete mixer has a long history. It started
in 1916 when Stephen Stepanian applied to patent a motorized transit mixer that he had developed to
replace the horse-drawn concrete mixer that was in use at the time. Stepanian’s concrete mixer churned the
mixture as the cart wheels turned wooden paddles. This design was not only of limited use, but was also
slow and cumbersome. However, much could be said of the trucks and engines of the same period. It was
not until the 1940s that truck frames and engines were capable of carrying thousands of pounds of unset or
wet concrete. Actually, the large drum mixer trucks on the road today are not a great deal removed from
Stepanian’s idea of better concrete transit. A mobile concrete mixer consists of a frame, an engine, and a
rotating mixer. The mixer changed as technology did. Today most mixers have a separate tank for water in
the truck. One spinning drum is filled with the dry ingredients and when the truck is near the site, the water
is added so the concrete is fresh when the truck arrives at the site [6].
Mixing concrete has changed a great deal in some ways over the years and not much in others. Technology
has impacted the efficiency and effectiveness of how quickly concrete is mixed and where it is mixed. It is
still delivered by truck and mixed on the back of the trucks. The trucks are just a big bigger and faster today
than they were when Stephen Stepanian first envisioned his motorized transit mixer. In the modern society;
concrete mixer has played an indispensable role in various constructions. To meet different needs under
different conditions, concrete mixers are becoming larger and larger in quantity while better and better in
quality. Today's market increasingly requires consistent homogeneity and short mixing times for the
industrial production of ready-mix concrete, and more so for precast concrete. This has resulted in new

technologies for concrete production. Worldwide, therefore, twin-shaft batch mixers are becoming more
important for high-quality concrete production. They introduce very high turbulence into the mix and
achieve about 95% homogeneity at only around 30 seconds mixing time per batch [7].
2.2 Types of concrete mixer

Concrete mixers range from the very large commercial mixing truck to the smaller, portable concrete mixer
sometimes called a mini mixer. The smaller cement mixers are known as mini cement mixers, and are used
for minor works.
But there are two main categories of concrete mixers: batch mixers and continuous mixers. The first type
of mixer produces concrete one batch at a time, while the second type produces concrete at a constant rate.
The first type needs to be emptied completely after each mixing cycle, cleaned (if possible), and reloaded
with the materials for the next batch of concrete. In the second type, the constituents are continuously
entered at one end as the fresh concrete exits the other end. The various designs of each type of mixer will
now be discussed.
2.2.1 Batch Mixers
Two main types of batch mixer can be distinguished by the orientation of the axis of rotation: horizontal or
inclined (drum mixers) or vertical (pan mixers). The drum mixers have a drum, with fixed blades, rotating
around its axis, while the pan mixers may have either the blades or the pan rotating around the axis. Batch
Mixing Time Mix each batch for at least 50 seconds but not more than 90 seconds. During this time, the
drum revolves at the rate specified above. Start the mixing time after all solid materials are in the drum.
Introduce the mixing water to the drum ahead of the other materials and continue to discharge for short time
after all solid materials are in the drum [9].
 Drum Mixers
All the drum mixers have a container with a cross section. The blades are attached to the inside of the
movable drum. Their main purpose is to lift the materials as the drum rotates. In each rotation, the lifted
material drops back into the mixer at the bottom of the drum and the cycle starts again. Parameters that can
be controlled are the rotation speed of the drum and, in certain mixers, the angle of inclination of the
rotation axis. Drum mixers (reversing drum mixer and tilting drum mixers), used where large volumes
(batch sizes of 3–9 m3) are being produced. This type of mixer dominates the ready-mixed market as it is
capable of high production speeds, ideal for slump concrete, and where overall cost of production is
important. Drum mixers have the lowest maintenance and operating cost of the three styles of mixers.[9]

Figure 1.1: Cross section of drum mixer [9]
There are many types of drum mixers but the common ones are the following:
a) Non-tilting drum mixer;
The non-tilting drum mixer implies that the orientation of the drum is fixed. The materials are added at one
end and discharged at the other end.
b) Reversing drum mixer;
The reversing drum is similar to the non-tilting mixer except that the same opening is used to add the
constituents and to discharge concrete. The drum rotates in one direction for mixing and in the opposite
direction for discharging the concrete. There are two types of blades attached to the inner walls of the drum.
One set drags the concrete upwards and toward the center of the mixer when the drum rotates in one
direction; the second set of blades pushes the concrete toward the opening when the drum rotates in the
other direction. The blades have a spiral arrangement to obtain the desired effect for discharge and mixing.
Reversing drum mixers are usually used for batches up to 1 m3 The truck mixers belong to the reversing
category of drum mixers. The driver of the truck can control the speed of rotation with a clutch in the cabin.
The speed depends on whether the concrete has been well mixed prior to being placed in the truck or
whether the truck has to do most of the mixing. Typically the speed for mixing is 1.57 rad/s (15 rpm), while
the transport of pre-mixed concrete uses only 0.2 rad/s (2 rpm) to0.6 rad/s (6 rpm). In the United States,
most ready-mixed concrete is mixed in trucks and not pre-mixed in a plant [10].

Figure 2.2: Reversing drum mixer [10]
c) Tilting drum concrete mixer.
The axis of rotation the drum is at an angle. They are common in various sizes. They are most suitable for
concrete with large sized aggregate and, since they have a rapid discharge rate, are suitable for low
workability concrete. Internal blades lift and tumble the ingredients into itself. Two primary types exist:
horizontal (one end has and opening for charging and a different end for discharging) and single drum
(materials are charged and discharged through a single opening). In a tilting drum mixer the inclination can
be varied. When the drum is almost horizontal (inclination≈0), more energy is provided to the concrete
because more concrete is lifted to the full diameter of the drum before dropping. It is during the drop that
the concretes knitted and mixed. Therefore, the higher the drop, the higher the energy imparted to the
concrete. If the axis of rotation is almost vertical the blades cannot lift the concrete and the concrete is not
well mixed. The drum axis usually stays at an angle of about 15 from horizontal during mixing. To
discharge the concrete the drum is tilted downwards below the horizontal plane. The tilting drum is the most
common type of drum mixer for small batches (less than 0.5m3) both in the laboratory and in the field[11].
Figure 3.3: Tilting drum concrete mixer [12]
d) Mobile Cement Mixer (transport trucks)
Mobile cement mixers are used for the transportation of concrete from one region to another. They are
called transport trucks or in-transit mixers. A large commercial concrete mixer truck is used for mixing and
transporting large volumes of concrete for use on a building site. Mobile cement mixers, like trucks, are
frequently employed for pouring purposes in multiple areas. The cement mixer permits control of the
concrete quantity that is required, and provides flexibility for adding aggregate to the batch. These mixers

are filled with the dry ingredients and water, while the mixture is produced during transportation. The
mixed material is loaded into the cement truck, and the liquid state of mixture is maintained by agitation or
drum rotation till delivery. The drum interior has a spiral blade that pushes and rotates the concrete, so that
it maintains the desired liquid state. This is called mixer charging [6].
When the drum rotates in the other direction, the Archimedes' screw-type arrangement "discharges", or
forces the concrete out of the drum. From there it may go onto chutes to guide the viscous concrete directly
to the job site. If the truck cannot get close enough to the site to use the chutes, the concrete may be
discharged into a concrete pump, connected to a flexible hose, or onto a conveyor belt which can be
extended some distance (typically ten or more meters). A pump provides the means to move the material to
precise locations, multi-floor buildings, and other distance prohibitive locations. Buckets suspended from
cranes are also used to place the concrete. The drum is traditionally made of steel but on some newer trucks
as a weight reduction measure, fiberglass has been used [9].
Figure 4.4: Cement Mixer truck [9]
e) Self-loading Drive Mixer
Self-loading drive mixer is one of the industry leading products that have a wider acceptance in the
market. This is made up of strong stainless steel along with transporting arrangement, enables the user to
move this vehicle anywhere inside the building. The self-loading facility reduces the manual work to great
extent and it produces an accurate operation. Our products are widely used at construction purposes for
various mixing of sand and cement products [13].

Figure 5.5: Self Loading Drive Mixer [13]
f) On-site and small portable concrete mixers
A typical portable concrete mixer uses a small revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller jobs the
concrete made at the construction site has no time lost in transport, giving the workers ample time to use the
concrete before it hardens. Portable concrete mixers may be powered by a gasoline engine, although it is
more common that they are powered by electric motors using standard mains current [10].
These concrete mixers are further divided based on their loading mechanism. Cement, sand and other
aggregates are loaded in a hydraulically operated hopper and then poured in the mixing drum for final
mixing and then can be unloaded by tilting the drum. While in Hand Feed Concrete Mixers, cement, sand
and other aggregates are directly added to the mixing drum manually. These both type of concrete mixers
are highly popular and used in regular construction activities in Africa, some Middle Eastern Countries and
in the Indian subcontinent [11].
For smaller jobs, such as residential repairs, renovations, or hobbyist-scale projects, many cubic yards of
concrete are usually not required. Bagged cement is readily available in small-batch sizes, and aggregate
and water are easily obtained in small quantities for the small work site.
 Pan mixers (Vertical Axis Mixers)
The vertical axis mixers are generally employed for the production of prestressed and precast concrete.
These cement mixers are suitable for small batches colored concrete, and several discharge points. The
types of vertical axis mixers are planetary mixers and the pan mixers.
All pan mixers work on basically the same principle .A cylindrical pan (fixed or rotating) contains the
concrete to be mixed, while one or two sets of blades rotate inside the pan to mix the materials and a blade
scrapes the wall of the pan. The shapes of the blades and the axes of rotation vary. The other element of the
mixer is the scraper. Sometimes the axis of rotation of the blades coincides with the pan axis. To discharge
the mixer, the pan is usually emptied through a trap on the bottom. For small mixers (less than 20 L) the
blades are lifted and the pan can be removed to empty the mixture [8].
Figure 6.6: Pan Mixers [8]

2.2.2 Continuous Mixers
The second category of mixers is continuous mixers. As the name indicates, the materials are continuously
fed into the mixer at the same rate as the concrete is discharged. They are usually non-tilting drums with
screw-type blades rotating in the middle of the drum. The drum is tilted downward toward the discharge
opening. These mixers are used for applications that require a short working time, long unloading time,
remote sites (not suitable for ready-mix) and/or small deliveries. A major use of these types of mixers is for
low slump concretes (e.g., pavements). Due to the short mixing time, the air content is not easily controlled
even with the addition of air entraining admixtures [14].
Figure 7.7: Continuous Mixers concrete
Most commonly used types of concrete mixers in our surrounding and their mixing capacity are listed
below.
Tilting drum concrete mixer
To produce a ready mixed concrete the mixer needs the following volume of ingredients
Table 1.1: Tilting drum concrete mixer capacity
Mass Volume Density

(Kg) (m³) (Kg/m³)
Sand 100 0.0625 1600
Aggregate 150 0.0893 1680
Cement 50 0.033 1506
Water 20 0.02 1000
Drum volume = volume sand +volume aggregate +volume cement +volume water
Drum volume=(0.0625+0.0893+0.0333+0.02)m3

Drum volume= 0.205m3
Drum v =205L
It has a capacity of producing 320 kg of concrete in one batch.
Reversing concrete mixer

Table 2.2: Reversing concrete mixer capacity
Mass Volume Density

(Kg) (m³) (Kg/m³)
Sand 200 0.125 1600
Aggregate 300 0.1786 1680
Cement 100 0.0664 1506
Water 40 0.04 1000
Drum volume=(0.125+0.1786+0.0664+0.04)m3
Drum v = 410L
Cement Mixer truck
Table 3.3: Cement Mixer truck capacity
Mass Volume Density

(Kg) (m³) (Kg/m³)
Sand 4200 2.625 1600
Aggregate 6300 3.75 1680
Cement 2100 1.3944 1506
Water 840 0.84 1000
Drum volume=(2.625+3.75+1.3944+0.84)m3
Drum v = 6253.8L
Common capacity mobile mixer concrete truck 6.1 m3

2.3 Definition of terms and concepts
Let’s compare and contrast the components and select the best.
 Belt: Belts are classified in many types according to usage, position, shape like flat belt, v-belt,
chain belt etc., but Belt drives are different from the belts, these are described as the combination of
pulleys according to their position and also their carrying or transmitting power from one pulley to
another pulley.
 Bearing: Bearings are used as a mechanical component to transfer the power and to move a certain
part, and this is done by utilizing the small frictional force of the bearings, which makes them rotate
easily.
 Shaft: This shaft contains the second pulley and the gear pinion& the support part of the mixer.
There are two types of shafts hollow shaft and solid shaft.
 Drum: The drum is the main component of the mixer in which the mixing process of the concrete is
done.
 Blade: Mixing blades are used to distribute and agitate the ingredient uniformly by carrying up solid
parts and dropping it down to the bottom in to the liquid part.
 Ring gear: gear witch receives power from pinion gear and rotates the drum.
 Pinion gear: The small gear which drives the ring gear.
 Axel: The axel is the one that supports the wheels.
 Key: A key is a piece of mild steel inserted between the shaft and hub or boss of the pulley to connect
these together in order to prevent relative motion between them.
 Belt: Belt is a witch is used to transmit power.
 Bolt: bolts that are used to connect the ring gear and the drum.
 Frame: The frames are used for the supporting of the whole mixer components. The type of
structural tubing we used is square type because it can with stand higher load.
 Wheel: wheel is used to transport from one place to another place.
2.3 Mixer characteristics

Drum speed: The best mixing action occurs when the drum is turning 18 to 24 RPM. Do not operate
outside of this speed range. Increasing the drum speed does not significantly change mixing characteristics.
Mixing Energy: The mixing energy is defined as the product of the average power consumption during the
whole mixing cycle and the duration of the mixing cycle. For reasons of economics, the mixing energy
should be kept low but the quality of the concrete should be considered first [11].
Mixer efficiency: The concept of mixer efficiency is used to qualify how well a mixer can produce a
uniform concrete from its constituents. Performance attributed as indictors of efficiency are the following
points [8].

 Workability of the concrete as defined.
 Density of the concrete
 Compressive strength
 Distribution of cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates in the mixer
 Variation in compressive strength and
 Variations in consistency as measured by the slump test with increased mixing time.
Cleaning
Long usage of a mixer leads wear of the blades and/or scraper, or the buildup of materials (hardened mortar
or cement paste) on the blades, the container, and/or the pattern of the concrete and may lead to the changes
in the concrete product. To avoid this situation the concrete mixer should be thoroughly cleaned at the end
of each days of operation and the blades and/or scarper changed on a regular schedule. Under normal
operating conditions, adding water and some aggregate to the drum immediately after emptying will wash
and clean the mixing paddles and the inside of the drum and keep them clean. If a slow buildup of residue is
occurring, add water and coarse aggregate to the drum at the end of the working day and let it run for 15
minutes. If the coarse aggregate does not remove the build-up, disable the machine by unplugging the
power cord or disconnecting the spark plug wire and using a hammer and chisel to remove the lumps. If
your machine is equipped with a poly drum, use a rubber mallet to strike the outside and break the build-up
loose. If you do not have a rubber mallet, lay a 2 x 4 against the drum. Hit the 2 x 4 with a hammer. The
wood will provide protection for the poly drum. At the end of the working day, thoroughly wash the inside
of the drum and the outside of the machine to remove any residue build-up or clumps. Do not get water on
the electric motor or gas engine [11].

CHAPTER-THREE
3. RESEARCH/PROJECT METHODOLOGY
Methodology is one of the most important things to be considered to ensure that the project will run
smoothly and achieve the objectives. Project methodology will describe the flow of the project progress.
The project methodology shows us how the project started, how data was collected, and how the next steps
done. The following steps will be used to accomplish the goals of this project: The following steps will be
used to accomplish the goals of this project:
3.11 generate concepts about small scale concrete mixers

Gathering information related to a concrete mixer generally and related to small scale concrete mixers
specifically. This is accomplished through observation that is what types of concrete mixers are they and
what is the problem area in our surrounding, interviewing peoples orally, searching different literature,
related works in internet that is done before and other related materials.
3.12 Select concepts for the design of the small scale concrete mixer
Different selection criteria are included to choose which appropriate concept is needed for the design of the
small scale concrete mixer machine
Considering overall size of the mixer, mixing capacity, mobility and easy to operate are the main ones
3.13 design, multi way driven small scale portable mixer machine
The design includes force analysis, geometric analysis and determining part dimension of each components
of the small scale concrete mixer and can be done by referring different machine design books, internet and
other references.
3.14 prepare part drawing of each components and prepare 3D model of the finalized small scale
portable concrete mixer.
Solid work software is used to prepare the part drawing and 3D model of the finalized small scale portable
concrete mixer.

CHAPTER-FOUR
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
4.1 Concept generation criteria

Generating concept have restrictions which are the small scale concrete mixer should be portable and two
way driven (motor driven and manually)
4.2 Concept selection

To select the required small scale concrete mixer different selection criteria’s are used to compare each
model and the main ones are such as reliability, manufacturability, maintainability, easy to operation,
complexity, efficiency, less total weight (compactness), energy consumption and mobility etc.
4.2.1 Selection criteria

 Manufacturability: Is the machine easy to manufacture or not?
 Maintainability: Does the machine easily maintained (repair) and cleaned locally by unskilled or
skilled person.
 Easy of operation: Does the machine can be operated by any skilled or unskilled person.
 Stability: Is the machine stable under load
 Serviceability: Is the ease of repair and recovery of the machine (how easy is it to repair the
product?)
 Reliability: Probability of the machine failing with in specified period of time.(how often does the
product fail?
 Less total Weight: Because the mobility and energy required to operate the machine depend on the
weight of the machine so that this factor answers the question, is the machine is simple/compact or
difficult?
 Less Complexity: Is the machine simple or complex in application assembly repair and cleaning.
 Mobility: is the machine simple to move (transport) from place to place?
 Efficiency: this is the main factor which describes the ability/capacity of the machine in producing
the required concrete.

Model-1
Figure 8. 1: Small scale concrete mixer model-1
The axis of rotation the drum is at an angle.

Main components of the concrete mixer
1. Tilting handle 5.Pinion gear 9.Tire
2. Handle 6.Ring gear 10.Engine
3. Pulley 7.Drum
4. Housing for pinion gear 8. Support
Working principle:
The mixer contains diesel engine, drum, pinion & ring gear, belt, handle, pulley and input shaft to drum.The
motor starts and produce s high rotations through the output shat and this rotation is transmit to the pulley
by belt and as the pulley rotates the input shat to the drum rotates then the pinion gear rotates finally the
ring gear rotates horizontally the drum also rotates and mix the cement, water and sand through the blade.
The blades are attached to the inside of the movable drum. Their main purpose is to lift the materials as the
drum rotates. In each rotation, the lifted material drops back into the mixer at the bottom of the drum and
the cycle starts again.
Model-2
Working principle:
The small scale concrete mixer contains diesel engine, belt, pulley, shaft blades, drum, chain, handle.
The motor starts and produce s high rotations through the output shaft and this rotation is transmit to the
pulley by belt and as the pulley rotates the input shaft with the blades rotates then the blades mix the
cement, water, sand, aggregates with fixed drum. The blades are attached with input shaft. Their main

purpose is to mix the materials as the blades rotate. In each rotation, the lifted material drops back into the
mixer at the bottom of the drum and the cycle starts again.
Figure4. 2: Small scale concrete mixer model-2

1. Handle 6. Drum
2. Chain 7. Pulley
3. Bearing 8. Belt
4. Input shaft 9. Engine
5. Blades 10. Frame

Model-3
Figure4. 3: Small scale concrete mixer model-3

1. Bearing 7. Handle
2. Drum 8. Belt
3. Ring gear 9. Engine
4. Pinion gear 10. Frame
5.Pulley 11.Wheel
6. Handle 12.Support
Working principle:
The motor or manual starts and produce s high rotations through the output shat and this rotation is transmit
to the pulley by belt and as the pulley rotates the input shat to the drum rotates then the pinion gear rotates
finally the ring gear rotates horizontally the drum also rotates and mix the cement, water and sand through
the blade. The blades are attached to the inside of the movable drum. Their main purpose is to lift the
materials as the drum rotates.

Design matrix: is a method used to compare and contrast different alternative models or mechanisms by
using different factors/criteria, so that it is easy to select the most suitable and effective one. Thus by using
the above criteria we give the following measurement.
Excellent=5, Very good=4, Good=3, Fair=2 , Poor=1
We can compare the models based on the following parameters and select the best one.
Table 4.1: Comparison of d/t models of small scale concrete mixer
No Some especial Characteristics Model-1 Model-2 Model-3

1 Manufacturability 2 3 4
2 Maintainability 3 4 3
3 Easy to operation 3 4 5
4 Stability 4 3 3
5 Energy consumption 3 3 4
6 Safety 3 3 4
7 Serviceability 3 4 3
8 Reliability 2 4 4
9 Durability 3 3 3
10 Efficiency 4 4 5
11 Less total Weight 2 3 4
12 Less Complexity 2 4 5
13 Less Fuel consumption 2 3 4
14 Total cost 3 2 5
15 Mobility 2 3 4
Total 41 50 60
Based on the above selection criteria model-3 is appropriate for our design.

CHAPTER - FIVE
DESIGN ANALYSIS
Design of drum
Proportioning of Concrete Mixtures

Mixture proportioning refers to the process of determining the quantities of concrete ingredients, using
local materials, to achieve the specified characteristics of the concrete.
The design of concrete mixtures involves the following:
(1) The establishment of specific concrete characteristics, and
(2) The selection of proportions of available materials to produce concrete of required properties, with the
greatest economy.
Proportioning methods have evolved from the arbitrary volumetric method (1:2:4—cement: sand:
stone(coarse aggregate)) of the early 1900s (Abrams 1918) to the present-day weight and absolute volume
methods described in ACI’s Committee 211 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for
Normal,Heavyweight and Mass Concrete (ACI 211.1).
Absolute Volume Method of Concrete Mixture Proportioning
Absolute Volume Method - A more accurate method than weight proportioning methods, it involves use of
specific gravity (SG) values for all the ingredients to calculate the absolute volume each will occupy in a
unit volume of concrete. The absolute volume is computed from a material’s weight and its SG as follows:
weight of material
|.|Vol=
SG∗unit Wt . of H 2 o
Wt. of Mat’l = Abs. Vol. X (SG X Unit Wt. of Water)
Specific Gravity (SG)- A dimensionless ratio of a substance’s density to some standard reference density.
For liquids and solids, the reference density is pure water.
–SG of Water = 1.0
–SG of Portland Cement = 3.15 (3.15 times heavier than water)
–A material that weighs twice as much as an equal volume of water has a SG of 2.0
–SG of normal-weight aggregates ranges between 2.4 and 2.9(commonly, 2.8)
The trial mixes will be
 Portland cement:
1/2bag = 12.5kg
V=12.5/ (3.15*1) = 3.968L

 Water:
W/cm=0.45-0.6 (Water-Cement Material Ratio by mass)
W/12.5=0.5
w=6.25kg =6.25L (1L = 1kg)
 Sand:
V=2*3.968=7.936L
Wt=2.5*7.936*1=22kg (SG=2.5)
 Gravel:
V=4*3.968=15.87 L
Wt=2.8*15.87*1=44kg (SG=2.8)
Total volume of mixture = 0.03339m3 = 33.39L

Total weight of mixture= 84.75kg approx = 85kg
For ease of operation
Assumed mass = 1.6*85kg
= 136kg
Density of concrete = 2320kg/m standard
3
Therefore the total volume of the concrete = mass/density = 136kg/2320kg/m3

= 0.0586m3 = 58.6L
π
V = D2∗h, take h = 600mm = 0.6m
4
D=
√ 4∗0.0586
π∗0.6
Stress on the drum
= 0.476m = 476mm say D = 480mm
 Tensile stress on the circumference of the drum due to centrifugal force of the mixture on the internal
surface
 Stress along the drum due to weight of the mixture.
Centrifugal force
While the drum is rotating the mixture inside the drum will be forced to the wall of the drum. It is applied
mostly in the cylindrical part. Take elemental mass,
dF=d ( ) ()
mv
r
dF=
v
r
dm+ 2m
dv
r
−( )( )
mv
r
dr

mv
dr
dF v
dr
= ( )( dmdr )+( 2mr )( )
r
dv
dr
−
r
dr
dm= ρdv=2 πρhrdr , dv=wdr
( vr ) ( 2 ρπhr )+ ( 2 mwr
r
)
−( mw )=( ) ( 2 πρhr ) +
v
r
2mwr mwr
r
−
r
¿ ( )( 2 ρπhr ) +2 mw−mw=( ) ( 2 πρhr ) +mw

v v
r r
dF=( ( v 2 πρh )+ ( mw ) ) dr
W= (2 πN ¿/¿60= (2 π *20)/60=2.094rad/sec.
We have w=2.09rad/sec, ρ=2320Kg/m³,h=0.3m,R=480/2=240mm=0.24m,
M=136Kg
dF=( ( v 2 πρh )+ ( mw ) ) dr
F = [w ((2 πρh r 2 ¿+(mr )¿ ]
F=[ (2.094) ( (2 π∗2320∗0.3∗(0.24 ) )+(136∗0.24) ) ]

2
= 1.14kN
F 2
P= , A=2 πRh=2∗π∗0.24∗0.3=0.45m
A
F 2
P= =4.4 kN /m
A
Allowable tensile strength of the drum will be ¿ σ /¿ ( 346.5 ) /2
¿ 173.25 Mpa
t=(Pdi )/ ¿=(4.4∗103∗0.48)/(2∗173.25∗10 6)
t¿ 0.052 mm (too small so we proceed ¿consider therest )
Know considering the bolts effect,
F
σt = F is force due ¿ bolt effect
A
F=¿1334.16N
A=t × db ,(db=diameter of the bolt ) ,
¿)
σt =¿ σt /¿ σy / F . S
Let’s take factor of safety F.S=2
σy 165 Mpa
σy of the material=165 Mpa σt= = =82.5 Mpa
F. S 2

1334.16
A¿ A=19 mm ²
82.5
2
19 mm
A=t × dp ,t= =3 mm
6
And also taking a consideration for
 corrosion of the drum
 Due to friction affect between the concrete and the drum material and consideration other factors,
Select the thickens t=3+clerance
thickness = 6mm
Volume of the drum thickens
Figure 5.1: Drum

Volume 2
Assumption
Volume of a cylindrical shell
D1=492mm ( D 1= outer diameter cylinder)
D=480mm (D= inner diameter cylinder)
t =6 from the above calculation
7800 Kg
h1 =200 mm ,h 2=300 mm , h3=100 mm , ρ= 3
m
[ ( π∗( D )2 )
]
2
π∗( D 1 )
V 1= ( ∗h2) −( ∗h2)
4 outer 4 inner
V 1=
[( ( π∗( 0.492 )2)
4
∗0.3 ) (
outer
−
( π∗( 0.48 )2 )
4
∗0.3 )
inner
]
= 0.057 m ³−0.054 m ³
= 0.003m ³
Volume 1
Volume of frustum of a right circular cone shell
D1=492mm ( D 1= outer diameter cylinder)

D=480mm (D=inner diameter cylinder)
d 2=302mm (d 2= outer diameter right circular conic)
d=290mm (d = inner diameter right circular conic)
t=6mm t=thickens of drum
h1 = 200mm
1 2 2 1 2 2
V (conical) = [ ∗π h1 ( R + r + Rr) ¿ ¿outer - [ ∗π h1 (R + r + Rr)¿ ¿inner
3 3
1 2 2
= ∗π∗0.2( 0.246 +0.151 +0.246∗0.151)¿ ¿outer -
3
1 2 2
∗π∗0.2(0.24 +0.145 +0.24∗0.145) ¿ ¿inner
3
¿ 0.025 m ³−0.0238 m³
= 0.0012m ³
Volume 3
D1=492mm D 1=outer diameter cylinder
D=480mm D=inner diameter cylinder
d 3= 362mm d 3=outer diameter conic
d = 350mm d=inner diameter conic
h3 =100mm
1 2 2 1 2 2
V (conical) = [ ∗π h3 ( R +r + Rr) ¿ ¿outer - [ ∗π h3 (R +r + Rr)¿ ¿inner
3 3
1 2 2
= ∗π∗0.1( 0.246 +0.181 +0.246∗0.181)¿ ¿outer -
3
1 2 2
∗π∗0.1(0.24 +0.175 +0.24∗0.175) ¿ ¿inner
3
¿ 0.043 m ³−0.041m ³
= 0.002m ³
Total volume of drum = (v 1+ v 2+ v 3 )inner
= 0.0238m ³ +0.054m ³ +0.041m ³
= 0.1188m ³
Since the calculated total volume of drum is greater than the total volume of the concrete, therefore it is in
safe mode.
Total Volume of shell of drum = V 1+V 2+V 3
= 0.0012m ³ +0.003m ³ +0.002m ³
= 0.0062m ³
V = 0.0062 m³
3
ρ=7800 Kg ¿ m
Mass of the drum = ρ∗Vtotal
=7800 Kg¿ m3∗0.0062m ³=48.36 Kg ≈50kg
Total mass = mass of concrete material + mass of drum

= 136kg + 50kg
= 186kg
5.2 Design of blades

Mixing blades are used to distribute the ingredient uniformly by carrying up solid parts and dropping it
down to the bottom in to the liquid part.
Assumption
Number of blade=2
Length of the blades=180mm.
The stress on the blades is
 Bending stress
 Shear stress around weld joint. Hear the blade is acting like a cantilever beam and the weight if the
mixture is to be distributed along the blade.
Material selection
 steel of type 45 c8
σu=( 610−700 ) Mpa , σy =350 Mpa
Let F.S= 3.Then let’s take the blade cross section
Figure 5.2: Blade of mixing drum Figure 5.3: Cross section of the blade
Let the width(x) be =40mm

Assuming uniform load distribution
 maximum bending moment,
M =w × ( L2 ) ( occurs at t h e weld point )=( 0.182 )m ×68 kg × 9.81 m/ s 2=60 N . m for t h e one balde of t h e two
σy 350 M My t x t3
The bending stress is,σb= = Mpa=116.676 Mpa σb= = , y= ,I=
F .S 3 Z I 2 12

¿ σ /¿
( ( ))
M×
t
2
=
M × t ×12
3
xt 2 × x × t3
12
¿ σ /¿ ¿
¿ σ /¿ 116.67 Mpa
M =60 Nm , x=40 mm=0.04 m t =?
6 N 60 Nm ×6 2 60× 6
116.67∗10 2
= 2 ,t = 6
m t × 0.04 m 116.67∗10 × 0.04
t=8.78 mm ≈ 10 mm
Or we can check for shearing,
τ=
σy
2× F . S
=
350
6 ( )
=58.33 Mpa
τ =(w/blade)/ Area
(667.08 N )
58.33 M pa= = 0.57 .so very small so the thickness will be 6mm.
0.04∗t
For easy and nice distribution of the mixer the blade is tilted at angle of 45 ° .The same material and
dimension is used for the other blade.
Design for the second type of blade
There are another type of blade mainly used to discharging, but they are also used for mixing for some
exiting.
Material used is the same as before.
Assumption let’s take x = 190mm
365
σ= =182.5 Mpa ,
2
w(L )
( ( ))
2
w
maximum moment ( Mmax )= w−weig h t per length ,
2 l
( )( )
2
w l
¿ =Wl /2
l 2
sin 90 sin 45
= ,l=268.7 mm
l 190
But there are mixing facilitators that are welded at the inlet of the mixing part so the length should be
reduced,

0.2687∗68∗9.81
Mmax= =89.6 N . m
2
σb=¿ σ /¿ σy /( F . S)
350
¿ =116.67 Mpa
3
116.6 Mpa=( My ) I as before
M ×6 89.6 × 6
116.67= = 2 , t=10 mm( considering corrosion∧crus h ing)
t2 x t × 40
Checking for shearing
¿ τ /¿ ( ( WA ))
68 ×9.81
¿ =58.32 Mpa
t × 40× 0.2687
t=0.001 m so t h ickness will be 10 mm
The orientation is 45° in opposite to the former one so that while rotating in reverse direction it helps to
remove the mixed concrete.
5.3 Design of ring gear and the pinion gear

Mixing small scale concrete mixer drum is rotated by motor or by hand. The drum has girth gear ring on
the outer side. This gear ring is power by pinion and the pinion is driven by motor or hand through single-
stage duplex belt drive.
Design of super gear

Material selection
Mild steel (A-36):
Yielding strength = 250MPa
Ultimate strength = 400Mpa
Modules of elasticity E = 200GPa
1 1
Note: the allowable static stress(σ o) = σ u = ∗400 MPa=133.33 MPa
3 3
Assume: moderate shock, BHN 200MPa
Known values:
The spur gears are ∅=20 ° full depthinvolutes teeth , where , ∅= pressure angle
Center distance =0.18 m
Gear ratio (velocity ratio): V.R = 5
For BHN −200 Mpa : f es =490 Mpa

f ef =1.75∗BHN =350 Mpa
Analysis
D P DG
+ =0.18 , DP +5DP =2∗0.18, 6DP =0.36, Dp = 0.06m and DG = 5∗0.06 = 0.3m, Where
2 2
Dp = diameter of pinion, DG = diameter of the gear
T 437 Nm
P = T 1∗ω, T 1= = =87.5 Nm
5 5
87.5∗2∗π∗100
P= =917.2W
60
P
W t = ∗C s
V
Now pitch line velocity (V) is:
πDN π∗0. O6∗100
V= = = 0.314m/s
60 60
From table 28.1 Gupta for medium shock operating 8 – 10 hours per day, we take
Cs = 1.54 where Cs = service factor or over load factor
Note: in our case since the gears are non enclosed and grease lubricated the value given in the above value
should be divided by 0.65
1.54
C s= =2.37
0.65
Then, tangential load will be
P
W t = ∗C s
V
917.2
¿ ∗2.37 = 6922.8N
0.314
Note: Lewis equation is applied only to the weaker of the two wheels(i.e. pinion or gears) but since the
pinion and the gear are the same material. The pinion is the weaker
W t =σ w∗b∗pc∗ y
σ w=σ ∗C =133.33∗C
o v v
3 m
C v= for ordinary cut gears operating at velocities up to 12.5
3+V s
3
C v= =0.905
3+0.314
σ w=133.33∗0.905=120.66 MPa
The face width(b) may be taken as 9.5m to 12.5m for cut gears
Let’s take b = 10m

0.912
y = 0.154 – , for 20o for full depth involute system
Zp
0.912
= 0.154 – D p
m
0.912∗m
= 0.154 –
0.06
Then, W t =σ w∗b∗pc∗ y
0.912∗m
= 120.66∗106 Pa∗10 m∗π∗m∗¿0.154 – ]
0.06
= 3769.7∗106 m2 [0.154−15.2 m]
6922.8 = 580∗106 m 2 - 57302.5m3
1 = 0.084∗106 m2 - 8.27m3
Solving this by hit and trial method
m = 0.0034m ≈ m = 3mm
we know that number of teeth on the pinion
D p 0.06
Zp= = =20
m 0.003
ZG =G . R∗Z p =5∗20=100
Now the exact value of Lewis tooth form factor y can be determined.
0.912
For pinion y=[0.154 – ]for 20° full depth
ZP
[ 0.912
¿ 0.154−
20 ]
=0.1084
[
For gear , y= 0.154−
0.912
100 ]
=0.14488
The face width, b = 10m = 10∗3mm = 30mm

Now the face width is 30mm both for pinion and gears, since it should be between 9.5m – 12.5m[28.5mm –
37.5mm]
Gear tooth proportion
Addendum, a=m=3 mm Dedendum, d=1.25m=3.75 mm
Clearance, 0.25m=0.75 mm Total depth=a + d=6.75 mm
Work depth=6.75 -0.75 =6 mm Circular pitch, Pc =𝞹m=9.425mm
Now, for m=3mm and v¿8m/s, back lash=0.15 mm so,
tooth thickness + width of space=circular pitch
(Width of space-back lash)+width space=circular pitch
9.425+ 0.15
Width of space= =4.787 mm
2
Tooth thickness=4.787-0.15 =4.64mm

˚ pinion=D p +2 a=0.06 m+ 2∗0.003 m=0.066 m
Diameter of addendum for
˚ Gear=DG +2 a=0.3 m+ 2∗0.003 m=0.306 m

Diameter of addendum for
˚ pinion=D −2d =0.06−2∗0.00375=0.0525 m

Diameter of dedendum for p
˚ Gear=D −2 d=0.3−2∗0.00375=0.2925 m
Diameter of dedendum for G
Check for dynamic load: by Buckingham’s equation:

W d =W t +W i , where W d is dynamic load, W t is tangential load, W i is increment load due to dynamic action
In calculating the dynamic load, the value of tangential load calculated by neglecting the service factor (C s)
i.e.
P 917.2
Wt= = = 2921N
V 0.314
21 V∗(c∗b+W t )
W i= where: c=deformation factor
21 V + √ (b∗c +W t )
Now, the permissible error (e) for module “3” from table 28.7 Gupta for precision gears is 0.0125mm and
K=0.111 for200 full depth system.
Now,
K∗e 0.111∗0.0125∗200∗109
C= = =138.75 KN /m
1 1 2∗103
+
E P EG
Then,
21∗0.314∗(138.75∗103∗0.03+ 2921 N )
W i= =514.65 N
21∗0.314 + √ 138.75∗10 ∗0.03+2921 N
3
W d =2921 N +514.65 N =3.44 KN

Since we used the same material both for pinion and gear, so that the pinion is weaker than the gear
The static load (i.e. beam strength or the endurance strength of the tooth) by using the relation
W s=σ e∗b∗p c∗y , where W s is static load,σ e is flexural endurance limit
From table 28.8 Gupta we have the flexural endurance limit (σ e) for steel material with BHN 200MPa is
490MPa.
Therefore, W s=σ e∗b∗p c∗y
6
¿ 490∗10 ∗0.03∗0.009425∗0.1084
= 15kN
For safety against breakage, W s should be greater than W d
W s> W d (15 kN >3.44 kN ) …………….. The design safe
Check for wear load:

W w =D p∗b∗Q∗K , where W w is maximum load for wear,
D p is pitch circle diameter of the pinion, Q is ratio factor, K is load stress factor, Q is given by the following
formula
2∗V . R 2∗T G
Q= = , for external gears
V . R+ 1 T G +T p
2∗100
¿ =1.67
100+ 20
The load stress factor depends up on the maximum fatigue limit of compressive stress, the pressure angle
and the modulus of elasticity of the materials of the gears. According to Buckingham, the load stress factor
is given by the following relation.
(E
( σ es ) sin ∅ 1
)
1 N
K= + ,Where σ es = surface endurance limit in MPa∨
1.4 P EG mm 2
∅ = pressure angle
N
E P = Young’s modulus for the material of the pinion in
mm2
N
EG = Young’s modulus for the material of the gear in 2
mm
The value of surface endurance limit (σ es) is given from table 28.9 Gupta for steel material BHN 200MPa is
490MPa
2
( 490∗10 6 ) sin 200 1 1
K= ( + )
1.4 9
200∗10 200∗10
9
= 586.56∗103
Then, the wear load will be
W w =D p∗b∗Q∗K
3
W w =0.06∗0.03∗1.67∗586.56∗10 = 1.7kN
To resist the wear load, wear load (W w) should be less than the dynamic load (W d )
W w <W d (1.7 kN <3.44 kN ) ……………the design is safe
Design of shaft
Shaft is the main component of our machine. It transmits the motion, torque and force of the motor to the
punch rods with the help of the cam.
There are two different approaches to determine the shaft diameter, based on strength and rigidity. So our
design will be based on the first approach. I.e. design based on strength and since the shaft is subjected to a
fatigue load.

So we design the shaft based on fatigue load.
Material selection
We select “mild steel” for this shaft design due to the following reason:-
 It provides high surface hardness and a soft core to parts
 It is used to improve drilling machining, threading and punching processes.
 It is used to prevent crashing in sever bends.
 It has excellent weldability and produces a uniform and harder case and it is considered as the best
steel for carburized parts.
 And also has a good balance of toughness, strength and ductility.
Its mechanical property:-
 Ultimate tensile strength(σ ut) = 440 mpa
 Yield strength (σ y) = 370 mpa
 Ultimate shear stress(τ ut ) = 210 mpa
 Modulus of elasticity (E) = 205Gpa
Factor of safety
Referring to the table 4.3 showing the preferable factor of safety values and considering the nature of
application of the shaft, we take the factor of safety (F.S) to be 8 (F.S = 8).
Design of the first shaft which is directly connected to the drum
W t = W drum +W mixture +W gear ,
Where, W gear=0.001∗18 T G∗b∗m2
= 0.001∗18∗100∗0.03∗(0.003)2
= 4.86∗10−7 N
−7
W t =1824.66 N +4.86∗10 N

= 1824.66 N
FBD-1
ΣFy = 0, RA+RB – 1824.66N - 928.5N = 0
R A + R B =2753.16 N
ΣMB = 0, 928.5∗0.05+1824.66∗0.3 – RA*0.2 = 0
RA=1745.72N
RB= 2753.16 – 1745.72 = 1007.44N
Let’s find the maximum bending moment on the shaft by drawing sheer and bending
Section AC
∑ F y =0
V1= -1824.66N
ΣM = 0 M1= -1824.66x
M1@X=0=0
M1@X=0.1= -182.466Nm
Section AB
∑Fy = 0

V2= 1824.66N - 1745.72N = 78.94N
ΣM = 0
M2 = 1745.72N (0.1 - x) – 1824.66x
= 3570.38x - 174.572
M2@X=0.25= 763.023Nm
Section AD
∑Fy = 0
V3 = 1745.72N – 928.5N + 1824.66N
= 1007.44N
ΣM = 0
M3 = 1745.72N(x – 0.1) – 928.5N(x - 0.25) – 1824.66x
= 1007.44x - 57.553Nm
M3@X=0.25 = 194.307Nm
M3@x=0.3=0

Figure 5.17: Shear and bending moment diagram
=763.023Nm
π 3
M max = d f .s
16
Now shear stress (ultimate): 0.6*400Mpa= 240Mpa
240
∴ f . s= =80 Mpa , where F.S = 3
3
Allowing for key way: 80MPa*0.75= 60Mpa

π 3
M max = d f .s
16
d=
√
3 16∗763.023
π∗60∗10
6 = 0.040m or 40mm

Figure 5.18:3D of shaft
5.13 Design of shafts for the pinion gear

In order to design the diameter of shaft for spur gears, the following procedure may be followed,
First of all, find the normal load(W N ) acting between the tooth surfaces.it is given by
W N =W t cos ∅, whrere W t =tangential load
∅ = pressure angle
0
W N =6922.8 N∗cos 20 =7367 N
Weight of the pinion is

2
W p =0.001∗18 T p∗b∗m
2
¿ 0.001∗18∗20∗0.03∗( 0.003 )
−8
W p =9.72∗10 N
Now the resultant load acting on the gear
W R= √ W N 2 +W P2 +2W N W p cos ∅
= √(7367)2 +(9.72∗10−8)2 +2∗7367∗9.72∗10−8∗cos 200
= 7367N
M =W R∗X , where X is overhang between center of gear to center of bearing
assume X=100 mm
Since the shaft is under the combined effect of torsion and bending, therefore we shall
determine the equivalent torque we shall determine the equivalent torque. We know that equivalent torque
W T ∗DP 6922.8∗0.06
T e =√ M +T , T =
2 2
+T h= +87.5 Nm
2 2
= 295.184Nm
M =W R∗x
= 7367N∗0.1m
= 736.7Nm
T e =√ M 2 +T 2=√ (736.7)2 +(295)2
= 793.56Nm

π 3
T e= ∗τ∗d , where τ is shear stress for the material of the pinion shaft
16
τ =0.575∗ultimate shear stress
τ =0.575∗210 MPa =120Mpa
3 16∗793.56
d= 6
=32.3 mm ≈ 40 mm
π∗120∗10
We know that diameter of the pinion hub
Hub diameter = 1.8∗d=1.8∗40 mm=72 mm
Hub length = 1.25∗d = 1.25∗40mm = 50mm
5.6Design of belt
Design of belt and pulley is required in this design in order to minimize the motor speed to a desirable
value. Therefore since the available space in our machine is very limited we chose a V-belt drive which is
best in transmitting power over small distance with negligible loss.

Material selection (for belt)
The material for belt should have the following properties:-
 Large coefficient of friction to maintain contact preventing slippage.
 Low abrasive wear.
 Should have the ability to transmit high loads.
 Should be reliable and highly durable at the same time.
Based on these requirements rubber is selected for our V-belt and the material of the pulley is aluminum.
Why selected V-belts rather flat belts?
Because v-belts are;
 The V-belt drive gives compactness due to the small distance between centres of pulleys.
 The drive is positive, because the slip between the belt and the pulley groove is negligible.
 Since the V-belts are made endless and there is no joint trouble, therefore the drive is smooth.
 It provides longer life, 3 to 5 years.
 It can be easily installed and removed.
 The operation of the belt and pulley is quiet.
 The belts have the ability to cushion the shock when machines are started.

 The high velocity ratio (maximum 10) may be obtained.
 The wedging action of the belt in the groove gives high value of limiting *ratio of tensions.
Therefore the power transmitted by V-belts is more than flat belts for the same coefficient of
friction, arc of contact and allowable tension in the belts.

 The V-belt may be operated in either direction, with tight side of the belt at the top or bottom. The
centre line may be horizontal, vertical or inclined.
Material properties of rubber are:

 Coefficient of friction ( μ) =0.5123
 Density =1100 Kg ⁄ m 3
 Ultimate tensile strength (σ ut ) =15 mpa
The recommended factor of safety for belt is 6 to 8 we take (use) “7” as a safety factor for our design of
belt.
Available parameters for design
Power transmitted (P) = 1.1kW
Speed of the motor shaft = 500rpm
Diameter of the drive pulley = 50 mm =0.05m =d1
Distance between the center of the two pulley (X) = 600mm=0.6m
Analysis
First of all let us find the diameter of the pulley on the pinion shaft (d2).
We know that
N 1 d2
=
N2 d1
d 1∗N 1 0.05∗500
so , d2 = =
N2 100
d2 = 0.25m

Figure 5.6: Angles and other parameters of pulley and belt contact
The angle of lap (θ ) on the smaller pulley can be found using the following relation.
θ1 = 1800 – 2 α
Where:-α = for on open belt drive as shown in the fig. above can be calculated from the following relation.
r 2 – r 1 d 2−d 1
Sinα = =
X 2X
0.25−0.05
Sinα = = 0.1667
2∗0.6
α = sin-1(0.1167)
α =¿ 9.590
∴Then substitute the valve of α in the above equation.
θ = 1800 - 2α
θ = 1800 – (2∗9.590)
θ = 160.80 or 2.8 rad
We know that the mass of belt per meter length is given by
M = Area * length * density

Where:- the cross-sectional area can be found from the geometry.
Cross-section of the belt using tables showing standard dimensions for V-belts and pulley

Figure 5.7: V- belt and V-grooved pulley
Table 5.3 Dimensions of standard V- belts according to IS: 2494-1997

Table 5.4 Dimensions of standard V- grooved pulley according to IS: 2494 - 1974
The first thing we have to decide is the type of belt based on the power range. So since the power of our
motor is 917.2W from the table we find our belt should be of type “A”.
∴ From the cross-section of the belt we have
A = A1 + A2 + A3
1
Where: - A1= (3mm * 8mm) = 12mm2
2
A1 = A2 = 12mm
A3 = w * t = 12mm * 8mm
A3 = 96mm2
Total area of the belt will be
Figure 5.8: Dimensions of the belt

A = 12mm2 + 96mm2 + 12mm2

A = 120mm2
∴Having this cross-sectional area the mass per unit length will be
m = A * length * density
m = (120 * 10-6) * 1* 1100
kg
m = 0.132
m
Using the mass per meter length of the pulley the centrifugal tension can be calculated as follows.
Tc = mv2
π∗d 1∗N 1 π∗d 2∗N 2
Where:- v = belt speed = =
60 60
π∗0.05∗500 π∗0.25∗100
V= =
60 60
m
V = 1.31
s
kg m
Tc = (0.132 ) (1.31 )2
m s
Tc= 0.173N
 And maximum tension in the belt is given by :-

T = σ all * A
σ ut 80 MPa
Where:-σ all = =
F .S 7
N
σ ut = 11.43
mm2
N
∴T = 11.43 * 120 mm2 T = 1371.43N
mm2
 Tension in the tight side if the belt will become
T1 = T – Tc
T1 = 1371.43N – 0.173N

T1 = 1371.627N
Let T2 = tension on the slack side of the belt we know that
T1
2.3log ( ) = μθcosec β , 2 β = 34, β=17 0
T2
T1
2.3log ( ) = 0.5123*2.8*cosec17
T2
T1
2.3log ( ) = 1.92
T2
T1 1.92
log ( )= = 0.6
T2 2.3
T1
= 3.98
T2
T1 1371.627
T2 = = = 344.58N
3.98 3.98
T2 = 344.58N
 Required number of V-belts (n)

Using these values for the tensions on the slack and tight side of the belt, the required number of belt can be
found as follows.
We know that the power transmitted per belt is:-
= (T1 – T2)V
m
= (1371.627– 344.58)N *1.31
s
= 1345.43W
total power transmitted
∴Number of V-belt (n) =
power transmitted per belt
1100
n= = 0.82
1345.43

n=1
 Length of each belt(L)

(r 2 – r 1 )2
L = π(r 2 + r 1) + 2X +
X
2
π (d – d )
L= (d 2 +d 1) + 2X + 2 1
2 4X
2
π (0.25 – 0.05)
L= (0.25+ 0.05) + (2∗0.6) +
2 4∗0.6
L = 1.6877m = 1687.7mm
But the next standard belt length value from table is
L =1687.7mm =1.7m
4.7 Design of pulleys

The dimensions for the standard V-grooved pulley are shown on table 20.2 from which we find that to “A”
type belt.
W =11mm d = 12mm
f = 10 a =3.1mm
c = 8.7mm e = 15
And number of sheaves grooves (n) = 2
And also we know that the face width of each pulley is
B = (n - 1)e + 2f
B = (6 -1)15 + (2*10)
B = 95mm
 The bending moment on the shaft due to belt tensions(M)

M = (T1 + T2 + 2Tc) r * n
Where:- r = distains of the pulley from the bearing = 0.06m
n = number of belt = 1
∴ M = (1371.627 + 344.58 + 2(0.173) )0.06 * 1
M = 103N-m

Figure 5.12:3D of belt
5.8Bearing selection
The function of a bearing is to support or guide components that move relative to each other, to absorb
the forces arising, and transmit them to the housing.
Requirements of roller bearing,
 Guaranteeing bearing load capacity, even when skewed as a result of shaft
deflection
 Compensation for major heat expansion with light alloy housing,
 Resistance of bearing to high operating temperature and consequent low oil
viscosity
 High radial and axial rigidity when meshing.
Figure 5.14:3D of roller bearing

The bearing most commonly used in vehicle transmissions is roller bearing due to its higher demand for
high power-weight ratio.
The ball bearing is designed using the GERMAN standard DIN ISO 281. The dynamic load capacity of
the roller is calculated to check its failure due to pitting.
C P
Service life formula for the bearing (based on Wohler curve equation): L =( )
P
Where, p = service life exponent, (=3 for all bearings and = 10/3 for roller bearing)

C = dynamic contact figure in N
P = equivalent bearing load in N.
Since there are no radial loads on the shaft except those produced by the action of the gear teeth, the
radial loads on each of the four bearings in this design are the same.
Equivalent load on the bearing, P = maximum radial load on the gears = Fr
The relationship between life in million revolutions, (L) and life in working hours, (Lh) is given by
60 N Lh
L=
106
The recommended design life for bearing for automotive application ranges from1500 to 5000.
For motorcycle application we take 2000 hours of bearing life.
The following table shows recommended design life for various applications.
Table 5.5:Design life for various applications.
Where, N = speed of rotation

The required basic dynamic load rating C for each rolling bearing
Input shaft bearing dynamic load rating,
C = Fr L1/p
For the input shaft bearing the maximum equivalent bearing load occurs when the first gear pair is
engaged and it is given by.
Fr= Ft /tanα = 1241/tan 20 = 663 N@1440rpm
C = Fr L1/p
Output shaft bearing dynamic load rating,
Once again the maximum radial bearing load for the output shaft is experienced when the 1 st shift is
engaged to the drum..

C = Fr L1/p
(N = output shaft the drum pair is engaged, N= 60/G1 = 60/3 = 20 rpm)
For these values of dynamic load rating, we specify the following bearing dimensions (from
MachineElementsinMechanicalDesign_4th edition- Robert L.Mott).
In put shaft bearing ring gear

Bearing number = A-series 492239
Nominal bore =22mm
Outer diameter of the race = 39mm
Resulting fit between bearing bore and shaft bearing seat =10 mm
For the sake of uniformity the same dimensions can be taken for the output shaft as the input shaft
bearing.
In put shaft bearing pinion gear

Bearing number = A-series 491730
Nominal bore =20 mm
Outer diameter of the race = 30 mm
Resulting fit between bearing bore and shaft bearing seat =10 mm
For the sake of uniformity the same dimensions can be taken for the output shaft as the input shaft
bearing
5.9Design of handle
Handle is used to drive the drum through the pinion gear. Material used for the handle is ASTM A-36.
Force applied/ develop on this part is human force from the operator or a person can exert a force from
150N to 450N on average.
Assumption
 The operator exerts force on the handle taking 300N force.
 Length of handle = 200mm
 Length of cranked lever arm = 300mm
 F.S = 2
 The effort will be applied at 2/3 rd of the length of handle
To get allowable strength of handle material

 It provides high surface hardness and a soft core to parts
 It is used to improve drilling machining, threading and punching processes.
 It is used to prevent crashing in sever bends.
 It has excellent weldabeility and produces a uniform and harder case and it is considered as the
best steel for carburized parts.
And also has a good balance of toughness, strength and ductility
Yield strength (σ y ) = 300Mpa
Ultimate shear stress (τ ut ) = 210Mpa
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 205Gpa
We know that the maximum bending moment on the lever is;
2 2
M max = ∗¿Pa* l h= ∗300 N∗200 mm
3 3
M max = 40kN-mm
Since the handle is solid shaft we calculate the diameter of the handle from allowable bending stress
σy 300 MPa
(σ all) = = = 75MPa
2F .S 2∗2
32∗M max
σ all = 3
π dh
3
32∗40∗10 N∗mm
3
dh = N
π∗75 2
mm
= 17.58mm3
Take it d h = 20mm for more safe
 Check for bending
32∗M max
σ ind = 3
π dh
32∗40∗103 N∗mm
=
π (20 mm)3
= 50.92Mpa
Since the induced bending stress is less than allowable bending stress it is safe

3.21 Design of crank lever arm
The cross section of the lever is circular having uniform diameter. The base of the lever is circular
from the boss to handle.
Since the lever is subjected to both twisting and bending we shall design the lever arm for 50%
more bending moment, therefore the maximum bending moment will be ;
M=1.5∗Pa∗ Lc =1.5∗300 N∗400 mm
M= 180kNmm
And the section modules for circular cross section is
π d3 3
Z= =0.196 d
16
And from the bending stress formula
M
σ b(all) =
Z
3
N 180∗10 Nmm
75 2 =
mm 0.196 d 3
∴ d = 27.56mm take it t = 30mm
Now let us check the lever arm for induced bending and shear stress. The bending moment on the lever
arm near the boss (assuming that the length of the arm extends up to the center of the shaft) is given by
Ma= Pa * Lc
Ma=120kN-mm
Section modules
π d3
Z= =0.196 ¿(30)3
16
Z = 5292mm3
Therefore, the induced bending stress

M a 120∗103 Nmm
b = =
Z 5292mm 3
= 22.68MPa
Thus considering the bending stress the induced bending stress is within the safe limits
Figure 5.15: 3D of handle
5.10Design of key
A key is a piece of mild steel inserted between the shaft and a hub to connect these together and in
order to prevent relative motion between. It is always inserted parallel to the axis of shaft.
In our case we will be using a square key because it is equally strong intension and compression.
Material selection
As mentioned above the best material for a key is mild steel so the mechanical properties for mild steel are
σ u = 440mpa τ y = 210mpa
σ y = 370mpa E = 205Gpa
Analysis
For a square sunk key, the thickness and width are given by:-
d
t=ω=
4
Where: - t = thickness of the key
ω = width of the key
d = diameter of the shaft
d 40
∴t = ω = = = 10mm
4 4
t = ω = 10mm
The length of the key is given by:-

τ1
ι = 1.571d * where :−ι= length of the key
τ
τ 1 = shear stress for the shaft material
τ = shear stress for the key material
d = diameter of the shaft
But when the key material is same as that of the shaft, then τ 1 = τ
∴ ι = 1.571d
ι = 1.571* 40mm
ι = 60mm
 Each cam will have a square key of
Length = 60mm
Thickness = 10mm
Width = 10mm
So, we need a total of 4 keys.
Failure check for the key
Keys are used as a temporary fastenings and are subjected to considerable amount of crushing and
shearing stresses. So we will check failure due to these stresses.
1. failure due to shearing stress
The maximum shear stress theory for ductile materials predicts yielding to occur when
Sy
τ max ≥
2
Where: -τ max = the shear stress calculated using the key dimensions.
Sy= the yield strength (σ y ) of the key material.
∴ τ max Can be found from the transmitted torque as follows;
d d
T=F* = ι * w * τ max*
2 2
2T
Soτ max=
l wd
Where: - T = transmitted torque = 87.5N-m
ι = length of key = 60mm = 0.06m
W = width of key =10mm = 0.01m
d = diameter of shaft = 40mm = 0.04m
2∗87.5
τ max=
( 0.0 6 ) ( 0.01 ) (0.04)
τ max = 7.32MPa

Sy 370 mpa
¿
2
=
2
= 185mpa
∴Sinceτ maxis much more less than the yield strength, the key is safe under shearing load.
Sy
(2 (
= 185mpa) >> τ max=5.496 mpa )……………….safe
2. Failure due to crushing stress
The key will fail of the induced crushing stress is greater than the allowable stress value
I.e. if σ all<σ cs
Where:-σ cs = induced stress, calculated using the key dimensions.
We know that the transmitted torque is given by:-
t d
T =ι *
2
*σ cs* 2
Where:-ι = length of the key = 60mm 0.06m
t = thickness of the key = 10mm = 0.01m
σ cs = induced stress
d = diameter of shaft =40mm = 0.04m
T =transmitted torque = 87.5N-m
4T
σ cs =
ι∗t∗d
4T 4(87.5)
σ cs = =
ι∗t∗d ( 0.0 6 )∗( 0.01 )∗(0.04 )
σ cs = 14.6MPa
∴Since the induced crushing is much more less than the allowable stress value
I.e. if σ cs<<σ all
(σ all = 55MPa) >> (σ cs = 14.6MPa) ………………..safe
Design of bolt and nut

Material selection: - we select the material is carbon steel, cold rolled, AISI 1035 have
mechanical properties:
 σy=210Mpa
 σu=586Mpa
 E=207Gpa, and
 G=89Gpa
There are four bolts, and take maximum tension load on the bolt is 1824.66N and from geometry
of the machine the length of bolt (L) is 127mm.Assume factor of safety 3.

Ft
Tensile stressσ t= , where F tis tension load and
A
σ Y 210 MPa
σ t=σ all = = =70 MPa A is cross-section area of the bolt.
F .S 3
6∗1824.66
70 MPa=
π∗db 2
𝑑𝑏=8mm is minor diameter of the bolt.
From standard design dimension I.S.O of bolt and net we select coarse series M8 have:
 Pitch 1.25mm
 Major(nominal) diameter 8mm
 Effective (pitch) diameter 7.188mm
 Minor(core) diameter of bolt 6.466mm and nut 6.647mm
 Depth of thread 0.767mm
 Stress area 36.6mm2
The thread length for metric bolt is:
LT=2d+12, if 125 < L≪ 200, where d=8mm is major diameter of bolt
LT=28mm
Figure 5.16: Bolt and nut


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MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

ETHIOPIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

FINAL YEAR THESIS

TITLE: DESIGN AND MODEL OF MINI CONCRETE MIXER

1. Abraha Gebru …………………… EIT/UR1434 /05

2. Micheale Kindeya ……………….. EIT/UR0938/05

3. Abraha Mezgebe ………………… EIT/UR1098/05

ADVISOR: INR.Mehammod salih

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page I

Table 2.1: Tilting drum concrete mixer capacity.............................................................................................11

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page II

1.1 Background of a concrete mixer

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 1

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 2

1.2 Problem statement

1.3 Objective of the project

1.5 Significance of the study

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 3

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 4

2.1 Brief history of small scale concrete mixer

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 5

2.2 Types of concrete mixer

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 6

a) Non-tilting drum mixer;

b) Reversing drum mixer;

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 7

c) Tilting drum concrete mixer.

Figure 3.3: Tilting drum concrete mixer [12]

d) Mobile Cement Mixer (transport trucks)

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 8

Figure 4.4: Cement Mixer truck [9]

e) Self-loading Drive Mixer

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 9

f) On-site and small portable concrete mixers

Figure 6.6: Pan Mixers [8]

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 10

Figure 7.7: Continuous Mixers concrete

Mass Volume Density

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 11

Reversing concrete mixer

Mass Volume Density

Mass Volume Density

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 12

2.3 Mixer characteristics

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 13

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 14

3.11 generate concepts about small scale concrete mixers

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 15

4.1 Concept generation criteria

4.2 Concept selection

4.2.1 Selection criteria

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 16

Figure 8. 1: Small scale concrete mixer model-1

The axis of rotation the drum is at an angle.

DESIGN AND MODEL OF MMINI CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE [2009E.C] Page 17

Figure4. 2: Small scale concrete mixer model-2

Main components of the concrete mixer