EARTHWORK

EXCAVATION FOR ROADWAY

• THIS WORK SHALL CONSIST OF EXCAVATION, REMOVAL &
DISPOSAL OF MATERIALS NECESSARY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION
OF ROADWAY, SIDE DRAINS & WATERWAYS IN ACCORDANCE
WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THESE SPECIFICATIONS &
CROSS-SECTION SHOWN IN THE DRAWING OR AS INDICATED
BY ENGINEER-IN-CHARGE.
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CLASSIFICATION OF EXCAVATED MATERIAL
1. SOIL
THIS SHALL COMPRISE OF SAND, SILT, LOAM, CLAY, MUD, BLACK
COTTON SOIL, SOFT SHALE OR LOOSE MOORUM AND A MIXTURE
OF THESE MATERIAL.
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CLASSIFICATION OF EXCAVATED MATERIAL
1. SOIL

❑ EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:-
▪ MANUAL LABOUR(PICK, SPADE OR SHOVEL & RAKE)
▪ BY MECHANICAL MEAN
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CLASSIFICATION OF EXCAVATED MATERIAL
2. ORDINARY ROCK (BLASTING NOT REQUIRED)
➢ ROCKS SUCH AS LATERITES,SHALES & CONGLOMERATES
➢ LIMESTONE & SANDSTONE
➢ WATER BOUND & BITUMEN BOUND MACADAM, CEMENT
CONCRETE PAVEMENT,COBBLE STONE & COMPACTED
MAROOM AND BOULDERS WHICH DO NOT REQUIRE BLASTING.
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CLASSIFICATION OF EXCAVATED MATERIAL
3. HARD ROCK (BLASTING REQUIRED)
➢ ANY ROCK AND (CC OR RCC) BELOW GROUNG LEVEL OF WHICH
THE USE OF MECHANICAL PLANT OR BLASTING IS REQUIRED
➢ BOULDERS REQUIRING BLASTING
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CLASSIFICATION OF EXCAVATED MATERIAL
4. HARD ROCK (USING CONTROLLED BLASTING )

➢ CONTROLLED BLASING IS CARRIED OUT IN LOCATION WHERE

BUILD-UP AREAS & HUTS ARE SITUATED AT WITHIN 200 M OF
THE BLAST SITE.
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CLASSIFICATION OF EXCAVATED MATERIAL
5. HARD ROCK (BLASTING PROHIBITED)

➢ BLASTING IS PROHIBITED FOR ANY REASON LIKE PEOPLE LIVING

WITHIN 20M OF BLAST SITES & EXCAVATION IS CARRIED OUT BY
CHISELLING, WEDGING OR ANY OTHER AGREED METHOD.
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CLASSIFICATION OF EXCAVATED MATERIAL
6. MARSHY SOIL

➢ THIS INCLUDES SOFT CLAYS & PEATS.

➢ EXCAVATION IS DONE BELOW OGL OF MARSHES & SWAMP AND
SOIL EXCAVATED FROM OTHER AREAS REQUIRING CONTINOUS
PUMPING OR BAILING OUT OF WATER.
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MEASUREMENTS FOR PAYMENT
IT INCLUDES THE WORK OF PROPERLY SHAPING & DRESSING ALL
EXCAVATED SURFACES.

➢ EXCAVATION FOR ROADWAYS SHALL BE MEASURED BY TAKING

CROSS-SECTION AT SUITABLE INTERVALS BEFORE THE
EXCAVATION STARTS.
➢ COMPUTING THE VOLUME IN CUM BY THE METHOD OF
AVERAGE END AREAS FOR EACH CLASS OF MATERIALS
ENCOUNTERED.
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MEASUREMENTS FOR PAYMENT
FOR ROCK EXCAVATION

➢ VOLUME SHALL BE COMPUTED ON THE BASIS OF

MEASUREMENT OF STACKS OF EXCAVATED RUBBLE
➢ IN CASE OF EXCAVATED ROCK – DEDUCTION OF 35% SHALL BE
DONE TO ALLOW FOR VOIDS

➢ IN CASE MATERIAL OTHER THAN ROCK – DEDUCTION OF 16%

SHALL BE DONE TO
ALLOW FOR VOIDS
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EMBANKMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION
➢ THIS APPLY TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF EMBANKMENT
INCLUDING SUB-GRADES, EARTHEN SHOULDERS &
MISCELLANEOUS BACKFILL WITH APPROVED MATERIALS
OBTAINED FROM APPROVED SOURCE.
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PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
➢ MATERIALS TO BE USED:- SOIL, MOORUM, GRAVEL, RECLAIMED
MATERIALS FROM PAVEMENT, FLY ASH, POND ASH, A MIXTURE
OF THESE OR ANY OTHER MATERIAL AS APPROVED BY THE
ENGINEER
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PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS

➢ MATERIALS NOT TO BE USED:-

1. MATERIALS FROM SWAMPS, MARSHES & BOGS
2. SOIL THAT CLASSIFIES AS OL,OI,OH & Pt
3. COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
4. CLAY :- LIQUID LIMIT>50
PLASTICITY INDEX>25
5. MATERIALS WITH SALTS RESULTING IN LEACHING IN THE
EMBANKMENT.
6. EXPANSIVE CLAY HAVING FREE SWELLING INDEX>50%
NOTE:- SUBGRADE & TOP 500MM PORTION OF EMBANKMENT
JUST BELOW THE SUBGRADE SHALL BE NON-EXPANSIVE IN
NATURE
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PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS

➢ SIZE OF COARSE MATERIALS IN THE MIXTURE OF EARTH

1. FOR EMBANKMENT:- NOT EXCEEDS 75MM
2. FOR SUBGRADE:- NOT EXCEEDS 50MM
NOTE:-
1. MATERIALS COARSER THAN THIS CAN BE USE BY THE
PERMISSSION OF ENGINEER-IN-CHARGE & IT SATISFY THE
SAME WILL NOT PRESENT ANY DIFFICULTY AS REGARD THE
PLACEMENT OF FILL MATERIAL & IT COMPACTION.

2. MAXIMUM PARTICLE SIZE < 2/3 OF THE COMPACTED LAYER

THICKNESS
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DRY DENSITY REQUIREMENT OF EMBANKMENT &
SUBGRADE MATERIALS :-

NOTE:- THE MATERIALS SHALL SATISFY THE DESIGN CBR AT THE

SPECIFIED DRY DENSITY & MOISTURE CONTENT
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COMPACTION REQUIREMENT OF EMBANKMENT &
SUBGRADE MATERIALS :-

NOTE:-THE CONTRACTOR SHALL SUBMIT THE TEST REPORT ATLEAST

7 DAYS BEFORE THE COMMENCEMENT OF COMPACTION.
1. VALUE OF MAX. DRY DENSITY & OMC
2. GRAPH OF DRY DENSITY PLOTTED AGAINST MOISTURE CONTENT
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SPREADING MATERIALS IN LAYERS :-
THE EMBANKMENT AND SUBGRADE MATERIALS SHALL BE SPREAD
IN LAYERS OF UNIFORM THICKNESS IN THE ENTIRE WIDTH WITH A
MOTOR GRADER.
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COMPACTION :-
➢ THICKNESS OF LAYER NOT MORE THEN 250MM :-
VIBRATORY ROLLER/VIBRATORY SOIL COMPACTOR
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COMPACTION :-
➢ THICKNESS OF LAYER NOT MORE THEN 200MM :-
80-100 KN STATIC ROLLER
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MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOIL :-
➢ TEST SHALL BE PERFORMED AS PER IS-2720(II):- WATER CONTENT
OF SOIL SHALL BE DETERMINED
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MEASUREMENTS FOR PAYMENT OF EMBANKMENT
& SUBGRADE:-
➢ IT SHALL BE MEASURED SEPARATELY BY TAKING CROSS-SECTION
AT SUITABLE INTERVALS AFTER COMPLETION OF CLEANING AND
GRUBBING & EMBANKMENT/SUBGRADE.
➢ THE VOLUME OF EARTHWORK SHALL BE COMPUTED IN CUM. BY
METHOD OF AVERAGE END AREAS.
➢ MEASUREMENT OF FILL MATERIAL FROM BORROW PITS=
NET QUANTITY OF COMPACTED FILLS – NET QUANTITY OF
SUITABLE MATERIALS BROUGHT FROM ROADWAYS EXCAVATION