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Cells &
Organelles

Cell:
Smallest unit of life that
can carry out all of the
functions of a living
thing.

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The Cell Theory

1. All living things are composed of cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function

in living things.
3. New cells are produced from existing cells.

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Two Types of Cells

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Pro-: before; -karyote: nucleus
Eu-: true; -karyote: nucleus

Very small and simple
Larger

No defined Nucleus
Contain defined Nucleus

No membrane-bound
Contain membrane-bound
organelles organelles

Kingdoms Found in:
Kingdoms Found in:

Bacteria
Animalia

Archaea
Plantae

Protista

Fungi

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

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Unicellular vs. Multicellular

Organisms
Unicellular Multicellular

Uni-: one; -cellular: cell
Multi-: many; -cellular: cell

Composed of one cell
Composed of two or more cells

Ex. Bacteria
Ex. Plants, Animals

Cell Size

Vary greatly

8,000 of smallest bacteria can fit into 1 red blood cell

Nerve cells can be >1 meter long

Ostrich Egg has a volume of 1 L

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Cell Shape

Size is always related to function

Ex. Nerve cells are very long – Why?

Ex. Red blood cells are round – Why?

Ex. Amoeba shape changes – Why?

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Cell Organelles

Two Word Definition:

Little Organs

Specialized structure that performs important cellular

function

Helps the cell do different jobs

Each organelle has its own purpose which is very specific

Animal Cell

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Plant Cell

Animal Cells Plant Cells

--- Cell Wall
Cell Membrane Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
Nucleus Nucleus
Nucleolus Nucleolus
Mitochondria Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Bodies Golgi Bodies
Lysosomes Lysosomes
Ribosomes Ribosomes
Centrioles Centrioles
Cilia Cilia
Flagella Flagella
--- Chloroplast
--- Chromoplast
--- Leucoplast
--- Vacuole

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Organelle: Cell Membrane

Two Word Definition:

Selectively permeable

Function:

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell (like a fence with
gates)

Provides protection and support for the cell

Organelle: Cell Membrane

Structure:

Complex structure arranged in a double-layered sheet known
as a lipid bilayer

“Fluid Mosaic Model” – flexible lipid bilayer structure with
proteins and carbohydrates embedded within the layers

Protein Gate
Lipid Bilayer

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Organelle: Cell Membrane

Cell Membrane taken with a TEM

Egg
Demonstration

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Solution Review

Solution Review

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Organelle: Cell Wall

Two Word Definition:

Support & Structure

Function:

Provide support and
protection for the cell

Organelle: Cell Wall

Structure:

Composed mainly of
Cellulose (carbohydrate
fiber)

More rigid than cell
membrane

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Organelle: Cytoplasm

Two Word Definition:

Cell Fluid

Function:

Allows movement of
materials built inside the
cell

Medium for the
organelles to sit/float in

Organelle: Cytoplasm

Structure:

Semi-fluid substance
made of water, proteins,
lipids, and other
chemicals

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Organelle: Nucleus

Two Word Definition:

Control center

Function:

Stores the cell’s DNA

DNA: Instructions for making proteins

Control different activities in the cell

Organelle: Nucleus

Structure:

Surrounded by a double-layered membrane, called the
Nuclear Envelope, which contain thousands of holes, called
Nuclear Pores.

These pores let messages in and out of the nucleus.

Inner fluid is called Nucleoplasm (like cytoplasm in the
nucleus)

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Organelle: Nucleus

Organelle: Nucleolus

Two Word Definition:

Makes Ribosomes

Function:

Assemble the ribosomes
needed for the cell

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Organelle: Nucleolus

Structure:

Dense “knot” of
chromatin

There can be more than
one in the nucleus.

Nucleolus

Organelle: Mitochondria

Two Word Definition:

Cell Powerhouse

Function:

Site of Cellular Respiration

Food  Energy

Makes “ATP”

ATP = cell energy

Like our battery back (energy reserve)

Trivia: We use 1 billion ATPs / 2 minutes

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Organelle: Mitochondria

Structure:

Kidney bean shape

Two Regions in the Interior:

Cristae: inner folded membrane

Matrix: inner fluid

Organelle: Mitochondria

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Organelle: Mitochondria

Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum

Two Word Definition:

Transport & Storage

Prefix/Suffix:

Endo- = inside

Plasma = fluid

Reticulate = repeated patterns

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Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum

Two Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Organelle: Rough ER

Function:

Transports and stores proteins

Structure:

Covered in Ribosomes (like spots)

Connected to the nuclear membrane

Network of channel-like membranes

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Organelle: Smooth ER

Function:

Transports and stores lipids & detoxifying drugs

Structure:

NO Ribosomes (smooth surface)

Connected to the nuclear membrane

Network of channel-like membranes

Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Organelle: Golgi Apparatus

Multiple Names:

Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Body

Golgi Complex

Mr. Camillo Golgi

Discovered the Golgi Apparatus in
1898!

Won the 1906 Nobel Prize for
nervous system research

Organelle: Golgi Apparatus/Body

Two Word Definition:

Packaging Center

Function:

Modifies, sorts, and packages protein vesicles made in the
“ER”

These vesicles will leave the cell

Makes lysosomes

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Organelle: Golgi Apparatus/Body

Structure:

Flattened stack of membranes

Like a “pancake stack”

Transport
Vesicle
from ER

New Vesicle
forming

Transport Vesicle
from Golgi

Organelle: Golgi Apparatus/Body

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Organelle: Lysosomes

Two Word Definition:
Structure:

Suicide Sacs

Function:

Contain enzymes used to
breakdown/destroy
materials inside and
outside of the cell
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Apparatus/Body
Organelle: Golgi

Membrane sac filled with
hydrolytic enzymes

Made by the Golgi
Apparatus
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Organelle: Lysosomes
Formation of Lysosomes by the Golgi Apparatus

Vesicle containing
hydrolytic enzymes is
pinched off the Golgi
and begins journey to
cell membrane.

Organelle: Ribosomes

Two Word Definition:

Protein Synthesis

Function:

Site of the construction of proteins

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Organelle: Ribosomes

Structure:

Made of rRNA

Made of 2 interlocking parts (“subunits”)

Ribosomes are found in two locations:

Free ribosomes (“floaters”)

Ribosomes connected to Rough ER

Organelle: Ribosomes

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Organelle: Ribosomes

Organelle: Chromosomes

Two Word Definition:

Hereditary Information

Genetic Mailman

Function:

Code for all the
organisms’ traits

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Organelle: Chromosomes

Structure:

Composed of DNA and
proteins

When cell is at rest, DNA
is known as “chromatin”

Organelle: Chromosomes

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Organelle: Cilia

Two Word Definition:

Short/Fast Movement

Function:

Locomotion

Structure:

Short, hair-like structures

9+2 arrangement of
microtubules

Organelle: Flagella

Two Word Definition:

Long/Slow Movement

Function:

Locomotion

Structure:

Long, hair-like structures

Flagella whips around for
movement

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Cilia & Flagella Videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA

Organelle: Centrioles

Two Word Definition:

Cell Division

Function:

Makes spindle fibers

Spindle fibers: protein
structure that divides
genetic material in the cell

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Organelle: Centrioles

Function:

Centrioles produce spindle fibers during cell division

As cell division begins centrioles move to opposite ends of the
cell

Once positioned centrioles will produce spindle fibers

Organelle: Centrioles

Structure:

Made of microtubules of contractile proteins

Tubules are in a 9x3 arrangement

Centrioles are located at right angles to each other OUTSIDE
of the cell nucleus

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Organelle: Chloroplast

Two Word Definition:

Photosynthesis

Function:

Site of photosynthesis
reactions

Conversion of light energy to
chemical energy

Organelle: Chloroplast

Structure:

Similar appearance to mitochondria

Two Main Regions:

Stroma: fluid

Grana: stacks of chlorophyll discs

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Organelle: Chloroplast

Stroma = Fluid environment

Granum (-a) = chlorophyll storage

Organelle: Chloroplast
Relation of Structure to
Function:

Sunlight energy is
absorbed by the
chlorophyll.

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Organelle: Chromoplast

PLANTS ONLY!
Structure:

Two Word Definition:
Membrane sacks filled

Color Storage with non-green pigments
in plants

Color Bodies

Function:

Coloration of flowers,
fruits, and leaves

Organelle: Leucoplast

PLANTS ONLY!
Structure:

Two Word Definition:
Membrane sack filled

Starch Storage with starch

Function:

Starch Storage

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Organelle: Vacuole

Two Word Definition:
Structure:

Water/food Storage
Similar to a water

Function: balloon

Food and water

storage center inside
the cell.

Organelle: Vacuole

- One cell organisms “stomach.”

- Function of water vacuole in plants is to provide

tugor pressure which keeps plants upright.

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