Grubbs Test for an Outlier

•
• If is greater than G in the given
table below, the questionable point should
be discarded.

• Common sense must prevail

• Any datum based on a faulty procedure
should be discarded, no matter how
well it fits the rest of the data.
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Sample Problem
Should the value 216 be rejected from the set of results 192, 216, 202, 195,
and 204?
 Compute for the mean

 Compute for the standard deviation

(192 − 201.8) +(216 − 201.8) +(202 − 201.8) +(195 − 201.8) +(204 − 201.8)
𝑠=
5−1

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Sample Problem
Should the value 216 be rejected from the set of results 192, 216, 202, 195,
and 204?
 Compute for the G

< (1.52<1.62), we should retain 216.

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Significant Figures
• All certain digits of a measurement one doubtful digit
• Zeros are significant when they occur (1) in the middle
of a number or (2) at the end of a number on the right-
hand side of a decimal point.

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Significant Figures in Arithmetic
Note: Rounding should only be done on the final answer
(not intermediate results), to avoid accumulating round-off
errors.

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Significant Figures in Arithmetic
Addition and Subtraction
• If
the numbers to be added or subtracted have equal
numbers of digits, the answer goes to the same decimal
place as in any of the individual numbers:

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Significant Figures in Arithmetic
Addition and Subtraction
• Thenumber of significant figures in the answer may
exceed or be less than that in the original data.

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Significant Figures in Arithmetic
Addition and Subtraction
• If
the numbers being added do not have the same
number of significant figures, we are limited by the least
certain one.

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Significant Figures in Arithmetic
Addition and Subtraction
• Inthe addition or subtraction of numbers expressed in
scientific notation, all numbers should first be expressed
with the same exponent:

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Significant Figures in Arithmetic
Rounding Off
• Look at all the digits beyond the last place desired
• If
the insignificant number is more than halfway, we
round up. If the insignificant figures were less than
halfway, we would round down.
• In
the special case where the number is exactly halfway,
round to the nearest even digit.
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Significant Figures in Arithmetic
Rounding Off
• The rationale for rounding to an even digit is to avoid
systematically increasing or decreasing results through
successive round-off errors.

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Significant Figures in Arithmetic
Multiplication and Division
• In multiplication and division, we are normally limited to
the number of digits contained in the number with the
fewest significant figures:

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Significant Figures in Arithmetic
Multiplication and Division
• The power of 10 has no influence on the number of figures
that should be retained.
• When the first digit of the answer is 1, keep an extra digit.
• The middle product above could be expressed as
instead of to avoid throwing away
some of the precision of the factor 3.6 in the multiplication.
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Sample Problem
Vernier scale. The figure below shows a scale found on instruments such as a
micrometer caliper used for accurately measuring dimensions of objects. The
lower scale slides along the upper scale and is used to interpolate between
the markings on the upper scale.

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Sample Problem
Vernier scale. In (a), the reading (at the left-hand of the lower scale) is
between 1.4 and 1.5 on the upper scale. To find the exact reading, observe
which mark on the lower scale is aligned with a mark on the upper scale.
Because the 6 on the lower scale is aligned with the upper scale, the correct
reading is 1.46.

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Sample Problem
Vernier scale. Write the correct readings in (b) and (c) and indicate how many
significant figures are in each reading.

(b) 1.18 (3 significant figures)

(c) 0.71 (2 significant figures)

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Sample Problem
Write each answer with the correct number of significant figures.

2 3

8 -2 -10

7.733727811

-10

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Assignment
1.

2.

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