Respiratory/Breathing System
Respiration – process wherein the body takes in O 2
and eliminates gaseous waste products.
*The body involved in the process is the respiratory
tracts
THREE DIVISION OF RESPIRATORY TRACTS:
1. Upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal passages,
paranasal sinuses, and pharynx)
2. Respiratory airways (larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles)
3. Lungs – (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts,
alveolar sacs, and alveoli)
Parts of respiratory system:
1. Nose – the organ through which the air enters
and is filtered.
2. Nasal passage – serves as channel for airflow
through the nose in which the air is warmed,
cleaned and moistened.
3. Trachea – also called windpipe; a hollow tube
that serves as the passageway of air into the
lungs.
4. Bronchi – also called bronchial tube; branching
tube that connects the trachea to the lungs.
5. Bronchioles – the finer subdivisions of the
bronchi; the hairlike tubes that connect to the
alveoli
6. Alveoli – also called airsacs allow the gas
exchange in lungs.
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION:
Breathing is a mechanical process of inhaling and
exhaling.
 Inhale/inspire
The rib muscle contract and diaphragm contract
(moves down), the chest cavity expands. The pressure
in chest cavity lowers causing the air from the
atmosphere to go into the lungs.
 Exhale/ expire
The rib muscles relax and the diaphragm relax (moves
down), the chest cavity relaxes. The pressure in the
chest cavity increases causing the air out from the
lungs.
PATHWAY OF AIR INSIDE THE BODY:
* Nose is the first organ in the respiratory system.
* Nasal Passage the air is moistened and warmed
• Air goes down the Pharynx for filtration.
• The filtered air goes down the larynx (voice
box) that vibrate when the air passes within
the cords, creating a sound
• From the pharynx, air goes to the trachea or
windpipe, the tube made up of cartilage which
carries the air towards the lungs.
• The air descends to the two branches of the
lungs called bronchi to the microscopic tubes
called bronchioles.
• The bronchioles branch out into air sacs or
alveoli, this are the sites of gas exchange.
• Each lung has about 300 million of alveoli.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES
1. Asthma is defined as a common, chronic
respiratory condition that causes difficulty
breathing due to inflammation of the airways.
2. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic respiratory disease
caused by a defective gene that creates thick
and sticky mucus that clogs up tubes and
passageways.
3. Chronic bronchitis is a form of COPD
emphasized by a chronic cough. Usually
people cough up sputum (mucus from the
lungs), especially in the morning.
4. Emphysema is a serious respiratory disease,
which is another form of COPD. The most
common cause is smoking.
5. Lung cancer - this cancer develops in the main
part of the lungs near the air sacs.
6. Pneumonia is a common lung disease caused
by an infection in the air sacs in the lungs. The
infections can be bacterial, viral or fungal.
7. Pleural effusion is a collection of fluid between
the lung and the chest wall in what’s called the
pleural space.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Circulatory system – is also known as internal
transport system
- it is also made up of the
cardiovascular system and the
lymphatic system
FUNCTIONS:
1. It transport nutrients an oxygen to various cells
all over the body.
2. It collects wastes and transports them to
respective organs where they should be excreted.
3. It helps maintain fluid balance and normal body
temp.
4. It acts as defense against harmful bacteria that
may cause diseases.
Part of circulatory system:
 Heart – a muscular organ that pumps blood all
over the body.
- it is a fist size organ that is located between
the lungs behind the breastbone
- it is surrounded by a protective membrane
called Pericardium.
Major Division:
1. Left Atrium- receiving chamber
2. Right Atrium – receiving station
3. Left ventricle- pumping station
4. Right ventricle – pumping station
Valves inside the heart:
Semi-lunar valves – prevent backflow of blood from
arteries to the ventricles.
a. Aortic semi-lunar valve – located between the
left ventricle and aorta.
 b. Pulmonary semi-lunar valve – located 3. systemic Circulation - Movement of blood
between the right ventricle and pulmonary from the heart to the rest of the body,
artery. excluding the lungs.
* Atrioventricular valve – prevent the backflow of
the blood from the atrium to the ventricle, lies
between the atrium and ventricle. Circulatory Diseases:
a. Tricuspid valve – located between the left 1. Atherosclerosis – is a condition that develops
atrium and right ventricle when a substance called builds up in the wall
b. Bicuspid valve – located between left of the arteries making it harder for the blood
atrium and left ventricle. vessel to flow through.
Blood vessels- used to transport blood throughout the 2. Stroke – occurs when it damages the brain
body. when the blood vessels get blocked or leaked
Types of blood vessels: used to transport blood usually from a blood clot.
throughout the body.
3. Hypertension/high blood – it can lead to
1. veins – caries unoxygenated blood towards
severe health complications.
the heart.
4. Heart attack – occurs when the blood to the
- thinner elastic wall
part of the heart is blocked by blood clot, the
2. Capillaries – connect artery to the vein; for
actual site of gas exchange heart muscle supplied by the artery begins ti
- smallest and most numerous found die.
in tissues.
3. Arteries – oxygenated blood away from the Healthy Lifestyle:
heart to the tissues and cells all over the body 1. Exercise regularly.
- thicker and stronger elastic walls 2. Don nor smoke and drink alcohol.
Blood – it transports nutrients and respiratory gases to 3. Eat healthy diet.
all parts of the body. 4. Take time to relax and avoid stress.
- Is a tissue containing of liquid plasma and solid
blood cells.
Types of blood cells:
1. Red blood cells (RBC)
2. White blood cells (WBC)
Plasma – is a yellowish fluid which transports
dissolved substance.
- It contains protein like albumin, globulin,
fibrinogen and antibodies
- It makes about 55% of the total volume of the
blood.
 RBC (erythrocytes) – they are red due the
substance (hemoglobin) which is an iron
containing molecule.
- It produces in the bone marrow
(2million/second)
- The life span is approximately 120 days
- It facilitates the diffusion of gasses oxygen and
carbon dioxide
WBC (leukocytes) – lack of hemoglobin they are
produce in the bone marrow
- May live only for few hours some up to a day.
- It plays a major role in protecting the body
from foreign substance which can cause
disease.
 Platelets – help blood clot after injury
- It produced in the bone marrow
- It lives for 4-10 days
Types of Circulation
1. Pulmonary circulation – movement of the
blood from the heart to the lung back to the
heart.

2. Coronary circulation – blood circulation in the

heart muscles.