「9781337616249 - CalcMetric - 16 - CSM.pdf」複本的副本

C H A P T E R 1 6
Additional Topics in Differential Equations
Section 16.1 Exact First-Order Equations.............................................................1569
Section 16.2 Second-Order Homogeneous Linear Equations..............................1579
Section 16.3 Second-Order Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations .......................1588
Section 16.4 Series Solutions of Differential Equations ......................................1598
Review Exercises ......................................................................................................1609
Problem Solving .......................................................................................................1623
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 1 6
Additional Topics in Differential Equations
Section 16.1 Exact First-Order Equations
1. The equation M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0 is exact if 7. ( 2 x − 3 y ) dx + ( 2 y − 3x) dy = 0
there exists a function f ( x, y ) such that ∂M ∂N
= −3 = Exact
f x ( x, y ) = M ( x, y ) and f y = N ( x, y ). f must have ∂y ∂x
continuous first partial derivatives. f ( x, y ) =  M ( x, y ) dx
To test for exactness, determine whether M y = N x .
= (2 x − 3 y) dx
2. An integrating factor is useful when = x 2 − 3xy + g ( y )
M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy = 0 is not exact, but
f y ( x, y ) = −3 x + g ′( y )
multiplying through by the integrating factors yields on
exact equation. = 2 y − 3 x  g ′( y ) = 2 y
 g ( y ) = y 2 + C1
( ) (
3. 2 x + xy 2 dx + 3 + x 2 y dy = 0 )
∂M f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 3 xy + y 2 + C1
= 2 xy
∂y x 2 − 3 xy + y 2 = C
∂N
= 2 xy 8. ye x dx + e x dy = 0
∂x
∂M ∂N ∂M ∂N
= Exact = ex = Exact
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
f ( x, y ) =  N ( x, y ) dy =  e x dy = ye x + g ( x )
( )
4. ( 2 xy − y ) dx + x 2 − xy dy = 0
f x ( x, y ) = ye x + g ′( x) = ye x  g ′( x) = 0
∂M
= 2x − 1
∂y  g ( x) = C1
∂N f ( x, y ) = ye x + C1
= 2x − y
∂x
ye x = C
∂M ∂N
≠ Not exact
∂y ∂x
( ) (
9. 3 y 2 + 10 xy 2 dx + 6 xy − 2 + 10 x 2 y = 0 )
5. x sin y dx + x cos y dy = 0 ∂M ∂N
= 6 y + 20 xy = Exact
∂M ∂y ∂x
= x cos y
∂y f ( x, y ) =  M ( x, y ) dx =  (3 y + 10 xy 2 ) dx
2
∂N = 3 xy 2 + 5 x 2 y 2 + g ( y )
= cos y
∂x
∂M ∂N f y ( x, y ) = 6 xy + 10 x 2 y + g ′( y ) = 6 xy − 2 + 10 x 2 y
≠ Not exact
∂y ∂x  g ′( y ) = −2  g ( y ) = −2 y + C1
6. ye xy dx + xe xy dy = 0 f ( x, y ) = 3xy 2 + 5 x 2 y 2 − 2 y + C1
∂M 3 xy 2 + 5 x 2 y 2 − 2 y = C
= e xy + xye xy
∂y
∂N
= e xy + xye xy
∂x
∂M ∂N
= Exact
∂y ∂x
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1569
1570 Chapter 16 Additional Topics in Differential Equations
10. 2 cos ( 2 x − y ) dx − cos( 2 x − y ) dy = 0 x x2

13. 2
dx − 3 dy = 0
y y
∂M ∂N
= 2 sin ( 2 x − y ) =
∂y ∂x ∂M ∂N
= − 2 xy − 3 = Exact
= 2 sin ( 2 x − y ) Exact ∂y ∂x
x2
f ( x, y ) =  M ( x, y ) dx f ( x, y ) =  N ( x, y) dy =  − x
2 −3
y dy = + g ( x)
2 y2
=  2 cos (2 x − y) dx = sin ( 2 x − y ) + g ( y )
x
f x ( x, y ) = + g ′( x )  g ′( x ) = 0
f y ( x, y ) = −cos( 2 x − y ) + g ′( y ) y2
= −cos( 2 x − y )  g ′( y ) = 0  g ( y ) = C1 x2
f ( x, y ) = + C1
2 y2
f ( x, y ) = sin ( 2 x − y ) + C1
sin ( 2 x − y ) = C x2
= C
2 y2
−y x
11. dx + 2 dy = 0
2
x + y 2
x + y2 14. ye y cos xy dx + e y ( x cos xy + sin xy ) dy = 0
∂M y2 − x2 ∂N ∂M
= = Exact = e y cos xy + ye y cos xy − xye y sin xy
( x + y ) ∂x
2
∂y 2 2 ∂y
∂N
 x = e y [cos xy − xy sin xy + y cos xy]
f ( x, y ) =  M ( x, y ) dx = −arctan   + g ( y ) ∂x
 y
∂M ∂N
= Exact
x ∂y ∂x
f y ( x, y ) = 2 + g ′( y )
x + y2
f ( x, y ) =  M ( x, y ) dx
x
=  g ′( y ) = 0  g ( y ) = C1
x + y2
2 =  ye
y
cos xy dx = e y sin xy + g ( y )
 x f y ( x, y ) = e y sin xy + xe y cos xy + g ′( y )
f ( x, y ) = −arctan   + C1
 y  g ′( y ) = 0  g ( y ) = C1
 x
arctan   = C f ( x, y ) = e y sin xy + C1
 y
e y sin xy = C
12. xe
( − x2 + y2 ) dx + ye
(
− x2 + y 2 ) dy = 0
∂M −( x 2 + y 2 ) ∂N
= −2 xye = Exact
∂y ∂x
f ( x, y ) =  M ( x, y ) dx
(
− x2 + y2 ) dx 1 −( x2 + y 2 )
+ g ( y)
=  xe = − e
2
f y ( x, y ) = ye
(
− x2 + y 2 ) + g ′( y) = ye
(
− x2 + y2 )  g ′( y ) = 0
 g ( y ) = C1
1 −( x2 + y 2 )
f ( x, y ) = − e + C1
2
e
(
− x2 + y2 ) = C
Section 16.1 Exact First-Order Equations 1571
15. (a) and (c) 16. (a) and (c)

y 4 y 6
4
4
−6 6 −9 9
2
x x
−4 −4 −2 2 4
−4 −6
−2
−4
−4
1 π x y
(b) (2 x tan y + 5) dx + ( x 2 sec 2 y ) dy = 0, y   = (b) dx + dy = 0, y ( 4) = 3
2
  4 2
x + y 2
x + y2
2
∂M ∂N ∂M xy ∂N
= 2 x sec 2 y =  Exact = − = Exact
∂y ∂x
(x + y )
32
∂y 2 2 ∂x
f ( x, y ) =  M ( x, y ) dx = (2 x tan y + 5) dx x
f ( x, y ) =  M ( x, y ) dx =  dx
= x 2 tan y + 5 x + g ( y ) x2 + y 2
f y ( x, y ) = x 2 sec 2 y + g ′( y ) 1 2
( x + y 2 ) 2 x dx
−1 2
=
2 
= x 2 sec 2 y
= x2 + y 2 + g ( y)
 g ′( y ) = 0  g ( y ) = C
y
f ( x, y ) = x 2 tan y + 5 x = C f y ( x, y ) = + g ′( y )
x2 + y2
1 π  1 5 11 y
f ,  = + = = C =  g ′( y ) = 0  g ( y ) = C
2 4 4 2 4 x2 + y2
11
Answer: x 2 tan y + 5 x = f ( x, y ) = x2 + y 2 = C
4
f (3, 4) = 32 + 42 = 25 = 5 = C
Solution: x 2 + y 2 = 5 or x 2 + y 2 = 25
( ) (
17. 2 xy − 9 x 2 dx + 2 y + x 2 + 1 dy = 0 )
∂M ∂N
= 2x = Exact
∂y ∂x
f ( x, y ) =  M ( x, y ) dx = (2 xy − 9 x 2 ) dx = x 2 y − 3 x 3 + g ( y )
f y ( x, y ) = x 2 + g ′( y ) = 2 y + x 2 + 1  g ′( y ) = 2 y + 1  g ( y ) = y 2 + y + C1
f ( x, y ) = x 2 y − 3 x3 + y 2 + y + C1
x 2 y − 3 x3 + y 2 + y = C
y (0) = −3: 9 − 3 = 6 = C
Solution: x 2 y − 3x 3 + y 2 + y = 6
( ) (
18. 2 xy 2 + 4 dx + 2 x 2 y − 6 dy = 0 ) 21.
y
dx + ln ( x − 1) + 2 y  dy = 0
x −1
∂M ∂N
= 4 xy = Exact ∂M 1 ∂N
∂y ∂x = = Exact
∂y x −1 ∂x
f ( x, y ) =  M ( x, y ) dx
f ( x, y ) =  M ( x, y ) dx = y ln ( x − 1) + g ( y )
(2 xy + 4) dx = x 2 y 2 + 4 x + g ( y )
2
=
f y ( x, y ) = ln ( x − 1) + g ′( y )
f y ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 y + g ′( y ) = 2 x 2 y − 6  g ′( y ) = −6
 g ′( y ) = 2 y  g ( y ) = y 2 + C1
 g ( y ) = −6 y + C1
f ( x, y ) = y ln ( x − 1) + y 2 + C1
f ( x, y ) = x 2 y 2 + 4 x − 6 y + C1
y ln ( x − 1) + y 2 = C
x2 + y 2 + 4x − 6 y = C
y ( −1) = 8: 1 + 64 − 4 − 48 = 13 = C y ( 2) = 4: 4 ln ( 2 − 1) + 16 = C  C = 16
Solution: x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 6 y = 13 Solution: y ln( x − 1) + y 2 = 16
( ) (
19. e3 x sin 3 y dx + e3 x cos 3 y dy = 0 ) 22.
x
dx + 2
y
dy = 0
x2 + y 2 x + y2
∂M ∂N
= 3e3 x cos 3 y = Exact ∂M −2 xy ∂N
∂y ∂x = = Exact
( x + y ) ∂x
2
∂y 2 2
f ( x, y ) =  M ( x, y ) dx
1 3x f ( x, y ) =  M ( x, y ) dx
=  e sin 3 y dx =
3x
e sin 3 y + g ( y )
3 x 1
=  x2 2
dx = ln ( x 2 + y 2 ) + g ( y )
f y ( x, y ) = e3 x cos 3 y + g ′( y ) + y 2
 g ′( y ) = 0  g ( y ) = C1 y
f y ( x, y ) = + g ′( y )
x2 + y2
1 3x
f ( x, y ) = e sin 3 y + C1  g ′( y ) = 0  g ( y ) = C1
3
1
e3 x sin 3 y = C f ( x, y ) = ln ( x 2 + y 2 ) + C1
2
y (0) = π : C = 0
ln ( x 2 + y 2 ) = C
3x
Solution: e sin 3 y = 0
y(0) = 4: ln (16) = C
( 2
20. x + y 2
) dx + 2 xy dy = 0 ln ( x 2 + y 2 ) = ln 16
∂M ∂N Solution: x 2 + y 2 = 16
= 2y = Exact
∂y ∂x
f ( x, y ) =  M ( x, y ) dx 23. y 2 dx + 5 xy dy = 0
x3 (∂N ∂x) − (∂M ∂y ) 5y − 2y 3

 (x + y 2 ) dx = + xy 2 + g ( y ) = =
2
=
3 M y2 y
f y ( x, y ) = 2 xy + g ′( y )  g ′( y ) = 0  g ( y ) = C1
Integrating factor: e
k ( y ) dy
= e3 ln y = y 3
3
x
f ( x, y ) = + xy 2 + C1 Exact equation: y 5 + 5 xy 4 = 0
3
x3 f ( x, y ) = xy 5 + g ( y )
+ xy 2 = C
3 f y ( x, y ) = 5 xy 4 + g ′( y )  g ′( y ) = C1
y(3) = 1: 9 + 3 = 12 = C
xy 5 = C
x3
+ xy 2 = 12
3
Solution: x3 + 3 xy 2 = 36
24. ( 2 x3 + y ) dx − x dy = 0 27. ( x + y ) dx + ( tan x) dy = 0

(∂M ∂y ) − (∂N ∂x) 2 (∂M ∂y ) − (∂N ∂x) = − tan x = h( x )
= − = h( x ) N
N x
h( x) dx
Integrating factor: e 
h( x) dx
= e ln x
−2
=
1 Integrating factor: e  = eln cos x = cos x
x2
Exact equation: ( x + y ) cos x dx + sin x dy = 0
 y 1
Exact equation:  2 x + 2  dx − dy = 0
 x  x f ( x, y ) = x sin x + cos x + y sin x + g ( y )
y g ′( y ) = 0
f ( x, y ) = x 2 − + g ( y)
x g ( y ) = C1
g ′( y ) = 0
x sin x + cos x + y sin x = C
g ( y ) = C1
x2 −
y
= C 28. ( 2 x 2 y − 1) dx + x3 dy = 0
x
(∂M ∂y ) − (∂N ∂x) 1
= − = h( x )
(
25. y dx − x + 6 y 2
) dy = 0 N x
1
h( x) dx
(∂N ∂x) − (∂M ∂y ) 2 = e ln(1 x) =
= − = k ( y) x
M y
 1
Exact equation:  2 xy −  dx + x 2 dy = 0
 k ( y) dy ln y −2 1  x
Integrating factor: e = e = 2
y
f ( x, y ) = x 2 y − ln x + g ( y )
1  x  g ′( y ) = 0
Exact equation: dx −  2 + 6  dy = 0
y y  g ( y ) = C1
x x 2 y − ln x = C
f ( x, y ) = + g ( y)
y
g ′( y ) = −6 29. y 2 dx + ( xy − 1) dy = 0
g ( y ) = −6 y + C1 (∂N ∂x) − (∂M ∂y ) 1
= − = k ( y)
x M y
− 6y = C
y k ( y ) dy 1
Integrating factor: e  = eln(1 y) =
y
26. (5 x 2 − y 2 ) dx + 2 y dy = 0
 1
(∂M ∂y ) − (∂N ∂x) Exact equation: y dx +  x −  dy = 0
= −1 = h( x)  y
N
f ( x, y ) = xy + g ( y )
h( x) dx
= e− x 1
g ′( y ) = −
( )
Exact equation: 5 x 2 − y 2 e− x dx + 2 ye− x dy = 0 y
g ( y ) = −ln y + C1
f ( x, y ) = −5 x 2e− x − 10 xe− x − 10e− x + y 2e− x + g ( y )
xy − ln y = C
g ′( y ) = 0
g ( y ) = C1
y 2e− x − 5 x 2e − x − 10 xe − x − 10e − x = C
30. ( x 2 + 2 x + y) dx + 2 dy = 0 ( ) (
33. 4 x 2 y + 2 y 2 dx + 3x3 + 4 xy dy = 0 )
(∂M ∂y ) − (∂N ∂x)
=
1
= h( x ) Integrating factor: xy 2
N 2
Exact equation:
h( x) dx
= ex 2 (4 x3 y3 + 2 xy 4 ) dy + (3x4 y 2 + 4 x2 y3 ) dy = 0
(
Exact equation: x + 2 x + y e2
) x2
dx + 2e x2
dy = 0
f ( x, y ) = x 4 y 3 + x 2 y 4 + g ( y )
f ( x, y ) = 2( x 2 − 2 x + 4 + y )e x 2
+ g ( y) g ′( y ) = 0
g ′( y ) = 0 g ( y ) = C1
g ( y ) = C1 x4 y3 + x2 y 4 = C
( x2 − 2 x + 4 + y )e x 2 = C
( ) (
34. 3 y 2 + 5 x 2 y dx + 3xy + 2 x3 dy = 0 )
(
31. 2 y dx + x − sin )
y dy = 0 Integrating factor: x 2 y
(∂N ∂x) − (∂M ∂y )
=
−1
= k ( y)
Exact equation:
M 2y (3x2 y3 + 5x4 y 2 ) dx + (3x3 y 2 + 2 x5 y) dy = 0
Integrating factor: e  = e ( ) = 1
k ( y ) dy ln 1 y
f ( x, y ) = x 3 y 3 + x 5 y 2 + g ( y )
y
g ′( y ) = 0
 x sin y 
Exact equation: 2 y dy +  − dy = 0 g ( y ) = C1
 y y 

x3 y 3 + x5 y 2 = C
f ( x, y ) = 2 y x + g ( y)
sin y ( ) (
35. − y 5 + x 2 y dx + 2 xy 4 − 2 x3 dy = 0)
g ′( y ) = −
y Integrating factor: x −2 y −3
g ( y ) = 2 cos y + C1 Exact equation:
y x + cos y = C  y2 1   y x
 − 2 + 2  dx +  2 − 2 3  dy = 0
 x y   x y 
32. ( −2 y 3 + 1) dx + (3 xy 2 + x3 ) dy = 0 y2 x
f ( x, y ) = + 2 + g ( y)
(∂M ∂y ) − (∂N ∂x )
=
−3
= h( x )
x y
N x g ′( y ) = 0
h( x) dx
= e
ln(1 x3 ) =
1 g ( y ) = C1
x3 y2 x
+ 2 = C
 −2 y 3 1  3y2  x y
Exact equation:  3 + 3  dx +  2 + 1 dy = 0
 x x   x 
y3 1
(
36. − y 3 dx + xy 2 − x 2 dy = 0 )
f ( x, y ) = 2 − + g ( y)
x 2 x2 Integrating factor: x −2 y −2
g ′( y ) = 1
−y 1 1 
Exact equation: dx +  − 2  dy = 0
g ( y ) = y + C1 x 2
x y 
y3 1 y
− + y = C f ( x, y ) = + g ( y)
x2 2x2 x
1
g ′( y ) = − 2
y
1
g ( y) = + C1
y
y 1
+ = C
x y
37. y dx − x dy = 0
1 y 1 ∂M 1 ∂N
(a) , dx − dy = 0, = 2 =
x2 x2 x ∂y x ∂x
1 1 x ∂M −1 ∂N
(b) , dx − 2 dy = 0, = 2 =
y2 y y ∂y y ∂x
1 1 1 ∂M ∂N
(c) , dx − dy = 0, = 0 =
xy x y ∂y ∂x
1 y x
(d) , dx − 2 dy = 0,
x2 + y2 x2 + y 2 x + y2
∂M x2 − y 2 ∂N
= =
( x + y ) ∂x
2
∂y 2 2
( ) (
38. axy 2 + by dx + bx 2 y + ax dy = 0 )
∂M ∂N ∂M ∂M
Exact equation: = 2axy + b, = 2bxy + a, = only if a = b.
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
Integrating factor: x m y n
(axm +1 y n + 2 + bxm y n +1) dx + (bxm + 2 y n +1 + axm +1 y n ) dy = 0
∂M 
= a( n + 2) x m + 1 y n +1 + b( n + 1) x m y n  a( n + 2) = b( m + 2)
∂y 

∂N
= b( m + 2) x m + 1 y n +1 + a( m + 1) x m y n  b( n + 1) = a( m + 1)
∂x 
an − bm = 2(b − a ) abn − b 2 m = 2b(b − a )

bn − am = a − b  abn − a 2 m = a( a − b)
( a 2 − b 2 )m = −( 2b + a )( a − b)
2b + a
m = −
a +b
 2b + a 
bn − a −  = a −b
 a +b
−2ab − a 2 + a 2 − b 2 −b ( 2 a + b )
bn = =
a +b a +b
2a + b
n = −
a +b
y x x y
39. F( x, y ) = i − j 40. F( x, y ) = i − j
2 2 2 2 2 2
x + y x + y x + y x + y2
2
dy x dy y
= − = −
dx y dx x
y dy + x dx = 0 x dy + y dx = 0
y2 + x2 = C xy = C
Family of circles Family of hyperbolas
4 4
c=4 c=9
−6 6 −6 6
c=1
−4 −4
 x  dy y − x
41. F( x, y ) = 4 x 2 yi −  2 xy 2 + 2  j 43. =
 y  dx 3y − x
dy −y 1 (x − y ) dx + (3 y − x) dy = 0
= −
dx 2x 4 xy 3 ∂M ∂N
= −1 =
8y 3
2 ∂y ∂x
dy = − dx
4
2y + 1 x x2
f ( x, y ) = − xy + g ( y )
1 2
ln ( 2 y 4 + 1) = ln  2  + ln C g ′( y ) = 3 y
x 
C 3y2
2 y4 + 1 = 2 g ( y) = + C1
x 2
2x2 y4 + x2 = C x 2 − 2 xy + 3 y 2 = C
2
Initial condition: y ( 2) = 1, 4 − 4 + 3 = C , C = 3
c=4 c=6
−3 3 Particular solution: x 2 − 2 xy + 3 y 2 = 3
c=2 dy −2 xy
−2 44. = 2
dx x + y2
42. F( x, y ) = (1 + x 2 )i − 2 xyj 2 xy dx + ( x 2 + y 2 ) dy = 0
dy −2 xy ∂M ∂N
= = 2x =
dx 1 + x2 ∂y ∂x
1
dy = −
2x
dx f ( x, y ) = x 2 y + g ( y )
y 1 + x2
g ′( y ) = y 2
 1 
ln y = ln  2
+ ln C y3
1 + x  g ( y) = + C1
3
C
y = 3x 2 y + y 3 = C
1 + x2
4 Initial condition: y ( −1) = 1, 4 = C
Particular solution: 3 x 2 y + y 3 = 4
−6 6
−4
20 x − y x dy
45. E ( x) = =
2 y − 10 x y dx
(20 xy − y 2 ) dx + (10 x 2 − 2 xy) dy = 0
∂M ∂N
= 20 x − 2 y =
∂y ∂x
f ( x, y ) = 10 x 2 y − xy 2 + g ( y )
g ′( y ) = 0
g ( y ) = C1
10 x 2 y − xy 2 = K
Initial condition: C (100) = 500, 100 ≤ x, K = 25,000,000
10 x 2 y − xy 2 = 25,000,000
xy 2 − 10 x 2 y + 25,000,000 = 0 Quadratic Formula
y =
10 x 2 + 100 x 4 − 4 x( 25,000,000)
=
(
5 x2 + x 4 − 1,000,000 x )
2x x
46. (d) Because at (0, 0), F(0, 0) = 2i + j has slope 12 .
For (a), F(0, 0) = − i + 2 j has negative slope.
For (b), F(0, 0) = i.
For (c), F(0, 0) = i − j.
47. (a) y ( 4) ≈ 0.5231 48. (a) y (5) ≈ 6.6980

2 16
−1 5
−3 6
−1 −2
dy − xy dy 6x + y2
(b) = 2 (b) =
dx x + y2 dx y (3 y − 2 x )
xy dx + ( x 2 + y 2 ) dy = 0 (6 x + y 2 ) dx + (2 xy − 3 y 2 ) dy = 0
1 1 1 ∂M ∂N
 N x − M y  = [2 x − x] = function of y = 2y = Exact
M xy y ∂y ∂x
(6 x + y ) dx
alone. f ( x, y ) = 2
= 3x 2 + xy 2 + g ( y )
(1 y) dy
= eln y = y f y = 2 xy + g ′( y )  g ( y ) = − y 3 + C1
xy dx + ( x y + y ) dy = 0
2 2 3
f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + xy 2 − y 3 = C
f ( x, y ) =
x2 y 2
+ g ( y) Initial condition: y (0) = 1  −1 = C
 xy
2
dx =
2
Particular solution: 3 x 2 + xy 2 − y 3 = −1
y4
f y ( x, y ) = x y + g ′( y )  g ( y ) =
2
+ C1
4 For x = 5, 75 + 5 y 2 − y 3 + 1 = 0  y = 6.695.
x2 y 2 y4
f ( x, y ) = + = C (c) 16
2 4
4 1 9
Initial condition: y ( 2) = 1, + = = C
2 4 4
−3 6
x2 y 2 y4 9
Particular solution: + = or −2
2 4 4
2 x 2 y 2 + y 4 = 9.
For x = 4, 32 y 2 + y 4 = 9  y( 4) = 0.528
(c) 2
−1 5
−1
49. (a) y ( 4) ≈ 0.408 50. (a) y ( s ) ≈ 6.708

2 16
−1 5
−3 6
−1 −2
dy − xy dy 6x + y2
(b) = 2 (b) =
dx x + y2 dx y (3 y − 2 x )
xy dx + ( x 2 + y 2 ) dy = 0 (6 x + y 2 ) dx + (2 xy − 3 y 2 ) dy = 0
1 1 ∂M ∂N
 N x − M y  = [2 x − x] = 2y = Exact
M xy ∂y ∂x
(6 x + y ) dx
1 f ( x, y ) = 2
= 3 x 2 + xy 2 + g ( y )
= function of y alone.
y
f y = 2 xy + g ′( y )  g ( y ) = − y 3 + C1
1 y dy
= eln y = y f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + xy 2 − y 3 = C
xy 2 dx + ( x 2 y + y 3 ) dy = 0 Initial condition: y (0) = 1  −1 = C
x2 y 2
f ( x, y ) =  xy 2 dx = + g ( y) Particular solution: 3 x 2 + xy 2 − y 3 = −1
2
y4 For x = 5, 75 + 5 y 2 − y 3 + 1 = 0  y = 6.695.
f y ( x, y ) = x 2 y + g ′( y )  g ( y ) = + C1
4 (c) 16
x2 y 2 y4
f ( x, y ) = + = C
2 4
4 1 9
Initial condition: y ( 2) = 1, + = = C −3 6
2 4 4 −2
x2 y 2 y4 9
Particular solution: + = or The solution is less accurate. For Exercise 48,
2 4 4
Euler’s Method gives y (5) ≈ 6.698, whereas in
2 x 2 y 2 + y 4 = 9.
Exercise 50, you obtain y (5) ≈ 6.708. The errors
For x = 4, 32 y 2 + y 4 = 9  y( 4) = 0.528
are 6.695 − 6.698 = −0.003 and
(c) 2
6.695 − 6.708 = −0.013.
51. M = xy 2 + kx 2 y + x 3 , N = x3 + x 2 y + y 2
−1 5 ∂M ∂N
= 2 xy + kx 2 , = 3 x 2 + 2 xy
∂y ∂x
−1
∂M ∂N
The solution is less accurate. For Exercise 47, =  k = 3
∂y ∂x
Euler’s Method gives y ( 4) ≈ 0.523, whereas in
Exercise 49, you obtain y ( 4) ≈ 0.408. The errors 52. M = ye 2 xy + 2 x, N = kxe 2 xy − 2 y
are 0.528 − 0.523 = 0.005 and ∂M ∂N
= e 2 xy + 2 xye 2 xy , = ke 2 xy + 2kxye 2 xy
0.528 − 0.408 = 0.120. ∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
=  k =1
∂y ∂x
Section 16.2 Second-Order Homogeneous Linear Equations 1579
53. M = g ( y ) sin x, N = y 2 f ( x) 55. True

M ( x) dx + N ( y ) dy = 0 is exact.
∂M ∂N
= g ′( y ) sin x, = y 2 f ′( x )
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
( )
56. False. For example, 2 xy dx + x 2 − y 2 dy = 0 is exact
= : g ′( y ) sin x = f ′( x) y 2 but not separable.
∂y ∂x
y3 57. True
g ′( y ) = y 2  g ( y ) = + C1
3 ∂ ∂M ∂ ∂N
 f ( x) + M  = and  g ( y ) + N  =
f ′( x ) = sin x  f ( x) = −cos x + C2 ∂y  ∂y ∂x  ∂x
58. False.
54. M = g ( y )e y , N = xy
y dx + x dy = 0 is exact, but xy dx + x 2 dy is not
∂M ∂N
= g ′( y )e y + g ( y )e y , = y exact.
∂y ∂x
g ′( y )e y + g ( y )e y = y
 g ( y )e y ′ = y
y2
g ( y )e y = +C
2
 y2 
g ( y) = e− y  + C
2 
Section 16.2 Second-Order Homogeneous Linear Equations

1. (a) Order 5; homogenous 3. (a) y = C1e − x + C2e3 x
(b) y′′ + 3e x y = − 2 x (b) y = C1e 2 x + C2 xe 2 x
Order 2; nonhomogeneous
4. First, determine the zeros of the characteristic equation.
2. The functions y1 and y2 are linearly independent if the Then form a linearly independent collection of solutions.
only solutions to the equation C1 y1 ( x) + C2 y2 ( x ) = 0 is
the trivial solution C1 = C2 = 0.
5. y = C1e −3 x + C2 xe −3 x
y′ = −3C1e −3 x + C2e −3 x − 3C2 xe −3 x
y′′ = 9C1e −3 x − 6C2e −3 x + 9C2 xe −3 x
y′′ + 6 y′ + 9 y = (9C1e −3 x − 6C2e −3 x + 9C2 xe−3 x ) + ( −18C1e −3 x + 6C2e −3 x − 18C2 xe −3 x ) + (9C1e −3 x + 9C2 xe −3 x ) = 0
y approaches zero as x → ∞.
5
y3
−5 5
y1
y2
−5
6. y = C1 + C2e3 x 7. y = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x

y′ = −2C1 sin 2 x + 2C2 cos 2 x
y′ = 3C2e3 x
y′′ = −4C1 cos 2 x − 4C2 sin 2 x = −4 y
y′′ = 9C2e3 x
y′′ + 4 y = −4 y + 4 y = 0
y′′ − 3 y′ = 9C2e3 x − 3(3C2e3 x ) = 0 The graphs are basically the same shape, with left and
4 right shifts and varying ranges.
4
y2 y1
y3 y1
y2
−6 3
y3 −π π
−4
−4
8. y = C1e− x cos 3x + C2e− x sin 3x = e− x (C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x)
y′ = −e − x (C1 cos 3 x + C2 sin 3 x) + e − x ( −3C1 sin 3 x + 3C2 cos 3 x)

= e − x [−C1 cos 3 x − C2 sin 3 x − 3C1 sin 3 x + 3C2 cos 3 x] 4
y2
y′′ = −e [−C1 cos 3x − C2 sin 3x − 3C1 sin 3x + 3C2 cos 3 x]
−x
y3
+ e [3C1 sin 3 x − 3C2 cos 3 x − 9C1 cos 3 x − 9C2 sin 3 x]

−x −1 4
y1
y′′ + 2 y′ + 10 y = e − x [C1 cos 3 x + C2 sin 3x + 3C1 sin 3 x − 3C2 cos 3 x
−4
+ 3C1 sin 3 x − 3C2 cos 3 x − 9C1 cos 3 x − 9C2 sin 3 x]

+ 2e − x [−C1 cos 3 x − C2 sin 3 x − 3C1 sin 3 x + 3C2 cos 3x]
+ 10e − x [C1 cos 3 x + C2 sin 3 x] = 0
y approaches zero as x → ∞.
9. y′′ − y′ = 0 13. 2 y′′ + 3 y′ − 2 y = 0
Characteristic equation: m 2 − m = 0 Characteristic equation: 2m2 + 3m − 2 = 0

Roots: m = 0, 1 Roots: m = 1 , −2
2
y = C1 + C2e x y = C1e(1 2)x + C2e −2 x
10. y′′ + 2 y′ = 0 14. 16 y′′ − 16 y′ + 3 y = 0

2
Characteristic equation: m + 2m = 0 Characteristic equation: 16m2 − 16m + 3 = 0
Roots: m = 0, − 2 1, 3
Roots: m = 4 4
−2 x
y = C1 + C2e
y = C1e(1 4)x + C2e(3 4)x
11. y′′ − y′ − 6 y = 0
15. y′′ + 6 y′ + 9 y = 0
Characteristic equation: m 2 − m − 6 = 0
Characteristic equation: m 2 + 6m + 9 = 0
Roots: m = 3, − 2
Roots: m = −3, −3
y = C1e3 x + C2e −2 x
y = C1e −3 x + C2 xe −3 x
12. y′′ + 6 y′ + 5 y = 0
16. y′′ − 10 y′ + 25 y = 0
Characteristic equation: m 2 − 10m + 25 = 0
Roots: m = −1, −5
Roots: m = 5, 5
y = C1e − x + C2e −5 x
y = C1e5 x + C2 xe5 x
17. 16 y′′ − 8 y′ + y = 0 25. y′′ − 3 y′ + y = 0
Characteristic equation: 16m 2 − 8m + 1 = 0 Characteristic equation: m 2 − 3m + 1 = 0

Roots: m = 1, 1 3− 5 3+ 5
4 4 Roots: m = ,
2 2
y = C1e(1 4)x + C2 xe(1 4)x
y = C1e 
(
 3+ )
5 2 x

3 −
+ C2e 
5 2 x
18. 9 y′′ − 12 y′ + 4 y = 0
26. 3 y′′ + 4 y′ − y = 0
Characteristic equation: 9m 2 − 12m + 4 = 0
Roots: m = 2, 2 Characteristic equation: 3m 2 + 4m − 1 = 0
3 3
−2 − 7 −2 + 7
y = C1e(2 3)x + C2 xe(2 3)x Roots: m = ,
3 3
19. y′′ + y = 0 y = C1e 
(
 −2 + )
7 3 x
 + C2e 
(
 −2 − )
7 3 x

Characteristic equation: m 2 + 1 = 0
27. 9 y′′ − 12 y′ + 11y = 0
Roots: m = −i, i
Characteristic equation: 9m 2 − 12m + 11 = 0
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
2+ 7i 2 − 7i
Roots: m = ,
20. y′′ + 4 y = 0 3 3
Characteristic equation: m 2 + 4 = 0   7   7 
y = e(2 3)x C1 cos x  + C2 sin  x 
Roots: m = −2i, 2i   3   3 
y = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x
28. 2 y′′ − 6 y′ + 7 y = 0
21. 4 y′′ − 5 y = 0 Characteristic equation: 2m 2 − 6m + 7 = 0
Characteristic equation: 4m 2 − 5 = 0 3+ 5i 3 − 5i
Roots: m = ,
5 2 2
Roots: m = ±
2   5   5 
y = e(3 2)x C1 cos x  + C2 sin  x 
y = C1e 5 2x
+ C2 − 5 2x
  2   2 
22. y′′ − 2 y = 0 29. y (4) − y = 0

Characteristic equation: m 2 − 2 = 0 Characteristic equation: m 4 − 1 = 0
Roots: m = − 2, 2 Roots: m = −1, 1, −i, i
y = C1e 2x
+ C2 − 2x y = C1e x + C2e − x + C3 cos x + C4 sin x
23. y′′ − 2 y′ + 4 y = 0 30. y (4) − y′′ = 0

Characteristic equation: m 2 − 2m + 4 = 0 Characteristic equation: m 4 − m2 = 0
Roots: m = 1 − 3i, 1 + 3i Roots: m = 0, 0, −1, 1
(
y = e x C1 cos 3 x + C2 sin 3x ) y = C1 + C2 x + C3e x + C4e − x
31. y′′′ − 6 y′′ + 11 y′ − 6 y = 0

24. y′′ − 4 y′ + 21 y = 0
Characteristic equation: m3 − 6m 2 + 11m − 6 = 0
Characteristic equation: m 2 − 4m + 21 = 0
Roots: m = 1, 2, 3
Roots: m = 2 − 17i, 2 + 17i
y = C1e x + C2e 2 x + C3e3 x
(
y = e 2 x C1 cos 17 x + C2 sin 17 x )
32. y′′′ − y′′ − y′ + y = 0 34. y′′′ − 3 y′′ + 3 y′ − y = 0
Characteristic equation: m3 − m 2 − m + 1 = 0 Characteristic equation: m3 − 3m 2 + 3m − 1 = 0

Roots: m = −1, 1, 1 Roots: m = 1, 1, 1
x x −x
y = C1e + C2 xe + C3e y = C1e x + C2 xe x + C3 x 2e x
33. y′′′ − 3 y′′ + 7 y′ − 5 y = 0 35. y (4) − 2 y′′ + y = 0

Characteristic equation: m3 − 3m 2 + 7 m − 5 = 0 Characteristic equation:
m 4 − 2m2 + 1 = 0  ( m 2 − 1) = 0
2
Roots: m = 1, 1 − 2i, 1 + 2i
y = C1e x + e x (C2 cos 2 x + C3 sin 2 x) Roots: m = 1, 1, −1, −1
y = C1e − x + C2 xe − x + C3e x + C4 xe x
36. y (4) − 2 y′′′ + y′′ = 0
Characteristic equation: m 4 − 2m3 + m 2 = 0  m 2 ( m 2 − 2m + 1) = m 2 ( m − 1) = 0

2
Roots: m = 0, 0, 1, 1
y = C1 + C2 x + C3e x + C4 xe x
37. y′′ + 100 y = 0 39. y′′ − y′ − 30 y = 0, y (0) = 1, y′(0) = −4

y = C1 cos 10 x + C2 sin 10 x
Characteristic equation: m 2 − m − 30 = 0
y′ = −10C1 sin 10 x + 10C2 cos 10 x
Roots: m = 6,−5
(a) y (0) = 2: 2 = C1
y = C1e6 x + C2e −5 x , y′ = 6C1e 6 x − 5C2e −5 x
y′(0) = 0: 0 = 10C2  C2 = 0
Initial conditions: y (0) = 1, y′(0) = −4, 1 = C1 + C2 ,
Particular solution: y = 2 cos 10 x
−4 = 6C1 − 5C2
(b) y (0) = 0: 0 = C1
1 10
Solving simultaneously: C1 = , C2 =
y′(0) = 2: 2 = 10C2  C2 = 1
5 11 11
1 6x
Particular solution: y = 1
5
sin 10 x Particular solution: y =
11
(e + 10e−5 x )
(c) y (0) = −1: −1 = C1
40. y′′ − 7 y′ + 12 y = 0, y (0) = 3, y′(0) = 3
y′(0) = 3: 3 = 10C2  C2 = 3
10
3 Characteristic equation: m 2 − 7 m + 12 = 0
Particular solution: y = −cos 10 x + 10
sin 10 x
Roots: m = 3, 4
38. y = C sin 3t y = C1e3 x + C2e 4 x , y′ = 3C1e3 x + 4C2e 4 x
y′ = 3C cos 3t Initial conditions: y (0) = 3, y′(0) = 3,
y′′ = −3C sin 3t C1 + C2 = 3, 3C1 + 4C2 = 3
y′′ + ω y = −3C sin 3t + ω sin 3t Solving simultaneously: C1 = 9, C2 = −6
= 0  ω = 3C
Particular solution: y = 9e3 x − 6e 4 x
5 3
y′(0) = −5: −5 = 3C  C = and
3
ω = −5 3
41. y′′ + 16 y = 0, y (0) = 0, y′(0) = 2
Characteristic equation: m 2 + 16 = 0
Roots: m = ±4i
y′ = −4C1 sin 4 x + 4C2 cos 4 x
Initial conditions: y (0) = 0 = C1
y′(0) = 2 = 4C2  C2 = 1
2
Particular solution: y = 1 sin 4 x

2
42. y′′ + 2 y′ + 3 y = 0, y (0) = 2, y′(0) = 1
−2 ± 4 − 12
Roots: m = = −1 ± 2i
2
(
y = e − x C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2x )
y′ = e − x (−C 1 2 sin 2 x + C2 2 cos ) (
2 x − e − x C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2x )
Initial conditions: y(0) = 2 = C1
3
y′(0) = 1 = C2 2 − C1 = C2 2 − 2  C2 =
2
 3 
Particular solution: y = e− x  2 cos 2x + sin 2x
 2 
43. 9 y′′ − 6 y′ + y = 0, y (0) = 2, y′(0) = 1 44. 4 y′′ + 4 y′ + y = 0, y (0) = 3, y′(0) = 1
Characteristic equation: 9m 2 − 6m + 1 = 0 Characteristic equation: 4m 2 + 4m + 1 = 0

Roots: m = 13 , 13 (2m + 1) = 0
2
y = C1e(1 3)x + C2 xe(1 3)x Roots: m = − 12 , − 12
y′ = 13 C1e(1 3)x + 13 C2 xe(1 3)x + C2e(1 3)x y = C1e(−1 2)x + C2 xe(−1 2)x
Initial conditions: y (0) = 2, y′(0) = 1 y′ = − 12 C1e(−1 2)x − 12 C2 xe(−1 2)x + C2e(−1 2)x
C1 = 2  Initial conditions:
1
  C1 = 2, C2 =
1C
3 1
+ C2 = 1 3 y (0) = 3 = C1
Particular solution: y = 2e x 3 + 13 xe x 3 y′(0) = 1 = − 12 C1 + C2  C2 = 5

2
Particular solution: y = 3e x 2 + 5 xe − x 2
2
45. y′′ − 4 y′ + 3 y = 0, y (0) = 1, y (1) = 3 49. 4 y′′ − 28 y′ + 49 y = 0, y (0) = 2, y(1) = −1
Characteristic equation: m 2 − 4m + 3 = 0 Characteristic equation: 4m 2 − 28m + 49 = 0

Roots: m = 1, 3 7 7
Roots: m = ,
2 2
y = C1e x + C2e3 x
y = C1e(7 2)x + C2 xe(7 2)x
y (0) = 1: C1 + C2 = 1
y (0) = 2: C1 = 2
y (1) = 3: C1e + C2e3 = 3
−1 − 2 e 7 2
e3 − 3 3−e y (1) = −1: C1e 7 2 + C2e7 2 = −1  C2 =
Solving simultaneously, C1 = 3 , C2 = 3 e7 2
e −e e −e
 −1 − 2e 7 2  (7 2)x
e3 − 3 x 3 − e 3x Solution: y = 2e(7 2)x +   xe
Solution: y = 3 e + 3 e  e7 2 
e −e e −e
π 
46. 4 y′′ + y = 0, y (0) = 2, y (π ) = −5 50. y′′ + 6 y′ + 45 y = 0, y (0) = 4, y =   = 2
 12 
Characteristic equation: 4m 2 + 1 = 0
Roots: m = ± 12 i
−6 ± 36 − 180
Roots: m = = − 3 ± 6i
y = C1 cos 1x + C2 sin 1x 2
2 2
y = C1e − 3 x cos 6 x + C2e − 3 x sin 6 x
y (0) = 2: C1 = 2
y (0) = 4: C1 = 4
y (π ) = −5: C2 = −5
π  6π 6π
Solution: y = 2 cos 12 x − 5 sin 12 x y  = 2: C1e −3π 12 cos + C2e − 3π 12 sin
 12  12 12
= C2 e − π 4
 C2 = 2eπ 4
π 
47. y′′ + 9 y = 0, y (0) = 3, y   = 4
2 y = 4e − 3 x cos 6 x + 2eπ 4e − 3 x sin 6 x
Characteristic equation: m 2 + 9m = 0
51. y = C1 sinh x + C2 cosh x
Roots: m = ±3i
y′ = C1 cosh x + C2 sinh x
y′′ = C1 sinh x + C2 cosh x
y (0) = 3: C1 = 3 y′′ − y = 0
π  3π 3π  e x − e− x   e x + e− x 
y  = 4: 3 cos + C2 sin = C2  C2 = − 4 y = C1   + C2  
2 2 2
 2   2 
y = 3 cos 3x − 4 sin 3 x
= C3e x + C4e − x
48. 4 y′′ + 20 y′ + 21y = 0, y (0) = 3, y ( 2) = 0

52. y (n) = 0
Characteristic equation: 4m 2 + 20m + 21 = 0 y = C1 + C2 x + C3 x 2 +  + Cn x n −1
3 7 For example, if n = 2, then y = C1 + C2 x.
Roots: m = − , −
2 2
y = C1e(−3 2)x + C2e(−7 2)x 53. The motion of a spring in a shock absorber is damped.
y (0) = 3: C1 + C2 = 3 54. (a) y′′ is always positive according to the graph

(concave upward), but y′ is negative when
y ( 2) = 0: C1e −3 + C2e −7 = 0  C1 + C2e −4 = 0
x < 0 (decreasing), so y′′ ≠ y′.
−3 3e 4 (b) y′′ is positive for x > 0 (concave upward), but
Solving simultaneously, C1 = 4
, C2 = 4
e −1 e −1
− 12 y′ < 0 for x > 0 (increasing). So, y′′ ≠ − 12 y′.
−3 (−3 2)x 3e 4 (−7 2)x
Solution: y = e
4
+ 4 e
e −1 e −1
55. y′′ + 9 y = 0 60. By Hooke’s Law, F = kx

Undamped vibration F 9.8
k = = = 20.
2π x 0.49
Period:
3 F 9.8
Also, F = ma, and m = = = 1.
Matches (b) a 9.8
56. y′′ + 25 y = 0
So, y = − 0.2 cos 2 5t . ( )
Undamped vibration
2π
61. y = C1 cos ( )
k m t + C2 sin ( )
k mt ,
Period:
5 k m = 20 = 2 5
Matches (d) 1
Initial conditions: y (0) = − 0.2, y′(0) =
2
57. y′′ + 2 y′ + 10 y = 0
Damped vibration (
y = C1 cos 2 5t + C2 sin 2 5t ) ( )
Matches (c) y(0) = C1 = − 0.2
58. y′′ + y′ + 37 y
4
= 0 (
y′(t ) = −2 5 C1 sin 2 5t + 2 5 C2 cos 2 5t ) ( )
1 1 5
Damped vibration y′(0) = 2 5 C2 =  C2 = =
2 4 5 20
Matches (a)
5
59. By Hooke’s Law, F = kx
y(t ) = − 0.2 cos 2 5t + ( ) 20
sin 2 5t ( )
F 9.8
k = = = 20.
x 0.49 (
62. y = C1 cos 2 5t + C2 sin 2 5t ) ( )
F 9.8 1 1
Also, F = ma, and m = = = 1. Initial conditions: y (0) = , y′(0) = −
a 9.8 2 2
So, y = 0.1 cos 2 5t .( ) y (0) = C1 =
1
2
(
y′(t ) = − 2 5 C1 sin 2 5t + 2 5C2 cos 2 5t ) ( )
1 1 5
y′(0) = 2 5 C2 = −  C2 = − = −
2 4 5 20
1 5
y (t ) =
2
(
cos 2 5t −
20
)
sin 2 5t ( )
63. By Hooke’s Law, 9.8 = k (0.49), so k = 20. Moreover, because the weight w is given by mg, it follows that
m = w g = 9.8 9.8 = 1. Also, the damping force is given by ( −1 8)( dy dt ). So, the differential equation for
the oscillations of the weight is
 d2y  1  dy 
m 2  = −   − 20 y
 dt  8  dt 
 d 2 y  1  dy 
 2  +   + 20 y = 0.
 dt  8  dt 
In this case the characteristic equation is 8m 2 + m + 160 = 0 with complex roots m = ( −1 16) ± ( 5119 16 i. )
 5119t 5119t 
So, the general solution is y(t ) = e −t 16  C1 cos + C2 sin .
 16 16 
1
Using the initial conditions, you have y (0) = C1 =
2
 5119 C  5119t  5119 C  5119t 

y′(t ) = e − t 16  − C1 − 2  sin +  C2 − 1  cos 
 16 16  16  16 16  16 
5119 C 5119
y′(0) = C2 − 1 = 0  C2 =
16 16 10,238
and the particular solution is
e−t 16  5119t 5119 5119t 
y (t ) =  cos + sin .
2  16 5119 16 
64. By Hooke’s Law, 9.8 = k (0.49), so k = 20. Also, m = w g = 9.8 9.8 = 1. The damping force is given by ( −1 4)( dy dt ).
So,
 d2y  1  dy 
m 2  = −   − 20 y
 dt  4  dt 
 d 2 y  1  dy 
 2  +   + 20 y = 0.
 dt  4  dt 
The characteristic equation is 4m 2 + m + 80 = 0 with complex roots m = ( −1 8) ± ( )
1279 8 i. So, the general solution is
 1279t 1279t 
y(t ) = e −t 8  C1 cos + C2 sin .
 8 8 
Using the initial conditions, you have
1
y (0) = C1 =
2
 1279 C  1279t  1279C2 C  1279t 
y′(t ) = e −t 8  − C1 − 2  sin +  − 1  cos 
 8 8  8  8 8 8 
1279 C 1279
y′(0) = C2 − 1 = 0  C2 =
8 8 2558
and the particular solution is
e−t 8  1279t 1279 1279t 
y (t ) = cos + sin .
2  8 1279 8 
65. Because m = − a 2 is a double root of the characteristic equation, you have

2
 a 2 a2
 m +  = m + am + = 0
 2 4
( )
and the differential equation is y′′ + ay′ + a 2 4 y = 0. The solution is
−( a 2) x
y = (C1 + C2 x)e
 Ca Ca 
y′ =  − 1 + C2 − 2 x e −(a 2)x
 2 2 
C a 2
C a2 
y′′ =  1 − aC2 + 2 x e −(a 2)x
 4 4 
a2  C a 2 C a2   C a2 C a2   C a2 C a 2 
y′′ + ay′ + y = e −(a 2)x  1 − C2 a + 2 x  +  − 1 + C2 a − 2 x  +  1 + 2 x  = 0.
4  4 4   2 2   4 4 
66. Because m = α ± β i are roots to the characteristic equation, you have
m − (α − β i ) = m − 2α m + (α + β ) = 0
m − (α + β i ) 2 2 2
( ) (
and the differential equation is y′′ − 2α y′ + α 2 + β 2 y = 0. Note: i 2 = −1. The solution is )
y = eα x (C1 cos β x + C2 sin β x)
y′ = eα x (C1α + C2 β ) cos β x + (C2α − C1β ) sin β x
y′′ = eα x (C1α 2 − C1β 2 + 2C2αβ ) cos β x + (C2α 2 − C2 β 2 − 2C1αβ ) sin β x
−2α y′ = eα x ( −2C1α 2 − 2C2αβ ) cos β x + ( −2C2α 2 + 2C1αβ ) sin β x
(α 2 + β 2 ) y = eα x (C1α 2 + C1β 2 ) cos β x + (C2α 2 + C2 β 2 ) sin β x .

(
So, y′′ − 2α y′ + α 2 + β 2 y = 0.)
67. True 71. y1 = e ax , y2 = ebx , a ≠ b
68. False. For example, if C1x + C2 x 2 = 0 for all x, e ax ebx

W ( y1 , y2 ) =
then letting x = 1 and x = −1, you have ae ax bebx
C1 + C2 = 0 = (b − a)e ax + bx ≠ 0 for any value of x.
− C1 + C2 = 0
72. y1 = e ax , y2 = xeax
which implies C1 = C2 = 0.
e ax xe ax
W ( y1 , y2 ) =
69. True ae ax
e ax + axe ax
70. False. The solution y = x 2e x requires that m = 1 is a = e 2 ax ≠ 0 for any value of x.

triple root of the characteristic equation. Because the
characteristic equation is quadratic, m = 1 can be at
most a double root.
73. y1 = e ax sin bx, y2 = eax cos bx, b ≠ 0
e ax sin bx e ax cos bx
W ( y1 , y2 ) =
ae sin bx + be cos bx ae ax cos bx − be ax sin bx
ax ax
= −be 2 ax sin 2 bx − be 2 ax cos 2 bx = −be 2 ax ≠ 0 for any value of x.
74. y1 = x, y2 = x 2
x x2
W ( y1 , y2 ) = = x 2 ≠ 0 for x ≠ 0.
1 2x
Section 16.3 Second-Order Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations

1. The general form is the sum of the general solution of 4. y′′ − y′ − 6 y = 4
the corresponding homogeneous equation and a y′′ − y′ − 6 y = 0
particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation:
y = yh + y p . m2 − m − 6 = ( m − 3)( m + 2) = 0 when m = 3, − 2
2. Use undetermined coefficients for (a) and (c) because the yh = C1 e3 x + C2 e −2 x

equations consist of sums of x n and sin Bx. y p = A, y′p = y′′p = 0
Use variation of parameters for (b) because successive y′′p − y′p − 6 y p = −6 A = 4  A = − 23

derivatives of csc x do not have a cyclical pattern.
y p = − 23
3. y′′ + 7 y′ + 12 y = 3 x + 1 2
Solution: y = yh + y p = C1 e3 x + C2 e − 2 x −
y′′ + 7 y′ + 12 y = 0 3
m2 − 7m + 12 = ( m − 3)( m − 4) = 0 when m = 3, 4
5. y′′ − 8 y′ + 16 y = e3 x
yh = C1 e3 x + C2 e 4 x y′′ − 8 y′ + 16 y = 0
y p = A0 + A1 x
m 2 − 8m + 16 = ( m − 4) = 0 when m = 4
2
y′p = A1 , y′′p = 0
yh = C1 e 4 x + C2 xe 4 x
y′′p + 7 y′p + 12 y p = 7 A1 + 12( A0 + A1 x) = 3x + 1
y p = Ae3 x , y′p = 3 Ae3 x , y′′p = 9 Ae3 x
12 A1 = 3 
  A1 =
1, A0 = − 161 y′′p − 8 y′p + 16 y p = 9 Ae3 x − 8(3 Ae3 x ) + 16( Ae3 x )
7 A1 + 12 A0 = 1 4
= e3 x
yp = − 161 + 1
4
x 9 A − 24 A + 16 A = 1  A = 1
1 1 y p = e3x
Solution: y = yh + y p = C1 e − 3 x + C2 e − 4 x − + x
16 4
Solution: y = yh + y p = C1 e4 x + C2 xe4 x + e3 x
6. y′′ − 2 y′ − 15 y = sin x
y′′ − 2 y′ − 15 y = 0
m2 − 2m − 15 = ( m − 5)( m + 3) = 0  m = 5, − 3
yh = C1 e5 x + C2 e − 3 x
y p = A sin x + B cos x
y′p = A cos x − B sin x
y′′p = − A sin x − B cos x
y′′p − 2 y′p − 15 y p = ( − A sin x − B cos x) − 2( A cos x − B sin x ) − 15( A sin x + B cos x) = sin x
(− A + 2 B − 15 A) sin x + ( − B − 2 A − 15 B ) cos x = sin x
−16 A + 2 B = 1 4 1
  A = − ,B =
−2 A − 16 B = 0 65 130
4 1
yp = − sin x + cos x
65 130
1 4
Solution: y = yh + y p = C1 e5 x + C2 e − 3 x + cos x − sin x
130 65
Section 16.3 Second-Order Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations 1589
7. y′′ + y′ = 4 x + 6 9. 3 y′′ + 6 y′ = 4 + sin x

The initial guess of y p = A + Bx must be The initial guess of y p = A + B sin x + C cos x must
modified because yh already has a constant term. be modified because yh already has a constant term. Use
Use y p = Ax + Bx . 2 y p = Ax + B sin x + C cos x.
8. y′′ − 9 y = x + 2e − 3 x 10. y′′ + y = 8 cos x
The initial guess of ( Ax + B ) + Ce − 3x must be modified The initial guess of y p = A cos x + B sin x must be
modified because both terms are present in yh . Use
because yn already has e − 3 x as a solution. Use
y p = Ax cos x + Bx sin x.
y p = Ax + B + Cxe − 3 x .
11. y′′ + 2 y′ = e− 2 x
y′′ + 2 y′ = 0
m 2 + 2m = m( m + 2) = 0  m = 0, − 2
yh = C1 + C2e − 2 x
y p = Axe − 2 x , y′p = Ae − 2 x − 2 Axe − 2 x
y′′p = − 2 Ae − 2 x − 2 Ae − 2 x + 4 Axe − 2 x = − 4 Ae − 2 x + 4 Axe − 2 x
y′p + 2 y′p = ( − 4 Ae− 2 x + 4 Axe− 2 x ) + 2( Ae− 2 x − 2 Axe− 2 x ) = e− 2 x
 − 2 Ae− 2 x = e− 2 x  A = − 12
y p = − 12 xe− 2 x
y = yh + y p = C1 + C2e− 2 x − 12 xe− 2 x
12. y′′ − 9 y = 5e3 x

y′′ − 9 y = 0
m 2 − 9 = 0 when m = −3, 3.
yh = C1e −3 x + C2e3 x
y p = Axe3 x
y′p = Ae3 x (3x + 1)
y′′p = Ae3 x (9 x + 6)
y′′p − 9 y p = 6 Ae3 x = 5e3 x or A = 5

6
y = C1e−3 x + (C2 + 56 x)e3 x
13. y′′ + 9 y = sin 3x

y′′ + 9 y = 0
m 2 + 9 = 0 when m = − 3i, 3i.

yh = C1 cos 3 x + C2 sin 3 x
y p = Ax cos 3 x + Bx sin 3 x
y′p = − 3 Ax sin 3 x + A cos 3 x + 3Bx cos 3 x + B sin 3 x
y′′p = − 9 Ax cos 3 x − 3 A sin 3 x − 3 A sin 3 x − 9 B sin 3 x + 3B cos 3 x + 3B cos 3 x
y′′p + 9 y p = − 6 A sin 3 x + 6 B cos 3x = sin 3x
1
A = − ,B = 0
6
 1 
y = yh + y p =  C1 − x  cos 3 x + C2 sin 3 x
 6 
14. 16 y′′ − 8 y′ + y = 4( x + e x 4 )
16 y′′ − 8 y′ + y = 0
16m 2 − 8m + 1 = ( 4m − 1) = 0  m =
2 1, 1
4 4
yh = C1e x 4 + C2 xe x 4
y p = A + Bx + Dx 2e x 4
1 2 x4  x2 
y′p = B + 2 Dxe x 4 + Dx e = De x 4  + 2x + B
4  4 
D x4 2
y′′p = e ( x + 16 x + 32)
16
  x2  
16 y′′p − 8 y′p + y p = De x 4 ( x 2 + 16 x + 32) − 8De x 4  + 2 x  + B + A + Bx + Dx 2e x 4 = 4 x + 4e x 4
 4  
− 8B + A = 0, B = 4  A = 32
1
32 D = 4  D =
8
1 2 x4
y p = 32 + 4 x + xe
8
1 2 x4
y = yh + y p = C1e x 4 + C2 xe x 4 + 32 + 4 x + xe
8
15. y′′′ − 3 y′′ + 4 y = 2 + e 2 x

y′′′ − 3 y′′ + 4 y = 0
m3 − 3m 2 + 4 = ( m + 1)( m − 2)  m = −1, 2, 2
2
yh = C1e − x + C2e 2 x + C3 xe 2 x
y p = A + Bx 2e2 x
y′p = B( 2 x 2 + 2 x)e 2 x
y′′p = B( 4 x 2 + 8 x + 2)e 2 x
p = B(8 x + 24 x + 12)e
y′′′ 2 2x
p − 3 y′′p + 4 y = B(8 x + 24 x + 12)e

y′′′ − 3B( 4 x 2 + 8 x + 2)e2 x + 4( A + Bx 2e2 x ) = 2 + e2 x
2 2x
1
4A = 2  A =
2
1
(12 − 6) B =1 B =
6
1 1 2 2x
yp = + xe
2 6
1 1 2 2x
y = yh + y p = C1e− x + C2e2 x + C3 xe2 x + + xe
2 6
16. y′′′ − 3 y′ + 2 y = 2e − 2 x 17. y′′ + y = x3 , y(0) = 1, y′(0) = 0

y′′′ − 3 y′ + 2 y = 0 y′′ + y = 0
m3 − 3m + 2 = 0 when m = 1, 1, − 2. m 2 + 1 = 0 when m = i, − i.
yh = C1e x + C2 xe x + C3e − 2 x yh = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
y p = Axe − 2 x y p = A0 + A1 x + A2 x 2 + A3 x3
y′p = A1 + 2 A2 x + 3 A3 x 2
y′p = − 2 Axe − 2 x + Ae − 2 x
y′′p = 2 A2 + 6 A3 x
y′′p = 4 Axe − 2 x − 4 Ae − 2 x
y′′′ −2x
+ 12 Ae − 2 x y′′p + y p = A3 x3 + A2 x 2 + ( A1 + 6 A3 ) x + ( A0 + 2 A2 )
p = − 8 Axe
−2 x 2 = x3
y′′′
p − 3 y′p + 2 y p = 9 Ae = 2e − 2 x  A =
9 or A3 = 1, A2 = 0, A1 = −6, A0 = 0
2
yp = xe − 2 x y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + x3 − 6 x
9
 2  y′ = −C1 sin x + C2 cos x + 3x 2 − 6
y = yh + y p = C1e x + C2 xe x +  C3 + x e − 2 x
 9  Initial conditions:
y (0) = 1, y′(0) = 0, 1 = C1 , 0 = C2 − 6, C2 = 6
Particular solution: y = cos x + 6 sin x + x3 − 6 x
18. y′′ + 4 y = 4, y (0) = 1, y′(0) = 6 20. y′′ + y′ − 2 y = 3 cos 2 x, y (0) = −1, y′(0) = 2
y′′ + 4 y = 0 y′′ + y′ − 2 y = 0
m 2 + 4 = 0 when m = 2i, − 2i. m 2 + m − 2 = 0 when m = 1, −2.

yh = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x yh = C1e x + C2e−2 x
y p = A0 y p = A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x
y′′p = 0 y′p = −2 A sin 2 x + 2 B cos 2 x
y′′p + 4 y p = 4 A0 = 4 or A0 = 1 y′′p = −4 A cos 2 x − 4 B sin 2 x
y = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x + 1 y′′p + y′p − 2 y p = (−6 A + 2 B) cos 2 x + (−2 A − 6 B) sin 2 x
y′ = −2C1 sin 2 x + 2C2 cos 2 x = 3cos 2 x
Initial conditions: y (0) = 1, y′(0) = 6, 1 = C1 + 1, −6 A + 2 B = 3 9 3
 A = − 20 , B =
C1 = 0, 6 = 2C2 , C2 = 3 −2 A − 6 B = 0 20
Particular solution: y = 3 sin 2 x + 1 y = C1e x + C2e −2 x − 9

cos 2 x + 3
sin 2 x
20 20
19. y′′ + y′ = 2 sin x, y(0) = 0, y′(0) = −3 y′ = C1e x − 2C2e −2 x + 9

10
sin 2 x + 3
10
cos 2 x
y′′ + y′ = 0 Initial conditions:
m 2 + m = 0 when m = 0, −1. y (0) = −1, y′(0) = 2, −1 = C1 + C2 − 9

20
,
2 = C1 − 2C2 + 3
10
yh = C1 + C2e− x
y p = A cos x + B sin x C1 + C2 = − 11 
20  1 3
 C1 = 5 , C2 = − 4
y′p = − A sin x + B cos x C1 − 2C2 = 17
10 
y′′p = − A cos x − B sin x Particular solution:
y′′p + y′p = ( − A + B ) cos x + ( − A − B ) sin x = 2 sin x y = 1

20 (4e x − 15e−2 x − 9 cos 2 x + 3 sin 2 x)
− A + B = 0
 A = −1, B = −1 21. y '− 4 y = xe x − xe 4 x , y(0) = 1
3
− A − B = 2
y '− 4 y = 0
y = C1 + C2e x − (cos x + sin x) m − 4 = 0 when m = 4.
y′ = −C2e − x − ( −sin x + cos x)
yh = Ce4 x
Initial conditions: y (0) = 0, y′(0) = −3, y p = ( A0 + A1x)e x + ( A2 x + A3 x 2 )e 4 x
0 = C1 + C2 − 1, − 3 = −C2 − 1,
y′p = ( A0 + A1x)e x + A1e x
C2 = 2, C1 = −1
+ 4( A2 x + A3 x 2 )e 4 x + ( A2 + 2 A3 x)e 4 x
Particular solution: y = −1 + 2e− x − (cos x + sin x)
y′p − 4 y p = ( −3 A0 − 3 A1 x)e x + A1e x + A2e 4 x
+ 2 A3 xe 4 x = xe x − xe 4 x
A0 = − 19 , A1 = − 13 , A2 = 0, A3 = − 12
y = (C − 12 x 2 )e 4 x − 1
9 (1 + 3 x )e x
Initial conditions: y (0) = 13 , 13 = C − 19 , C = 4

9
Particular solution: y = ( 94 − 12 x2 )e4 x − 1

9 (1 + 3x)e x
π  2 24. y′′ + y = sec x tan x

22. y′ + 2 y = sin x, y   =
2 5 y′′ + y = 0
y′ + 2 y = 0
m 2 + 1 = 0 when m = −i, i.
m + 2 = 0 when m = −2.
yh = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
yh = Ce −2 x y p = u1 cos x + u 2 sin x
y p = A cos x + B sin x
u′1 cos x + u′2 sin x = 0
y′p = − A sin x + B cos x
u′1 ( − sin x) + u′2 cos x = sec x tan x
y′p + 2 y p = (− A sin x + B cos x) + 2( A cos x + B sin x)
0 sin x
= (2 B − A) sin x + (2 A + B) cos x = sin x
sec x tan x cos x
2 1 u′1 = = − tan 2 x
2 B − A = 1, 2 A + B = 0  B = ,A = − cos x sin x
5 5
1 2 − sin x cos x
y = yh + y p = Ce−2 x − cos x + sin x
5 5 u1 =  − tan
2
x dx = −  (sec 2
x − 1) dx
π  2 2 2 = − tan x + x
Initial conditions: y   = , = Ce −π + , C = 0
2 5 5 5
cos x 0
2 1
Particular solution: y = sin x − cos x − sin x sec x tan x
5 5 u′2 = = tan x
cos x sin x
23. y′′ + y = sec x − sin x cos x
y′′ + y = 0
u2 =  tan x dx = −ln cos x = ln sec x
2
m + 1 = 0 when m = −i, i.
y = yh + y p
yh = C1 cos x + C2 sin x = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + ( x − tan x) cos x
y p = u1 cos x + u2 sin x
+ ln sec x sin x
u′1 cos x + u′2 sin x = 0
= (C1 + x − tan x) cos x + (C2 + ln sec x ) sin x
u′1 ( − sin x) + u′2 (cos x) = sec x
0 sin x
sec x cos x
u′1 = = − tan x
cos x sin x
− sin x cos x
u1 =  − tan x dx = ln cos x
cos x 0
− sin x sec x
u′2 = =1
cos x sin x
− sin x cos x
u2 =  dx = x
y = (C1 + ln cos x ) cos x + (C2 + x) sin x
25. y′′ + 4 y = csc 2 x 27. y′′ − 2 y′ + y = e x ln x

y′′ + 4 y = 0 y′′ − 2 y′ + y = 0
m 2 + 4 = 0 when m = −2i, 2i. m 2 − 2m + 1 = 0 when m = 1, 1.
yh = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x yh = (C1 + C2 x )e x
y p = u1 cos 2 x + u 2 sin 2 x = 0
y p = (u 1 + u 2 x ) e x
u′1 cos 2 x + u′2 sin 2 x = 0
u′1e x + u′2 xe x = 0
u′1 ( −2 sin 2 x) + u′2 ( 2 cos 2 x) = csc 2 x
u′1e x + u′2 ( x + 1)e x = e x ln x
0 sin 2 x
u′1 = − x ln x
csc 2 x 2 cos 2 x 1
u′1 = = − x2 x2
cos 2 x sin 2 x 2 u1 =  − x ln x dx = −
2
ln x +
4
− 2 sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x
u′2 = ln x
1 1
u1 =  − dx = − x
2 2
u2 =  ln x dx = x ln x − x
x 2e x
cos 2 x 0 y = (C1 + C2 x )e x +
4
(ln x2 − 3)
− 2 sin 2 x csc 2 x 1
u′2 = = cot 2 x
cos 2 x sin 2 x 2
e2 x
− 2 sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x 28. y′′ − 4 y′ + 4 y =
x
1 1 y′′ − 4 y′ + 4 y = 0
u2 =  2
cot 2 x dx = ln sin 2 x
4
m 2 − 4m + 4 = 0 when m = 2, 2.
 1   1 
y =  C1 − x  cos 2 x +  C2 + ln sin 2 x  sin 2 x yh = (C1 + C2 x)e 2 x
 2   4 
y p = (u 1 + u 2 x )e 2 x
26. y′′ − 4 y′ + 4 y = x e 2 2x
u′1e 2 x + u′2 xe 2 x = 0
y′′ − 4 y′ + 4 y = 0
e2 x
m 2 − 4m + 4 = 0 when m = 2, 2. u1e 2 x ( 2) + u′2 ( 2 x + 1)e 2 x =
x
yh = (C1 + C2 x)e 2 x u′1 = −1
y p = (u 1 + u 2 x )e 2x
u1 =  −1 dx = −x
u′1e 2 x + u′2 xe 2 x = 0 1
u′2 =
x
u′1 ( 2e2 x ) + u′2 ( 2 x + 1)e 2 x = x 2e 2 x
1
0 xe 2 x
u2 =  x
dx = ln x
x 2e 2 x (2 x + 1)e 2 x − x 3e 4 x y = (C1 + C2 x − x + x ln x )e2 x

u′1 = = = − x3
e2 x xe 2 x e4 x
2e 2 x (2 x + 1)e 2 x
 −x
3
u1 = dx = − 14 x 4
e2 x 0
2x 2 2x
2e xe x 2e 4 x
u′2 = 4x
= = x2
e e4 x
x
2
u2 = dx = 1
3
x3
 1 4  2x
y =  C1 + C2 x + x e
 12 
29. q′′ + 10q′ + 25q = 6 sin 5t , q(0) = 0, q′(0) = 0 31. 24

32
y′′ + 48 y = 24
32 (48 sin 4t ), y(0) = 14 , y′(0) = 0
m 2 + 10m + 25 = 0 when m = −5, − 5. 24 2

32
m + 48 = 0 when m = ± 8i.
2
qh = (C1 + C2 t )e −5 t yh = C1 cos 8t + C2 sin 8t

q p = A cos 5t + B sin 5t y p = A sin 4t + B cos 4t 0 2π
q′p = −5 A sin 5t + 5 B cos 5t y′p = 4 A cos 4t − 4 B sin 4t

y′′p = −16 A sin 4t − 16 B cos 4t
q′′p = −25 A cos 5t − 25B sin 5t −2
q′′p + 10q′p + 25q p = 50 B cos 5t − 50 A sin 5t

24
32
y′′p + 48 y p = 36 A sin 4t + 36 B cos 4t
= 6 sin 5t , A = − 253 , B = 0 = 24
32 ( 48 sin 4t ), B = 0, A = 1
q = (C1 + C2 t )e −5t − 3
cos 5t y = yh + y p = C1 cos 8t + C2 sin 8t + sin 4t
25
Initial conditions: Initial conditions: y (0) = 14 , y′(0) = 0, 1

4
= C1 ,
q(0) = 0, q′(0) = 0, C1 − 3
25
= 0, − 5C1 + C2 = 0, 0 = 8C2 + 4  C2 = − 12
C1 = 3
25
, C2 = 3
5 Particular solution: y = 1
cos 8t − 1
sin 8t + sin 4t
4 2
Particular solution: q = 3
25 (e −5t
+ 5te −5t
− cos 5t )
32. 2
32
y′′ + 4 y = 2
32 (4 sin 8t ), y(0) = 1
4
, y′(0) = 0
2
30. q′′ + 20q′ + 50q = 10 sin 5t 2
m2 +4 = 0
32
2
m + 20m + 50 = 0 when m = −10 ± 5 2. when m = ± 8i.
0 2π
yh = C1 cos 8t + C2 sin 8t
qh = C1e( ) + C e(−10 − 5 2 ) t
−10 + 5 2 t
2
y p = At sin 8t + Bt cos 8t −2
q p = A cos 5t + B sin 5t
q′p = 5 B cos 5t − 5 A sin 5t y′′p = ( −64 At − 16 B ) sin 8t + (16 A − 64 Bt ) cos 8t
q′′p = −25 A cos 5t − 25B sin 5t 2
y′′p + 4 y p = − B sin 8t + A cos 8t
32
q′′p + 20q′p + 50q p = ( 25 A + 100 B ) cos 5t = 2

32 (4 sin 8t ), A = 0, B = − 14
+ ( 25 B − 100 A) sin 5t = 10 sin 5t y = C1 cos 8t + C2 sin 8t − 14 t cos 8t
25 A + 100 B = 0  2 8 Initial conditions:
 B = ,A = −
y (0) = 14 , y′(0) = 0, 1
= C1 , 0 = 8C2 − 1
 C2 = 1
25 B − 100 A = 10 85 85 4 4 32
cos 8t + 1
sin 8t − 14 t cos 8t
q = C1e( ) + C e(−10 −5 2 ) t − 8 cos 5t + 2 sin 5t
−10 + 5 2 t 4 32
2
85 85
Initial conditions: 33. 2
32
y′′ + y′ + 4 y = 2
32 (4 sin 8t ), y(0) = 14 , y′(0) = −3
8 1
m2 +m+4 = 0
q(0) = 0, q′(0) = 0, C1 + C2 − = 0, 16
85 when m = −8, −8. 0.3
(−10 + 5 2 )C + (−10 − 5 )
1 2 C2 +
2
17
= 0,
yh = (C1 + C2 t )e −8t
8+7 2 8−7 2 y p = A sin 8t + B cos 8t
C1 = , C2 = 0 4
170 170 y′p = 8 A cos 8t − 8B sin 8t − 0.05
Particular solution: y′′p = −64 A sin 8t − 64 B cos 8t

8 + 7 2 (−10 + 5 2 )t 8 − 7 2 (−10 − 5 2t )
q = e + e 2
32
y′′p + y′p + 4 y p = −8B sin 8t + 8 A cos 8t
170 170
8 2 = 2
32 ( 4 sin 8t ) − 8B
− cos 5t + sin 5t
85 85 = 1
4
 B = − 321 , 8 A = 0  A = 0
Initial conditions:
y (0) = 14 , y′(0) = −3, 1
4
= C1 − 1
32
 C1 = 9
32
,
− 3 = −8C1 + C2  C2 = − 34
Particular solution: y = ( 329 − 43 t )e−8t − 1

32
cos 8t
4 1 25
34. y′′ + y′ + y = 0,
32 2 2
1
y(0) = , y′(0) = −4 0.5
2
1 2 1 25 π
m + m + = 0 0
2
8 2 2
m 2 + 4m + 100 = 0 − 0.5
when m = −2 ± 4 6 i.
y − C1e −2t cos 4 ( )

6 t + C2e −2t sin 4 ( 6t )
Initial conditions:
1 1
y(0) = , y′(0) = − 4, = C1 , − 4 = −2C1 + 4 6 C2 ,
2 2
3 6
C2 = − = −
4 6 8
Particular solution:
1 6 −2 t
y = e −2t cos 4 6 t −
2 8
(
e sin 4 ) ( 6t )
35. In Exercise 31,

1 1 5   1  5  1 5
yh = cos 8t − sin 8t − sin 8t + π + arctan  −  = sin  8t + π − arctan  ≈ sin (8t + 2.6779).
4 2 4   2  4  2 4
36. When b = 0, the motion is undamped.

When b > 0, the motion is damped.
37. (a) 4
32
y′′ + 25
2
y = 0
y = C1 cos 10 x + C2 sin 10 x
y ( 0) = 1 1
:
2 2
= C1
y′(0) = −4: − 4 = 10C2  C2 = − 52
1 2
y = 2
cos 10 x − 5
sin 10 x
The motion is undamped.
(b) If b > 0, the motion is damped.
(c) If b > 52 , the solution to the differential equation is of the form y = C1em1 x + C2em 2 x .
There would be no oscillations in this case.
38. (a) x 2 y′′ − xy′ + y = 4 x ln x

y1 = x and y2 = x ln x
u1′ x + u′2 x ln x = 0  u1′ = −u2′ ln x
4 4
u1′ + u2′ (1 + ln x ) = ln x  u2′ = ln x
x x
4
(ln x)
2
and u1′ = −
x
4
(ln x)3 and u2 = 2(ln x)
2
u1 = −
3
4 2
y p = − x(ln x ) + 2 x(ln x ) = x(ln x)
3 3 3
3 3
2
x(ln x)
3
y = yh + y p = C1 x + C2 x ln x +
3
(b) Let y p = A sin (ln x) + B cos(ln x).
1 1 1
y′p = A cos(ln x ) − B sin (ln x) = ( A cos(ln x) − B sin (ln x))
x x x
−1
y′′p =
x2
( A cos(ln x) − B sin(ln x)) + 1x  − A sin(ln x) 1x − B cos(ln x) 1x 
 
1 1
2(
= B − A) sin (ln x) + 2 ( − A − B ) cos(ln x)
x x
x 2 y′′p + xy′ + 4 y = ( B − A) sin (ln x) − ( A + B) cos(ln x) + ( A cos(ln x) − B sin (ln x))
+ 4 ( A sin (ln x) + B cos(ln x)) = sin (ln x)
(B − A − B + 4 A) sin (ln x) + ( − A − B + A + 4 B) cos(ln x) = sin (ln x)

1
3 A = 1, 3B = 0  A =
3
1 1
So, y p = sin (ln x) and y = yh + y p = C1 sin (ln x 2 ) + C2 cos(ln x 2 ) + sin (ln x).
3 3
39. True. y p = −e 2 x cos e − x

y′p = e 2 x sin e − x ( −e − x ) − 2e 2 x cos e − x = −e x sin e − x − 2e 2 x cos e − x
y′′p = −e x cos e − x ( −e − x ) − e x sin e − x  + 2e 2 x sin e − x ( −e − x ) − 4e 2 x cos e − x 
So,
y′′p − 3 y′p + 2 y p = cos e − x − e x sin e − x − 2e x sin e− x − 4e2 x cos e − x  − 3−e x sin e − x − 2e 2 x cos e − x  − 2e 2 x cos e − x
= −e x − 2e x + 3e x  sin e − x + 1 − 4e 2 x + 6e 2 x − 2e 2 x  cos e − x = cos e − x .
40. True.
y p = − 18 e 2 x , y′p = − 14 e 2 x , y′′p = − 12 e 2 x
y′′p − 6 y′p = − 12 e 2 x − 6( − 14 e 2 x ) = e2 x
41. y′′ − 2 y′ + y = 2e x
m 2 − 2m + 1 = 0  m = 1, 1
yh = C1e x + C2 xe x , y p = x 2e x , particular solution
General solution: f ( x) = (C1 + C2 x)e x + x 2e x = C1 + C2 x + x 2 e x ( )

f ′( x) = (C2 + 2 x + C1 + C2 x + x 2 ) e x = ( x 2 + (C2 + 2) x + (C1 + C2 )) e x
(a) No. If f ( x) > 0 for all x, then x 2 + C2 x + C1 > 0 ⇔ C2 2 − 4C1 < 0 for all x.
(
So, let C1 = C2 = 1. Then f ′( x) = x 2 + 3x + 2 e x and f ′ − 32 = − 14 < 0. ) ( )
(b) Yes. If f ′( x) > 0 for all x, then
(C 2 + 2) − 4(C1 + C2 ) < 0
2
 C2 2 − 4C1 + 4 < 0
C2 2 − 4C1 < −4
C2 2 − 4C1 < 0
 f ( x) > 0 for all x.
Section 16.4 Series Solutions of Differential Equations

1. Given a differential equation, assume that the solution is ∞
∞ 4. (x + 2) y′ + y = 0. Letting y =  an x n :
of the form y =  an x n . Then substitute y and its n=0
n=0 ∞
derivatives into the differential equation. You should y′ =  nan x n −1
then be able to determine the coefficients a0 , a1 ,  . n =1
∞ ∞
2. A recursion formula is a formula for determining the (x + 2) y′ + y = ( x + 2)  nan x n −1 +  an x n = 0
n =1 n=0
next term of a sequence from one or more of the
∞ ∞ ∞
preceding terms. See Example 1.
 nan x n +  2nan x n −1 +  an x n = 0
∞ n =1 n =1 n=0
3. 5 y′ + y = 0. Letting y =  an x n : ∞ ∞ ∞
n=0  nan x n +  2(n + 1)an +1x n +  an x n = 0
∞ n =1 n=0 n=0
y′ =  nan x n −1 ∞
n =1 (2a1 + a0 ) +  (nan + 2( n + 1)an + 1 + an ) xn = 0
∞ ∞ n =1
5 y′ + y = 5  nan x n −1 +  an x n a0 a
n =1 n=0 a1 = − and an +1 = − n
∞ ∞ 2 2
= 5  (n + 1)an +1x n +  an x n = 0
n=0 n=0
a2 = −
a1 a a a
= 0 , a3 = − 2 = 0 , , an =
(−1) a0 n
5( n + 1)an + 1 + an = 0 2 4 2 8 2n
(−1)
n
an ∞ xn ∞
 x
n
an + 1 = −
5( n + 1) y = a0  2n
= a0  − 
 2
n=0 n=0
a0 a a C
a1 = − , a2 = − 1 = 2 0 Note: y =
5 5( 2) 5 ( 2) ( x + 2)
(−1) a0
n
a2 a
a3 = − = − 3 0 , , an =
5(3) 5 (3)( 2) 5n n !
∞ ∞ n
 x 1
y =  an x n = a0   − 5 n!
n=0 n=0
−x 5
Note: y = a0e
Section 16.4 Series Solutions of Differential Equations 1599
∞
5. y′ + 3 xy = 0. Letting y =  an xn :
n =0
∞ ∞
y′ + 3 xy =  nan x n −1 +  3an x n +1 = 0
n =1 n=0
∞ ∞
−3an
 (n + 2)an + 2 x n +1 =  −3an x n +1  a1 = 0 and an + 2 =
n + 2
n = −1 n=0
a0 = a0 a1 = 0
3a 3a1
a2 = − 0 a3 = − = 0
2 3
3  3a  32 3  3a 
a4 = −  − 0  = 3 a0 a5 = −  − 1  = 0
4 2  2 5 3 
3  32  33 a 3  32 a1 
a6 = −  − 3 a0  = − 3 0 a7 = −   = 0
6 2  2 (3 ⋅ 2) 7 3 ⋅ 5 
3 33 a  34 a0 3 33 a1 
a8 = −  − 3 0  = 4 a9 = −  −  = 0
8  2 (3 ⋅ 2)  2 ( 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2) 9 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7
y = a0 
∞
(−3)n x 2n
n=0 2n n!
∞
6. y′ − 2 xy = 0. Letting y =  an xn :
n =0
∞ ∞
y′ − 2 xy =  nan x n −1 −  2an x n +1 = 0
n =1 n=0
∞ ∞
 (n + 2)an + 2 x n +1 =  2an x n +1  a1 = 0 and
n = −1 n=0
2an
an + 2 =
n + 2
a0 = 0 a1 = 0
2a0 2a1
a2 = = a0 a3 = = 0
2 3
2  2a0  22 a0 a 2  2a1 
a4 =   = 2 = 0 a5 =   = 0
4 2  2 ⋅2 2 5 3 
2  22 a0  23 a0 a 2  22 a1 
a6 =  2  = 3 = 0 a7 =   = 0
6 2 ⋅ 2  2 ⋅3⋅2 3! 7 3 ⋅ 5
2  a0  a0 2  23 a1 
a8 =   = a9 =   = 0
8  3!  4! 9 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 
∞
x2n
y = a0 
n=0 n!
∞
7. ( x2 + 4) y′′ + y = 0. Letting y =  an xn :
n =0
∞ ∞ ∞
( x2 + 4) y′′ + y =  n(n − 1)an x n + 4  n( n − 1)an x n − 2 +  an x n
n=2 n=2 n=0
∞ ∞
=  (n2 − n + 1)an x n +  4(n + 2)(n + 1)an + 2 x n = 0
n=0 n=0
an + 2 = −
(n2 − n + 1)an
4( n + 2)( n + 1)
a0 = a0 a1 = a1
a0 a a1 a
a2 = − = − 0 a3 = − = − 1
4( 2)(1) 8 4(3)( 2) 24
3a2 a 7 a3 7 a1
a4 = − = 0 a5 = − =
4( 4)(3) 128 4(5)( 4) 1920
 x2 x4   x3 7 x5 
y = a0 1 − + −  + a1  x − + − 
 8 128   24 1920 
∞
8. y′′ + x 2 y = 0. Letting y =  an x n :
n=0
∞ ∞
y′′ + x 2 y =  n(n − 1)an xn − 2 +  an xn + 2 = 0
n=2 n=0
∞ ∞
 (n + 4)(n + 3)an + 4 xn + 2 = −  an x n + 2
n = −2 n=0
an
an + 4 = −
( n + 4)(n + 3)
Also:
y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x3 +  + an x n + 
y′′ = 2a2 + 3 ⋅ 2a3 x +  + n( n − 1)an x n − 2 + 
y′′ + x 2 y = 2a2 + 3 ⋅ 2a3 x + ( a0 + 4 ⋅ 3a4 ) x 2 + ( a1 + 5 ⋅ 4a5 ) x3 +  = 0
2a2 = 0, 6a3 = 0, 12a4 + a0 = 0, 20a5 + a1 = 0
So, a2 = 0 and a3 = 0  a6 = 0, a7 = 0, a10 = 0, and a11 = 0. Therefore, a4 n + 2 = 0 and a4 n + 3 = 0.
a0 = a0 a1 = a1
a0 a1
a4 = − a5 = −
4⋅3 5⋅4
a a0 a a1
a8 = − 4 = a9 = − 5 =
8⋅7 8⋅7⋅4⋅3 9⋅8 9⋅8⋅5⋅4
a a0 a9 a1
a12 = − 8 = − a13 = − = −
12 ⋅ 11 12 ⋅ 11 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 13 ⋅ 12 13 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4
 x4 x8 x12 
y′′ + x 2 y = a0 1 − + − + 
 4 ⋅ 3 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 12 ⋅ 11 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 
 x5 x7 x9 
+ a1  x − + − + 
 5 ⋅ 4 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 13 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 
9. y′ + ( 2 x − 1) y = 0, y (0) = 2 11. y′′ − 2 xy = 0, y (0) = 1, y′(0) = −3
y′ = (1 − 2 x) y y′(0) = 0 y′′ = 2 xy y′′(0) = 0

y′′ = (1 − 2 x) y′ − 2 y y′′(0) = −2 y′′′ = 2( xy′ + y ) y′′′(0) = 2
y′′′ = (1 − 2 x) y′′ − 4 y′ y′′′(0) = −10 y (4) = 2( xy′′ + 2 y′) y (4) (0) = −12
y 4 = (1 − 2 x) y′′′ − 6 y′′ y (4) (0) = 2 y (5) = 2( xy′′′ + 3 y′′) y (5) (0) = 0
2

2 2 10 3 2 4

(
y (6) = 2 xy (4) + 4 y′′′) y (6) (0) = 16
y( x) = 2 + x − x −
= 2( xy + 5 y )
x + x +
1! 2! 3! 4! y (7 ) (
5 ) ( ) 4
y (7) (0) = −120
 
Using the first five terms of the series,
1 163 3 2 12 4 16 6 120 7
y  = ≈ 2.547. y ≈1− x + x3 − x + x − x
 2 64 1! 3! 4! 6! 7!
1
10. y′ − 2 xy = 0, y (0) = 1 Using the first six terms of the series, y   ≈ 0.253.
 4
y′ = 2 xy y′(0) = 0
y′′ = 2( xy′ + y ) y′′(0) = 2
y′′′ = 2( xy′′ + 2 y′) y′′′(0) = 0
y (4) = 2( xy′′′ + 3 y′′) y (4) (0) = 12
(
y (5) = 2 xy (4) + 4 y′′′ ) y (5) (0) = 0
y ( ) = 2( xy ( ) + 5 y ( ) )
6 5 4
y (6) (0) = 120
 
2 2 12 4 120 6
y ( x) = 1 + x + x + x +
2! 4! 6!
1 1
= 1 + x2 + x4 + x6 + 
2 6
Using the first four terms of the series,
8
y (1) = ≈ 2.667.
3
12. y′′ − 2 xy′ + y = 0, y (0) = 1, y′(0) = 2
y′′ = 2 xy′ − y y′′(0) = −1

y′′′ = 2 xy′′ + y′ y′′′(0) = 2
y ( 4) = 2 xy′′′ + 3 y′′ y (4) (0) = 3
y (5) = 2 xy (4) + 5 y′′′ y (5) (0) = 10
y (6) = 2 xy (5) + 7 y (4) y (6) (0) = −21
y (7) = 2 xy (6) + 9 y (5) y (7) (0) = 90
 
2 1 2 3 10 5 21 6 90 7
y ≈1+ x − x 2 + x3 − x 4 + x − x + x
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7!
1
Using the first eight terms of the series, y   ≈ 1.911.
 2
13. y′′ + x 2 y′ − (cos x) y = 0, y(0) = 3, y′(0) = 2
y′′ = − x 2 y′ + (cos x) y y′′(0) = 3
y′′′ = −2 x 2 y′ − x 2 y′′ − (sin x) y + (cos x) y′ y′′′(0) = 2
2 3 2
y ≈ 3+ x + x 2 + x3
1! 2! 3!
1
Using the first four terms of the series, y   ≈ 3.846.
 3
14. y′′ + e x y′ − (sin x) y = 0, y(0) = −2, y′(0) = 1
y′′ = −e x y′ + (sin x) y, y′′(0) = −1
y′′′ = −e x y′ − e x y′′ + (cos x) y + (sin x) y′

= −e x ( y′ + y′′) + (cos x) y + (sin x ) y′ y′′′(0) = −(1 − 1) + ( −2) = −2
1 1 2
y ≈ −2 + x − x 2 − x3
1! 2! 3!
1
Using the first four terms of the series, y   ≈ −1.823.
5
∞
15. y′ − ky = 0. Letting y =  an xn :
n =0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
y′ − ky =  nan x n −1 − k  an x n =  (n + 1)an +1x n −  kan x n = 0
n =1 n=0 n=0 n=0
(n + 1)an + 1 = kan
kan
an + 1 =
n +1
ka1 k 2 a0 ka k 3a0 kn
a1 = ka0 , a2 = = , a3 = 2 = ,  , an = a0
2 2 3 1⋅ 2 ⋅3 n!
(kx)
∞ ∞ n
kn
y =  n!
a0 x n = a0 
n!
= a0e kx
n=0 n=0
Check: By separation of variables, you have:

dy
 y
=  k dx
ln y = kx + C1
y = Ce kx
∞
16. y′ + ky = 0. Letting y =  an x n :
n=0
∞ ∞
y′ + ky =  nan x n −1 + k  an x n
n =1 n=0
∞ ∞
=  (n + 1)an +1x n + k  an x n = 0
n=0 n=0
(n + 1)an + 1 = − kan
kan
an + 1 = −
n +1
ka1 k 2 a0 k 3a0
a1 = − ka0 , a2 = − = , a3 = −
2 2 3!
( −1)
n
k n a0
an =
n!
(−1) (− kx)
n n
∞ kn ∞
y =  n!
a0 x n = a0  n!
= a0e − kx
n=0 n=0
Check: By separation of variables, you have

dy
 y
= −  k dx  ln y = − kx + C1
y = e − kx + C1 = Ce − kx .
∞
17. y′′ − k 2 y = 0. Letting y =  an x n :
n=0
∞ ∞
y′′ − k 2 y =  n(n − 1)an x n − 2 − k2  an x n
n=2 n=0
∞ ∞
=  (n + 2)(n + 1)an + 2 x n −  k 2 an x n = 0
n=0 n=0
(n + 2)( n + 1)an + 2 = k 2 an
k 2 an
an + 2 =
( n + 2)( n + 1)
a0 = a0 a1 = a1
2
k a0 k 2 a1
a2 = a3 =
2 3⋅2
k 2 a2 k 4 a0 k 2 a3 k 4 a1
a4 = = a5 = =
4⋅3 4 ⋅ 3⋅ 2 ⋅1 5⋅4 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3⋅ 2 ⋅1
 
k 2 n an k 2 n a1
a2 n = a2 n +1 =
( 2 n )! ( 2n + 1)!
2n +1
(kx) (kx)
∞ ∞ ∞ 2n ∞
k 2n a k 2na a1
y =  0 2n
x +  1
x 2 n +1 = a0  ( 2 n )! + 
n = 0 ( 2n )! n = 0 ( 2n + 1)! n=0 k n = 0 ( 2n + 1)!
(kx) (− kx)
∞ n ∞ n
= C0  n!
+ C1  n!
n=0 n=0
a1
= C0e kx + C1e − kx , where C0 + C1 = a0 and C0 − C1 =
k
Check: y′′ − k 2 y = 0 is a second-order homogeneous linear equation.
m 2 − k 2 = 0  m1 = k and m2 = − k
y = C1e kx + C2e − kx
∞
18. y′′ + k 2 y = 0. Letting y =  an x n :
n=0
∞ ∞
y′′ + k 2 y =  n(n − 1)an x n − 2 + k2  an x n
n=2 n=0
∞
=  (n + 2)(n + 1)an + 2 x n +  k 2an x n = 0
n=0
(n + 2)( n + 1)an + 2 = − k 2 an
k 2 an
an + 2 = −
(n + 2)(n + 1)
a0 = a0 a1 = a1
2
k a0 k 2 a1
a2 = − a3 = −
2 3⋅2
( − k ) a0 (− k ) a1
4 4
k 2 a2 k 2 a3
a4 = − = a5 = − =
4⋅3 4! 5⋅4 5!
 
a2 n =
(−1) k a0 n 2n
a2 n +1 =
( −1) k 2n a1
n
( 2 n)! ( 2n + 1)!
(−1) k 2n a0 x2 n (−1)
n n
∞ ∞ k 2n a
y =  ( 2n )!
+  (2n + 1)!1 x 2n +1
n=0 n=0
2 n +1
(−1) (kx) (−1) (kx)
∞ n 2n ∞ n
a1
= an  ( 2n )!
+
k
 (2n + 1)!
n=0 n=0
= C0 cos kx + C1 sin kx
Check: y′′ + k 2 y = 0 is a second-order homogeneous linear equation.

m 2 + k 2 = 0  m1 = − ki and m2 = ki
y = C1 cos kx + C2 sin kx
∞
19. (a) y′′ − xy′ = 0. Letting y =  an x n :
n=0
∞ ∞
y′′ − xy′ =  n(n − 1)an x n − 2 − x  nan x n −1 = 0
n=2 n =1
∞ ∞
 n(n − 1)an x n − 2 =  nan x n
n=2 n=0
∞ ∞
 (n + 2)(n + 1)an + 2 x n =  nan x n
n=0 n=0
nan
an + 2 =
(n + 2)(n + 1)
a0 = a0 a1 = a1
a1
a2 = 0 a3 =
3⋅2
3a3 3a
There are no even powered terms. a5 = = 1
5⋅4 5!
5a5 5 ⋅ 3a1
a7 = =
7⋅6 7!
∞
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7( 2n − 1) x 2 n +1 ∞
(2n)!x 2n +1 = a + a ∞ x 2 n +1
y = a0 + a1  = a0 + a1  n 1 n
n=0 (2n + 1)! n = 0 2 n!( 2 n + 1)!
0
n = 0 2 n!( 2 n + 1)
y (0) = 0  a0 = 0
y′ = a1 
∞
( 2n + 1) x 2 n ∞
= a1  n
x2n
n=0 2 n!( 2n + 1)
2
n = 0 2 n!
y′(0) = 2 = a1
∞
x 2 n +1
y = 2
n=0 2 n!( 2n + 1)
n
 x3  x3
(b) P3 ( x ) = 2  x +  = 2x +
 2 ⋅ 3 3
3 5
x x x3 x5
P5 ( x) = 2 x + + 2 = 2x + +
3 4⋅2⋅5 3 20
12
−4 4
P3(x)
P5(x)
− 12
(c) The solution is symmetric about the origin.
20. y
P5
3
2
y
x
1 2
P3
21. f ( x) = e x , f ′( x) = e x , y′ − y = 0. Assume 22. f ( x ) = cos x, f ′( x) = − sin x, f ′′( x) = − cos x,

∞ y′′ + y = 0.
y =  an xn , then: ∞
n =0
∞
Assume y =  an x n , then:
n=0
y′ =  nan x n −1
n =1
∞

∞
nan x n −1 = 
∞
an x n
y′′ =  n(n − 1)an x n − 2
n=2
n =1 n=0
∞ ∞
∞
 (n + 1)an +1x n =
∞
 an x n  n(n − 1)an x n − 2 +  an x n − 2 =0
n=2 n=0
n=0 n=0
∞ ∞
an + 1 =
an
,n ≥ 0  (n + 2)(n + 1)an + 2 x n = −  an x n
n +1 n=0 n=0
an
n = 0, a1 = a0 an + 2 = − ,n ≥ 0
a1 a
(n + 1)(n + 2)
n = 1, a2 = = 0 a0 = a0 a1 = a1
2 2
a a a0 a1
n = 2, a3 = 2 = 0 a2 = − a3 = −
3 2(3) (1)( 2) (2)(3)
a3 a0 a2 a0 a3 a1
n = 3, a4 = = a4 = − = a5 = − =
4 2(3)( 4) (3)( 4) 4! (4)(5) 5!
a4 a0  
n = 4, a5 = =
5 2(3)( 4)(5) ( −1) a0
n
(−1)n a1
a2 n = a2 n + 1 =
 ( 2n)! ( 2n + 1)!
a0 a
( −1) x 2 n + (−1)
n n
an + 1 =  an = 0
∞ ∞ x 2n +1
(n + 1)! n! y = a0  a1  which
n=0 (2n)! n=0 ( 2n + 1)!
∞
y = a0 
xn
which converges on ( − ∞, ∞). When converges on ( −∞, ∞)
n=0 n!
When a0 = 1 and a1 = 0, you have the Maclaurin
a0 = 1, you have the Maclaurin Series for f ( x) = e x . Series for f ( x) = cos x.
23. f ( x) = arctan x
1
f ′( x) =
1 + x2
−2 x
f ′′( x) =
(1 + x 2 )
2
−2 x
y′′ = y′
1 + x2
(1 + x 2 ) y′′ + 2 xy′ = 0
∞
Assume y =  an x n , then:
n=0
∞
y′ =  nan x n −1
n =1
∞
y′′ =  n(n − 1)an x n − 2
n=2
∞ ∞ ∞
(1 + x ) y′′ + 2 xy′ =  n(n − 1)an x n − 2 +  n(n − 1)an x n +  2nan x n
2
= 0
n=2 n=0 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
 n(n − 1)an x n − 2 = −  n( n − 1)an x n −  2nan x n
n=2 n=0 n=0
∞ ∞
 (n + 2)(n + 1)an + 2 x n = −  n( n + 1)an x n
n=0 n=0
(n + 2)( n + 1)an + 2 = − n( n + 1)an

n
an + 2 = − an , n ≥ 0
n + 2
n = 0  a2 = 0  all the even-powered terms have a coefficient of 0.
1
n = 1, a3 = − a1
3
3 1
n = 3, a5 = − a3 = a1
5 5
5 1
n = 5, a7 = − a5 = − a1
7 7
7 1
n = 7, a9 = − a7 = a1
9 9

( −1)
n
a1
a2 n + 1 =
2n + 1
y = a1 
∞
(−1)n x 2 n +1 which converges on a1 = 1, you have the Maclaurin Series for f ( x) = arctan x.
(−1, 1). When
n=0 2n + 1
24. f ( x) = arcsin x
1
f ′( x) =
1 − x2
x
f ′′( x) =
(1 − x 2 )
32
1 x x
y′′ = ⋅ 2
= y′
1− x 2 1− x 1 − x2
(1 − x 2 ) y′′ − xy′ = 0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
Assume y =  an x n , then:  ann(n − 1) x n − 2 −  ann(n − 1) x n −  an nx n = 0
n=0 n=2 n=0 n=0
∞ ∞
 (n + 2)(n + 1)an + 2 x n =  n2an x n
n=0 n=0
n2
an + 2 = an , n ≥ 0
( n + 1)( n + 2)
n = 0  a2 = 0  all the even-powered terms have a coefficient of 0.
a1 = a1
1
n = 1, a3 = a
(2)(3) 1
9 9 3
n = 3, a5 = a3 = a = a
( 4)(5)(2)(3)( 4)(5) 1 (2)( 4)(5) 1
n = 5, a7 =
25
a =
(9)(25) a =
(3)(5) a
(6)(7) 5 ( 2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) 1 (2)(4)(6)(7) 1
n = 7, a9 =
49
a =
(9)( 25)(49) a =
(3)(5)(7) a
(8)(9) 7 ( 2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9) 1 ( 2)(4)(6)(8) 1
n = 9, a11 =
81
a =
(9)( 25)( 49)(81) a =
(3)(5)(7)(9) a
(10)(11) 9 (2)(3)( 4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) 1 (2)( 4)(6)(8)(10)(11) 1

a2 n +1 =
( 2n)! a1
(2 n!) ( 2n
2
n
+ 1)
y = a1 
∞
( 2n)! x 2 n +1 which converges on ( −1, 1). When a1 = 1, you have the Maclaurin Series for f ( x) = arcsin x.
(2 n!) ( 2n
2
n=0
n
+ 1)
Review Exercises for Chapter 16 1609
∞
25. y′′ − xy = 0. Let y =  an x n .
n=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
y′′ − xy =  n(n − 1)an x n − 2 − x  an x n =  (n + 3)(n + 2)an + 3 x n +1 −  an x n +1 = 0
n=2 n=0 n = −1 n=0
∞
2a2 +  (n + 3)(n + 2)an + 3 − an  x n +1 = 0
n=0
an
So, a2 = 0 and an + 3 = for n = 0, 1, 2, 
(n + 3)(n + 2)
The constants a0 and a1 are arbitrary.
a0 = a0 a1 = a1
a0 a1
a3 = a4 =
3⋅2 4⋅3
a3 a0 a4 a1
a6 = = a7 = =
6⋅5 6⋅5⋅3⋅2 7⋅6 7⋅6⋅4⋅3
a a a a
So, y = a0 + a1 x + 0 x 3 + 1 x 4 + 0 x 6 + 1 x 7 .
6 12 180 504
Review Exercises for Chapter 16

1. ( y + x3 + xy 2 ) dx − x dy = 0 ( ) (
4. 2 x − 2 y 3 + y dx + x − 6 xy 2 dy = 0 )
∂M ∂N ∂M ∂N
= 1 + 2 xy ≠ = −1 Exact: = −6 y 2 + 1 =
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
 (2 x − 2 y + y ) dx
Not exact f ( x, y ) = 3
2. (5 x − y ) dx + (5 y − x) dy = 0 = x 2 − 2 xy 3 + xy + g ( y )
∂M
= −1 =
∂N f y ( x, y ) = −6 xy 2 + x + g ′( y ) = x − 6 xy 2
∂y ∂x
g ′( y ) = 0
Exact g ( y ) = C1
3. (10 x + 8 y + 2) dx + (8 x + 5 y + 2) dy = 0 f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 2 xy 3 + xy + C1
∂M ∂N x 2 − 2 xy 3 + xy = C
Exact: = 8 =
∂y ∂x
5. (x − y − 5) dx − ( x + 3 y − z ) dy = 0
f ( x, y ) =  (10 x + 8 y + 2) dx = 5 x
2
+ 8 xy + 2 x + g ( y )
∂M ∂N
f y ( x, y) = 8 x + g ′( y) = 8 x + 5 y + 2 = −1 = Exact
∂y ∂x
g ′( y ) = 5 y + 2
x2
5 2 f ( x, y ) =  ( x − y − 5) dx = − xy − 5 x + g ( y )
g ( y) = y + 2 y + C1 2
2
5 2 f y ( x, y ) = − x + g ′( y ) = − x − 3 y + 2
f ( x, y ) = 5 x 2 + 8 xy + 2 x + y + 2 y + C1
2 g ′( y ) = −3 y + 2
5 −3 2
5 x 2 + 8 xy + 2 x + y 2 + 2 y = C g ( y) = y + 2 y + C1
2 2
x2 3
− xy − 5 x − y 2 + 2 y + C1 = 0
2 2
x 2 − 2 xy − 10 x − 3 y 2 + 4 y = C
6. y sin xy dx + ( x sin xy + y ) dy = 0 8. (a) y
4
∂M ∂N
= xy cos xy + sin xy = Exact 2
∂y ∂x
x
f ( x, y ) =  y sin xy dx = − cos xy + g ( y ) −4 −2 2 4
−2
f y ( x, y ) = x sin xy + g ′( y ) = x sin xy + y −4
y2
g ′( y ) = y  g ( y ) =
2
+ C1 (b) (6 xy − y3 ) dx + (4 y + 3x2 − 3xy 2 ) dy = 0
2
y ∂M ∂N
− cos xy + = C = 6x − 3 y2 = Exact
2 ∂y ∂x
f ( x, y ) =  (6 xy − y ) dx = 3x y − xy 3 + g ( y)
y 3 2
7. (a)
4
f y ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − 3 xy 2 + g ′( y ) = 4 y + 3 x 2 − 3 xy 2
g ′( y ) = 4 y  g ( y ) = 2 y 2 + C1
x
−4 2 4 3x 2 y − xy 3 + 2 y 2 = C
y(0) = 1 : 2 = C
−4
Particular solution: 3 x 2 y − xy 3 + 2 y 2 = 2
(b) (2 x − y ) dx + ( 2 y − x) dy = 0 (c) 4
∂M ∂N
= −1 = Exact
∂y ∂x −6 6
f ( x, y ) =  (2 x − y) dx = x 2 − xy + g ( y )
−4
f y ( x, y ) = − x + g ′( y ) = 2 y − x
g ′( y ) = 2 y 9. ( 2 x + y − 3) dx + ( x − 3 y + 1) dy = 0
g ( y ) = y 2 + C1 Exact:
∂M
=1 =
∂N
∂y ∂x
x 2 − xy + y 2 = C
f ( x, y ) =  (2 x + y − 3) dx
y( 2) = 2 : 4 − 4 + 4 = 4 = C
= x + xy − 3 x + g ( y )
2
Particular solution: x 2 − xy + y 2 = 4
f y ( x, y ) = x + g ′( y )
(c) 4
= x − 3y + 1
g ( y) = − 3 y + 1
′
−6 6
3
g ( y ) = − y 2 + y + C1
2
−4
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy − 3 x
3 2
− y + y + C1
2
2 x 2 + 2 xy − 6 x − 3 y 2 + 2 y = C
Initial condition:
y( 2) = 0
8 + 0 − 12 − 0 + 0 = C  C = − 4
Particular solution:
2 x 2 + 2 xy − 6 x − 3 y 2 + 2 y = − 4
( )
10. 3x 2 y 2 dx + 2 x3 y − 3 y 2 dy = 0, y(1) = 2 11. − cos 2 y dx + 2 x sin 2 y dy = 0
∂M ∂N ∂N ∂M
Exact: = 6x2 y = Exact: = 2 sin 2 y =
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
f ( x, y ) = − x cos 2 y + g ( y )
f ( x, y ) =  3x y dx = x 3 y 2 + g ( y )
2 2
f y ( x, y ) = 2 x 3 y + g ′( y ) = 2 x 3 y − 3 y 2 f y ( x, y ) = 2 x sin 2 y + g ′( y )  g ′( y ) = 0
g ′( y ) = − 3 y 2 f ( x, y ) = − x cos 2 y + C1
g ( y ) = − y 3 + C1 x cos 2 y = C
x3 y 2 − y 3 = C Initial condition: y(3) = π  3 cos 2π = C = 3
Initial condition: y(1) = 2: 4 − 8 = C Particular solution:

x cos 2 y = 3
Particular solution: x3 y 2 − y 3 = − 4
3x
12. 9 + ln ( xy 3 ) dx + dy = 0
y
∂N 3 ∂M
Exact: = =
∂x y ∂y
f ( x, y ) =  3xy
−1
dy = 3x ln y + g ( x)
f x ( x, y ) = 3 ln y + g ′( x ) = 9 + ln x + 3 ln y  g ′( x) = 9 + ln x
 g ( x) = 8 x + x ln x + C1
3x ln y + 8 x + x ln x = C
Initial condition: y(1) = 1: 8 = C

Particular solution: 3 x ln y + 8 x + x ln x = 8
( )
13. 3x 2 − y 2 dx + 2 xy dy = 0 (
14. 2 xy dx + y 2 − x 2 dy = 0 )
(∂M ∂y ) − (∂N ∂x)
=
−2 y − 2 y 2
= − = h( x )
(∂N ∂x) − (∂M ∂y )
=
−2 x − 2 x 2
= − = k ( y)
N 2 xy x M 2 xy y
1 1
h( x ) dx k ( y ) dy −2
−2
= e ln x = 2 = e ln y =
x y2
 y2  2y 2x  x2 
Exact equation:  3 − 2  dx + dy = 0 Exact equation: dx + 1 − 2  dy = 0
 x  x y  y 
 y2  y2 2x x2
f ( x, y ) =   3 − dx = 3 x + + g ( y) f ( x, y ) =  dx = + g ( y)
2 y y
x  x
2y 2y x2 x2
f y ( x, y ) = + g ′( y ) = f y ( x, y ) = − + g ′( y ) = 1 − 2
x x y 2
y
g ′( y ) = 0  g ( y ) = C1 g ′( y ) = 1  g ( y ) = y + C1
2
y x2
3x + = C + y = C
x y
(
15. dx + 3x − e−2 y dy = 0 ) 16. cos y dx − 2( x − y ) sin y + cos y dy = 0
(∂N ∂x) − (∂M ∂y ) 3− 0 (∂N ∂x) − (∂M ∂y ) −2 sin y + sin y

= = 3 = k ( y) =
M 1 M cos y
= − tan y = k ( y )
k ( y) dy
= e3 y
(
Exact equation: e3 y dx + 3xe3 y − e y dy = 0 ) Integrating factor: e 
k ( y ) dy
= cos y
Exact equation:
f ( x, y ) = e
3y
dx = xe3 y + g ( y )
cos 2 y dx − 2( x − y ) sin y cos y + cos 2 y = 0
f y ( x, y ) = 3 xe3 y + g ′( y ) = 3 xe3 y − e y
g ′( y ) = −e y f ( x, y ) =  cos
2
y dx = x cos 2 y + g ( y )
g ( y ) = −e y + C1 f y ( x, y ) = −2 x cos y sin y + g ′( y )
xe3 y − e y = C = −2 x sin y cos y + 2 y sin y cos y − cos 2 y
g ′( y ) = 2 y sin y cos y − cos 2 y

 g ( y ) = − y cos 2 y + C1
x cos 2 y − y cos 2 y = C
17. y = C1e − 3 x + C2e 2 x 7
y′ = − 3C1e − 3 x + 2C2e 2 x y1
y′′ = 9C1e − 3 x + 4C2e 2 x y3 y2

−2 2
y′′ + y′ − 6 y = (9C1e −3x
+ 4C2e 2x
) + (− 3C1e −3 x
+ 2C2e 2x
) − 6(C1e −3 x
+ C2e 2x
) = 0 −1
18. y = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x y1

3
y2
y′ = − 3C1 sin 3 x + 3C2 cos 3 x
y′′ = − 9C1 cos 3x − 9C2 sin 3x −3 3
y′′ + 9 y = ( − 9C1 cos 3 x − 9C2 sin 3 x) + 9(C1 cos 3 x + C2 sin 3x) = 0 y3

−3
19. 2 y′′ + 5 y′ + 3 y = 0 22. 25 y′′ + 30 y′ + 9 y = 0

2
2 m + 5m + 3 = 0 25m 2 + 30m + 9 = 0
(m + 1)( 2m + 3) = 0  m = −1, − 32 (5 m + 3) = 0  m = − 53 , − 53
2
y = C1e − x + C2e(− 3 2)x

y = C1e(− 3 5)x + C2 xe(−3 5)x
20. y′′ − 4 y′ − 2 y = 0
23. y′′ + 8 y = 0
m 2 − 4m − 2 = 0
m 2 + 8 = 0  m = ± 2 2i
4 ± 16 + 8
m = = 2± 6
2 (
y = C1 cos 2 2 x + C2 sin 2 2 x ) ( )
y = C1e(
2 + 6 )x
+ C2 e (
2 − 6 )x
24. y′′ + y′ + 3 y = 0
21. y′′ − 6 y′ = 0 m2 + m + 3 = 0
m − 6m = m( m − 6) = 0  m = 0, 6
2
−1 ± 1 − 12 1 11
m = = − ± i
y = C1 + C2e 6x 2 2 2
 11   11 
y = C1e(−1 2)x cos x  + C2e(−1 2)x sin  x 
 2   2 
25. y′′′ − 2 y′′ − 3 y′ = 0
m3 − 2m 2 − 3m = m( m 2 − 2m − 3) = m( m − 3)( m + 1) = 0
m = 0, −1, 3
−x 3x
y = C1 + C2e + C3e
26. y′′ − 6 y′′ + 12′ − 8 y = 0
m3 − 6m2 + 12m − 8 = ( m − 2) = 0  m = 2, 2, 2
3
y = C1e2 x + C2 xe2 x + C3 x 2e2 x
27. y (4) − 5 y′′ = 0
m 4 − 5m2 = m2 ( m2 − 5) = 0  m = 0, 0, ± 5
y = C1 + C2 x + C3e 5x
+ C4 e − 5x
28. y (4) + 6 y′′ + 9 y = 0
m 4 + 6m 2 + 9 = 0
(m2 + 3) = 0  m = ±
2
3i, ± 3i
y = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x + C3 x cos 3 x + C4 x sin 3x
29. y′′ − y′ − 2 y = 0 31. y′′ + 2 y′ − 3 y = 0

m − m − 2 = ( m − 2)( m + 1) = 0  m = 2, −1
2
m 2 + 2m − 3 = ( m + 3)( m − 1) = 0  m = −3, 1
y = C1e 2 x + C2e − x y = C1e −3 x + C2e x

−x
y′ = 2C1e 2x
− C2 e y′ = −3C1e −3 x + C2e x
y (0) = 0 = C1 + C2 y (0) = 2 = C1 + C2
y′(0) = 3 = 2C1 − C2 y′(0) = 0 = −3C1 + C2
Adding these equations, 3 = 3C1  C1 = 1 and Subtracting these equations, 2 = 4C1  C1 = 1
and
2
C2 = −1.
C2 = 3
2
.
y = e2 x − e− x
y = 3 x
2
e + 12 e−3 x
30. y′′ + 4 y′ + 5 y = 0
32. y′′ + 12 y′ + 36 y = 0
−4 ± 16 − 20
m 2 + 4m + 5 = 0  m = = −2 ± i
m 2 + 12m + 36 = ( m + 6) = 0  m = −6, − 6
2
2
y = C1e −2 x cos x + C2e −2 x sin x y = C1e −6 x + C2 xe −6 x
y(0) = 2 = C1  y = e −2 x [2 cos x + C2 sin x] y′ = −6C1e −6 x + C2e −6 x − 6C2 xe −6 x
y′ = e −2 x [−2 sin x + C2 cos x] − 2e −2 x [2cos x + C2 sin x] y (0) = 2 = C1
y′(0) = −7 = C2 − 2(2)  C2 = −3 y′(0) = 1
y = 2e −2 x cos x − 3e −2 x sin x = −6( 2) + C2  C2 = 13
y = 2e −6 x + 13 xe −6 x
33. y′′ + 2 y′ + 5 y = 0 34. y′′ + y = 0

−2 ± 4 − 20 m2 + 1 = 0  m = ± i
m 2 + 2m + 5 = 0  m = = −1 ± 2i
2 y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
y = e − x (C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x) y (0) = 2 = C1
y(1) = 4 = e −1
(C1 cos 2 + C2 sin 2) π 
y   = 1 = C2
2
y(2) = 0 = e −2
(C1 cos 4 + C2 sin 4)
y = 2 cos x + sin x
Solving this system, you obtain C1 = −9.0496,
C2 = 7.8161.
y = e− x ( −9.0496 cos 2 x + 7.8161 sin 2 x)
35. By Hooke’s Law, F = kx, k = F x = 294 (7 5) = 210. Also, F = ma and m = F a = 294 9.8 = 30. So,
d 2 y  210 
+  y = 0
dt 2  30 
y = C1 cos ( )
7 t + C2 sin ( )
7t .
Because y(0) = 1
3
you have C1 = 1
3
and y′(0) = 0 yields C2 = 0. So, y = 1
3
cos ( )
7t .
F 294
36. By Hooke’s Law, F = kx, k = = = 210.
x (7 5)
F 294
Also, F = ma and m = = = 30.
a 9.8
 dy 
The damping force is given by (6) .
 dt 
 d2y  dy 
30 2  = − 6  − 210 y
 dt   dt 
30 y′′ + 6 y′ + 210 y = 0
5 y′′ + y′ + 35 y = 0
1 699
5m 2 + m + 35 = 0  m = − ± i
10 10
  699   699 
y = e − t 10 C1 cos t  + C2 sin  t 
  10   10 
1 1
y ( 0) =  C1 =
2 2
699 C 1
y′(0) = 0  C2 − 1 = 0  C2 =
10 10 2 699
1  699  1  699 
y (t ) = e − t 10  cos t  + sin  t 
 2  10  2 699  10 
37. y′′ + y = x3 + x 38. y′′ + 2 y = e2 x + x

m 2 + 1 = 0 when m = −i, i. m 2 + 2 = 0 when m = − 2 i, 2 i.
yh = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
yh = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2x
y p = A0 + A1x + A2 x 2 + A3 x3
y p = Ae 2 x + B 0 + B1 x
y p′ = A1 + 2 A2 x + 3 A3 x 2
y p′ = 2 Ae 2 x + B1
y p′′ = 2 A2 + 6 A3 x
y p′′ = 4 Ae 2 x
y p′′ + y p = ( A0 + 2 A2 ) + ( A1 + 6 A3 ) x + A2 x 2 + A3 x3
= x3 + x y p′′ + 2 y p = 6 Ae2 x + 2 B 0 + 2 B1 x = e 2 x + x
A0 = 0, A1 = −5, A2 = 0, A3 = 1 A = 16 , B 0 = 0, B1 = 1
2
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x − 5 x + x3 y = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x + 16 e 2 x + 1
x
2
39. y′′ − 8 y′ − 9 y = 9 x − 10
y′′ − 8 y′ − 9 y = 0
m 2 − 8m − 9 = ( m − 9)( m + 1) = 0  m = 9, −1
y p = Ax + B, y′p = A, y′′p = 0
y′′p − 8 y′p − 9 y p = − 8 A − 9( Ax + B ) = 9 x − 10
 − 9 Ax − 8 A − 9 B = 9 x − 10
 A = −1, B = 2
yh = C1e − x + C2e9 x
yp = − x + 2
y = C1e − x + C2e9 x − x + 2
40. y′′ + 5 y′ + 4 y = x 2 + sin 2 x
m 2 + 5m + 4 = 0 when m = −1, − 4.
yh = C1e − x + C2e −4 x
y p = A0 + A1x + A2 x 2 + B 0 sin 2 x + B1 cos 2 x
y p′ = A1 + 2 A2 x + 2 B 0 cos 2 x − 2 B1 sin 2 x
y p′′ = 2 A2 − 4 B 0 sin 2 x − 4 B1 cos 2 x
y p′′ + 5 y p′ + 4 y p = ( 4 A0 + 5 A1 + 2 A2 ) + ( 4 A1 + 10 A2 ) x + 4 A2 x 2 − 10 B1 sin 2 x + 10 B 0 cos 2 x = x 2 + sin 2 x

A0 = 21
32
, A1 = − 85 , A2 = 1
4
, B 0 = 0, B1 = − 101
y = C1e − x + C2e−4 x + 21
32
− 5
8
x+ 1
4
x 2 − 101 cos 2 x
41. y′′ − 4 y′ + 3 y = e x + 8e3 x 42. y′′ = 2 x + 1
Because e x and e3x are solutions to the homogeneous Because 1 and x are solutions to the homogenous
equation, use
equation, use
y p = C1 x 2 + C2 x 3 .
y p = Axe x + Bxe3 x .
43. y′′ + y = 2 cos x 45. y′′ + y′ − 6 y = 54, y(0) = 2, y′(0) = 0

m 2 + 1 = 0 when m = −i, i. m2 − m − 6 = 0
yh = C1 cos x + C2 sin x (m − 3)( m + 2) = 0
y p = Ax cos x + Bx sin x m1 = 3, m2 = −2
yh = C1e3 x + C2e −2 x
y p′ = ( Bx + A) cos x + ( B − Ax) sin x
y p = −9 by inspection
y p′′ = ( 2 B − Ax) cos x + ( − Bx − 2 A) sin x
y = yh + y p = C1e3 x + C2e −2 x − 9
y p′′ + y p = 2 B cos x − 2 A sin x = 2 cos x
A = 0, B = 1 Initial conditions:
y = C1 cos x + (C2 + x) sin x y (0) = 2: 2 = C1 + C2 − 9  C1 + C2 = 11
y′(0) = 0: 0 = 3C1 − 2C2  C1 = 22
5
, C2 = 33
5
44. 2 y′′ − y′ = 4 x
2 y′′ − y′ = 0 y = 11
5 (2e3x + 3e−2 x ) − 9
2m2 − m = m( 2m − 1) = 0  m = 0, 1
2 46. y′′ + 25 y = e x , y(0) = 0, y′(0) = 0
yh = C1 + C2e(1 2)x yh = C1 cos 5 x + C2 sin 5 x
y p = Ax + Bx2
y p = Ae x , y p′ = y p′′ = Ae x
y′p = 2 Ax + B 1
Ae x + 25 Ae x = e x  26 A = 1  A =
y′′p = 2 A 26
1 x
2 y′′p − y′p = 2( 2 A) − ( 2 Ax + B ) = 4 x y = yh + y p = C1 cos 5 x + C2 sin 5 x + e
26
A = − 2, B = − 8
1 1
y p = − 2 x2 − 8x y (0) = 0: 0 = C1 +  C1 = −
26 26
y = C1 + C2e x 2 − 2 x 2 − 8 x 1 1
y′(0) = 0: 0 = 5C2 +  C2 = −
26 130
1 1 1 x
y = − cos 5 x − sin 5 x + e
26 130 26
47. y′′ + 4 y = cos x

m 2 + 4 = 0  m = ± 2i
yh = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x
y p = A cos x + B sin x
y p′ = − A sin x + B cos x
y p′′ = − A cos x − B sin x
y p′′ + 4 y p = ( − A cos x − B sin x) + 4( A cos x + B sin x) = cos x
3 A cos x + 3B sin x = cos x  A = 1

3
and B = 0
yp = 1
3
cos x
y = yh + y p = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x + 1
3
cos x
Initial conditions: y(0) = 6: 6 = C1 + 1

3
 C1 = 17
3
y′(0) = −6: − 6 = 2C2  C2 = −3
3
cos 2 x − 3 sin 2 x + 1
3
cos x
48. y′′ + 3 y′ = 6 x
m 2 + 3m = 0  m1 = 0 and m2 = −3
yh = C1 + C2e −3 x
y p = Ax3 + Bx 2 + Cx + D
y p′ = 3 Ax 2 + 2 Bx + C
y p′′ = 6 Ax + 2 B
y p′′ + 3 y p′ = (6 Ax + 2 B ) + 3(3 Ax 2 + 2 Bx + C ) = 9 Ax 2 + (6 A + 6 B) x + ( 2 B + 3C ) = 6 x, A = 0, B = 1, and C = − 23

y p = x2 − 2
3
x + D
y = yh + y p = C1 + C2e −3 x + x 2 − 2
3
x + D = C3 + C2e−3 x + x 2 − 2
3
x
Initial conditions: y (0) = 2: 2 = C3 + C2

y′(0) = 10 10
3
: 3 = −3C2 − 2
3
 C2 = − 43 and C3 = 10
3
3
− 43 e−3 x + x 2 − 23 x = 1
3 (10 − 4e−3x + 3 x 2 − 2 x)
49. y′′ − y′ − 2 y = 1 + xe − x , y(0) = 1, y′(0) = 3

m 2 − m − 2 = ( m − 2)( m + 1) = 0  m = 2, −1
yh = C1e 2 x + C2e − x
y p = A + ( Bx + Cx 2 )e − x
y p′ = − ( Bx + Cx 2 )e − x + ( B + 2Cx)e − x = ( B + ( 2C − B ) x − Cx 2 )e − x
y p′′ = − ( B + ( 2C − B ) x − Cx 2 )e − x + ( 2C − B − 2Cx)e − x = (Cx 2 + ( B − 4C ) x + 2C − 2 B )e − x
(
y p′′ − y p′ − 2 y p = ( 2C − 2 B + ( − 4C + B ) x + Cx 2 )e − x − ( B + ( 2C − B) x − Cx 2 )e − x − 2 A + ( Bx + Cx 2 )e − x )
1
= −2 A + ( −6Cx + 2C − 3B)e − x = 1 + xe − x  A = − , − 6C = 1 and 2C − 3B = 0.
2
1 1
So, C = − and B = − .
6 9
1  1 1 
y = yh + y p = C1e 2 x + C2e − x − +  − x − x 2 e − x
2  9 6 
1 3
Initial conditions: y(0) = 1 = C1 + C2 −  C1 + C2 =
2 2
1 28
y′(0) = 3 = 2C1 − C2 −  2C1 − C2 =
9 9
83 83
Adding, 3C1 =  C1 = .
18 54
1
So, C2 = − .
27
83 2 x 1 −x 1  1 1  −x
Particular solution: y = e − e − −  + x  xe
54 27 2 9 6 
50. y′′′ − y′′ = 4 x 2 , y(0) = 1, y′(0) = 1, y′′(0) = 1

y′′′ − y′′ = 0
m3 − m 2 = 0 when m = 0, 0, 1.
yh = C1 + C2 x + C3e x
y p = A0 x 2 + A1x3 + A2 x 4
y p′ = 2 A0 x + 3 A1 x 2 + 4 A2 x3
y p′′ = 2 A0 + 6 A1x + 12 A2 x 2
y p′′′ = 6 A1 + 24 A2 x
y p′′′ − y p′′ = ( −2 A0 + 6 A1 ) + ( −6 A1 + 24 A2 ) x − 12 A2 x 2 = 4 x 2 or A0 = − 4, A1 = − 43 , A2 = − 13
y = C1 + C2 x + C3e x − 4 x 2 − 43 x3 − 13 x 4
y ' = C2 + C3e x − 8 x − 4 x 2 − 4
3
x3
y′′ = C3e x − 8 − 8 x − 4 x 2
Initial conditions: y(0) = 1, y′(0) = 1, y′′(0) = 1, 1 = C1 + C3 , 1 = C2 + C3 , 1 = C3 − 8, C1 = −8, C2 = −8, C3 = 9
Particular solution: y = −8 − 8 x − 4 x 2 − 4
3
x3 − 13 x 4 + 9e x
51. y′′ + 9 y = csc 3 x

m 2 + 9 = 0  m = ± 3i
yh = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x
y p = u1 y1 + u2 y2 = u1 cos 3x + u2 sin 3 x
u1′ cos 3 x + u2′ sin 3 x = 0 (1)

3u1′ ( − sin 3 x) + 3u2′ cos 3 x = csc 3x (2)
Multiply (1) by 3 sin 3x and (2) by cos 3 x :
3u1′ cos 3x sin 3x + 3u2′ sin 3 x sin 3 x = 0
− 3u1′ sin 3 x cos 3x + 3u2′ cos 3 x cos 3 x = (csc 3 x)cos 3 x
Adding these equations, 3u2′ = csc 3 x cos 3x = cot 3 x.
Then 3u1′ cos 3x sin 3 x + cot 3x sin 2 3 x = 0
 u1′ cos 3x sin 3x = − 13 cos 3x sin 3x  u1′ = − 13
Integrating, u1 = − 13 x, u2 = 1
9
ln sin 3x
1 1
y = yh + y p = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x − x cos 3x + ln sin 3x sin 3x
3 9
x x
52. 4 y′′ + y = sec tan
2 2
1 1 x x
y′′ + y = sec tan
4 4 2 2
1 x x
4m 2 + 1 = 0  m = ± i  yh = C1 cos + C2 sin
2 2 2
x x
y p = u1 y1 + u2 y2 = u1 cos + u2 sin
2 2
x x
u1′ cos
+ u2′ sin = 0 (1)
2 2
1 x 1 x 1 x x
− u1′ sin + u2′ cos = sec tan (2)
2 2 2 2 4 2 2
x x
Multiply (1) by sin and (2) by 2 cos :
2 2
x x x
u1′ cos sin + u2′ sin 2 = 0
2 2 2
x x x 1 x x x 1 x
− u1′ sin cos + u2′ cos 2 = sec tan cos = tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Adding these equations:
1 x x
u′2 = tan  u2 = − ln cos
2 2 2
x 1 x x
Also (1): u1′ cos + tan sin = 0
2 2 2 2
x
sin
1 x 2 1 x
 u1′ = − tan = − tan 2
2 2 cos x 2 2
2
1x 1  x 
 − 2 tan   sec
2 2
Integrating, u1 = dx = − − 1 dx
2 2 2 
1 x
= x − tan .
2 2
x x 1 x x x x
y = yh + y p = C1 cos + C2 sin +  x − tan  cos − ln cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
53. y′′ − 2 y′ + y = 2 xe x
m 2 − 2m + 1 = 0 when m = 1, 1.
yh = (C1 + C2 x)e x
y p = (u1 + u2 x)e x
u1′e x + u2′ xe x = 0
u1′e x + u2′ ( x + 1)e x = 2 xe x
u1′ = −2 x 2
 − 2x
2
u1 = dx = − 23 x3
u2′ = 2 x
u2 =  2 x dx = x2
y = (C1 + C2 x + 1
3
x 3 )e x
1
54. y′′ + 2 y′ + y =
x 2e x
m 2 + 2m + 1 = 0 when m = −1, −1.
yh = (C1 + C2 x )e − x
y p = (u1 + u 2 x)e − x
u1′e − x + u2′ ( xe − x ) = 0
1
u1′ ( −e − x ) + u 2′ ( − x + 1)e − x =
ex x2
1
u1′ = −
x
1
u1 =  − x dx = − ln x
1
u 2′ = 2
x
1 1
u 2 =  2 dx = −
x x
y = (C1 + C2 x − ln x − 1)e − x
d 2q dq
55. + 4 + 8q = 3 sin 4t
dt 2 dt
−4 ± 16 − 32
m 2 + 4m + 8 = 0  m = = − 2 ± 2i
2
qh = C1e − 2t cos 2t + C2e − 2t sin 2t
q p = A sin 4t + B cos 4t
q′p = 4 A cos 4t − 4 B sin 4t
q′′p = −16 A sin 4t − 16 B cos 4t
q′′p + 4q′p + 8q p = ( −16 A sin 4t − 16 B cos 4t ) + 4( 4 A cos 4t − 4 B sin 4t ) + 8( A sin 4t + B cos 4t ) = 3 sin 4t
−16 A − 16 B + 8 A = 3
−16 B + 16 A + 8B = 0
3 3
Solving for A and B, A = − 40 and B = − 20 .
y = C1e− 2t cos 2t + C2e− 2t sin 2t − 3

40
sin 4t − 3
20
cos 4t
Initial conditions: q(0) = 0  C1 − 3

20
= 0  C1 = 3
20
q′(0) = 0  C2 = 3
10
q (t ) = 3 − 2t
10
e sin 2t + 3 − 2t
20
e cos 2t − 3
40
sin 4t − 3
20
cos 4t
1 12π 24 1
56. (a) (i) y =
2
cos 2t + 2
π −4
sin 2t +
4 − π2
sin π t (ii) y =
2
(
1− 6 ) (
2 t cos 2 ) (
2 t + 3 sin 2 )
2t 

12 60
0 10 0 14
− 12 − 60
e−t 5  199 t 199 t  1 −2t

(iii) y = 199 cos + 199 sin  (iv) y = e (cos 2t + sin 2t )
398  5 5  2
1 0.6
0 8
0 3
−1 − 0.2
(b) The object comes to rest more quickly. It may not even oscillate, as in part (iv).
(c) It would oscillate more rapidly.
(d) Part (ii). The amplitude becomes increasingly large.
57. (a) y p′′ = − A sin x and 3 y p = 3 A sin x.
So, y p′′ + 3 y p = − A sin x + 3 A sin x

= 2 A sin x = 12 sin x
5
(b) y p = cos x
2
(c) If y p = A cos x + B sin x, then y p′′ = − A cos x − B sin x, and solving for A and B would be more difficult.
58. y = 5, because y′ = y′′ = 0 and 6(5) = 30
∞
59. (x − 4) y′ + y = 0. Letting y =  an x n :
n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
xy′ − 4 y′ + y =  nan x n − 4 nan x n −1 +  an x n
n=0 n =1 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
=  (n + 1)an x n
−  4nan x n −1
=  (n + 1)an x n −  4(n + 1)an +1x n = 0
n=0 n =1 n=0 n = −1
(n + 1)an = 4( n + 1)an + 1
1
an + 1 = an
4
1 1 1 1
a 0 = a 0 , a1 = a 0 , a 2 = a1 = 2 a 0 ,  , a n = n a 0
4 4 4 4
∞
xn
y = a0 
n=0 4n
∞
60. y′′ + 3 xy′ − 3 y = 0. Letting y =  an xn :
n =0
∞ ∞ ∞
y′′ + 3 xy′ − 3 y =  n(n − 1)an x n − 2 + 3x  nan x n −1 − 3  an x n = 0
n=2 n =1 n=0
∞ ∞
 (n + 2)(n + 1)an + 2 x n
=  (3 − 3n)an x n
n=0 n=0
3(1 − n)an
an + 2 =
(n + 2)( n + 1)
a0 = a0 a 1 = a1
3
a2 = a0 a3 = 0
2 ⋅1
There are no odd-powered terms for n > 1.
3  3  3(3)a 0
a4 = −  a0  = −
4 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 1  4!
3(3)  3(3)a 0  33 (3)a 0
a6 = − −  =
6 ⋅ 5 4!  6!
3(5)  3 (3)a 0 
3
3 (5 ⋅ 3)a 0
4
a8 = −   = −
8 ⋅ 7  6!  8!
3(7)  3 (5 ⋅ 3)a 0 
4
35 (7 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 3)a 0
a10 = −  −  =
10 ⋅ 9  8!  10!
n +1 n
∞ ( −1) 3 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7( 2n − 3) 2 n
3
y = a0 + a 0 x2 + a 0  x
2 n=2 ( 2n)!
61. y′′ + y′ − e x y = 0, y (0) = 2, y′(0) = 0

y′′ = − y′ + e x y y′′(0) = 2
y′′′ = − y′′ + e ( y + y′)
x
y′′′(0) = −2 + 2 = 0
y (4) = − y′′′ + e x ( y + 2 y′ + y′′) y (4) (0) = 4
y (5) = − y (4) + e x ( y + 3 y′ + 3 y′′ + y′′′) y (5) (0) = −4 + 8 = 4
y′′(0) y′′′(0) y (4) (0) y (5) (0) 1 4 1 5

y ≈ y (0) + y′(0) x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 2 + x 2 + x + x
2! 3! 4! 5! 6 30
1
Using the first four terms of the series, y   ≈ 2.063.
 4
62. y′′ + xy = 0, y(0) = 1, y′(0) = 1
y′′ = − xy y′′(0) = 0
y′′′ = − xy′ − y y′′′(0) = −1
y (4) = − xy′′ − y′ − y′ = − xy′′ − 2 y′ y (4) (0) = −2
y (5) = − xy′′′ − y′′ − 2 y′′ = − xy′′′ − 3 y′′ y (5) (0) = 0
y (6) = − xy (4) − y′′′ − 3 y′′′ = − xy (4) − 4 y′′′ y ( 6 ) ( 0) = 4
y (7) = − xy (5) − y (4) − 4 y (4) = − xy (5) − 5 y (4) y (7) (0) = 10
y′′(0) y ( 7 ) ( 0) x3 x4 x6 x7
y ≈ y (0) + y′(0) x + x2 +  + x7 = 1 + x − − + +
2! 7! 6 12 180 504
1
y   ≈ 1.474
2
Problem Solving for Chapter 16 1623
Problem Solving for Chapter 16
( ) (
1. 3x 2 + kxy 2 dx − 5 x 2 y + ky 2 dy = 0 ) 4. y′′ + β 2 y = 0
∂M m2 + β 2 = 0  m = ± β i
= 2kxy
∂y y = C1 cos β x + C2 sin β x
∂N
= −10 xy C2
∂x Let φ be given by cot φ = , 0 ≤ φ < 2π .
C1
∂M ∂N
=  k = −5
∂y ∂x Then C1 cos φ = C2 sin φ .
(3x2 − 5 xy 2 ) dx − (5 x 2 y − 5 y 2 ) dy = 0 Exact Let C =

C1
=
C2
. Then
sin φ cos φ
5 2 2
f ( x, y ) =  (3x − 5 xy 2 ) dx = x 3 − x y + g ( y)
2
y = C1 cos β x + C2 sin β x
2
= C sin φ cos β x + C cos φ sin β x = C sin ( β x + φ ).
f y ( x, y ) = −5 x 2 y + g ′( y ) = −5 x 2 y + 5 y 2
Note that if C1 = 0, then φ = 0 and
5 3
g ′( y ) = 5 y 2  g ( y ) = y + C1
3 y = C sin ( β x). And if C2 = 0, then
5 2 2 5
x3 − x y + y 3 = C2  π
2 3 y = C sin  β x +  = C cos( β x).
 2
6 x3 − 15 x 2 y 2 + 10 y 3 = C
5. The general solution to y′′ + ay′ + by = 0 is
( )
2. kx 2 + y 2 dx − kxy dy = 0
y = B1e(r + s)x + B2e(r − s)x .
1 1
(a)
x2
(kx2 + y 2 ) dx −
x2
kxy dy = 0 Let C1 = B1 + B2 and C2 = B1 − B2 .
 C1 + C2 C − C2
y2  ky Then B1 = and B2 = 1 .
k + 2  dx − dy = 0 2 2
 x  x
∂M 2y ∂N ky  C + C2  (r + s)x  C1 − C2  (r − s)x
= = = 2  k = 2 So y =  1 e + e
∂y x 2
∂x x  2   2 
 e + e 
sx − sx
 e − e − sx 
sx
 y2   2y  = e rx C1   + C2  
(b)  2 + 2  dx −   dy = 0 Exact   2   2 
 x   x 
= e [C1 cosh sx + C2 sinh sx].
rx
 y2  y2
f ( x, y ) =   2 + 2  dx = 2 x − + g ( y)
 x  x
−2 y −2 y
f y ( x, y ) = + g ′( y ) =  g ( y ) = C1
x x
y2
2x − = C
x
3. y′′ − a 2 y = 0, y > 0
m2 − a 2 = ( m + a)( m − a) = 0  m = ± a
C1 + C2 ax C − C2 − ax
y = B1e ax + B2e− ax = e + 1 e
2 2
 e ax + e − ax   e ax − e − ax 
= C1   + C2  
 2   2 
= C1 cosh ax + C2 sinh ax
6. The roots of the characteristic equation 7. y′′ + ay = 0, y(0) = y( L) = 0

m 2 + am + b = 0 ( a, b > 0) are
(a) If a = 0, y′′ = 0  y = cx + d . y (0) = 0 = d and
−a ± a 2 − 4b
m = . You consider three cases: y( L) = 0 = cL  c = 0. So y = 0 is the solution.
2
(b) If a < 0, y′′ + ay = 0 has characteristic equation
(i) If the roots are equal, then a 2 − 4b = 0 and
−a x m2 + a = 0  m = ± −a .
y = (C1 + C2 x )e 2 → 0 as x → ∞.
−a x
y = C1e + C2 e − −a x
(ii) If the roots are complex,
−a y(0) = 0 = C1 + C2  −C1 = C2
m = ± β i, then
2
−a −a
y( L) = 0 = C1e −a L
+ C2 e − −a L
x x
y = C1e 2 cos β x + C2 e2 sin β x → 0 as x → ∞ = C1e −a L
− C1e − −a L
(because cos β x and sin β x are bounded). e −a L

− e− −a L 
= 2C1  
(iii) If the roots are real and distinct, then  2
 
y = C1e
−a +
2
a 2 − 4b
+ C2 e
x2
−a −
.
a2 − 4b
x = 2C1 sinh ( )
− a L  C1 = 0 = C2
The second term clearly tends to 0 as x → ∞. So, y = 0 is the only solution.
For the first term, note that a 2 − 4b (c) For a > 0:

 −a a 4b 
 + 1−  m2 + a = 0  m = ± ai
4b 2 2 a2  x
= a 1− < a. So y = C1e → 0 as
x → ∞.
a 2
y = C1 cos ( )
a x + C2 sin ( ax. )
y(0) = 0 = C1
y = C2 sin ( ax )
y( L) = 0 = C2 sin ( aL )
So a L = nπ
2
 nπ 
a =   , n an integer.
 L 
8. x 2 y′′ + axy′ + by = 0, x > 0
Let x = et .
dy dy dt dy
(a) = = e−t
dx dx dt dt
d2y d dt e − t ( dy dt )  d2y dy  d 2 y dy 

2
= t
= e − t e− t 2 − e − t  = e −2t  2 − 
dx e  dt dt   dt dt 
x 2 y′′ + axy′ + by = 0
  d2y dy  t  − t dy 
e 2t e −2t  2 −  + ae  e  + by = 0
  dt dt   dt 
d2y dy
+ ( a − 1) + by = 0
dt 2 dt
(b) x 2 y′′ + 6 xy′ + 6 y = 0

Let x = et . From part (a), you have:
d2y dy
+5 + 6y = 0
dt 2 dt
m 2 + 5m + 6 = 0
(m + 3)(m + 2) = 0
m1 = −3, m2 = −2
y = C1e −3t + C2e −2t = C1e −3 ln x + C2e −2 ln x = C1e

( )
ln 1 x3
+ C2 e
( )
ln 1 x 2
=
C1 C
+ 22 .
x3 x
d 2θ g g
9. 2
+ θ = 0, > 0
dt L L
 g   g 
(a) θ (t ) = C1 sin  t  + C2 cos t
 L   L 
 g  C π π
Let φ be given by tan  φ = − 1 , − < φ < .
 L  C2 2 2
 g   g 
Then C2 sin  φ  = −C1 cos φ .
 L   L 
C2 C1
Let A = = −
 g   g 
cos  φ  sin  φ 
 L   L 
 g   g   g   g   g   g   g 
θ (t ) = C1 sin  t  + C2 cos t  = − A sin  φ  sin  t  + A cos φ  cos t  = A cos  (t + φ )
 L   L   L   L   L   L   L 
 g 
(b) θ (t ) = A cos  (t + φ ), g = 9.8, L = 0.25
 L 
θ (0) = A cos  39.2 φ  = 0.1
g  g 
θ ′(t ) = − A sin  (t + φ )
L  4 
θ ′(0) = − A 39.2 sin  39.2 φ  = 0.5
−5
Dividing, tan  39.2 φ  =  φ ≈ −0.1076  A ≈ 0.128.
39.2
θ (t ) = 0.128 cos  39.2 (t − 0.108)
2π
(c) Period = ≈ 1 sec
39.2
(d) Maximum is 0.128.
(e) θ (t ) = 0 at t ≈ 0.359 sec, and at t ≈ 0.860 sec.
(f ) θ ′(0.359) ≈ −0.801, θ ′(0.860) ≈ 0.801
1 2 12. y′′ + 2 y′ + 26 y = 0, y (0) = 1, y′(0) = 4

10. (a) Ay′′ = 2Wx − Wx , A > 0
2
(a) λ = 1, ω = 26,
2W W 2 W
y′′ =
A
x −
2A
x =
2A
(4 x − x2 ) λ − ω = −25 < 0, underdamped
2 2
W 2 x3  (b) m1 = −1 + 5i, m2 = −1 − 5i
y′ =  2x −  + C1
2 A 3
y = C1e −t cos(5t ) + C2e −t sin(5t )
W  2 x3 x4 
y =  −  + C1x + C2
2 A 3 12  y(0) = 1 = C1
y(0) = 0  C2 = 0 y′(t ) = −e − t (C1 cos 5t + C2 sin 5t )
W  16 16  + e − t ( −5C1 sin 5t + 5C2 cos 5t )

y( 2) = 0   −  + 2C1 = 0
2 A 3 12  y′(0) = 4 = −C1 + 5C2  C2 = 1
2W −W
= −2C1  C1 = y = e −t (cos 5t + sin 5t )
A A
W  2 x3 x4  (c) 2
y =  − − 2x
2 A 3 12 
0 5
(b) Using a graphing utility, the maximum deflection is
at x ≈ 1.1074, and the deflection is
−2
W W
(1.43476) ≈ 0.7174 .
2A A The solution oscillates.
11. y′′ + 8 y′ + 16 y = 0, y(0) = 1, y′(0) = 1 13. y′′ + 20 y′ + 64 y = 0, y(0) = 2, y′(0) = −20
(a) λ = 4, ω = 4, λ 2 − ω 2 = 0, critically damped (a) λ = 10, ω = 8, λ 2 − ω 2 = 36 > 0, overdamped

(b) m1 = m2 = −4 (b) m1 = −10 + 6 = −4, m2 = −10 − 6 = −16
y = C1e −4t + C2e −16t
y = (C1 + C2 t )e−4t ,
y (0) = 2 = C1 + C2
y′ = −4(C1 + C2 t )e−4t + C2e −4t
y′(t ) = −4C1e −4t − 16C2e −16t
y(0) = 1 = C1 y′(0) = −20 = −4C1 − 16C2
y′(0) = 1 = −4 + C2  C2 = 5
C1 + C2 = 2 
y = (1 + 5t )e −4t C1 = 1, C2 = 1
−C1 − 4C2 = −5
(c) 2
y = e −4t + e −16t
(c) 2
0 2
0
0 2
The solution tends to zero quickly. 0
The solution tends to zero quickly.
14. y′′ + 2 y′ + y = 0, y(0) = 2, y′(0) = −1 (c) 2
(a) λ = 1, ω = 1, λ 2 − ω 2 = 0, critically damped 0 5
(b) m1 = m2 = −1
y = (C1 + C2 t )e− t , y′ = −(C1 + C2 t )e− t + C2e −t −2
y(0) = 2 = C1 The solution tends to zero quickly.

y′(0) = −1 = −2 + C2  C2 = 1
y = ( 2 + t )e − t
15. Airy’s Equation: y′′ − xy = 0

y′′ − xy + y − y = y′′ − ( x − 1) y − y = 0
∞ ∞ ∞
 an ( x − 1) , y′  nan ( x − 1)  n(n − 1)an ( x − 1)
n n −1 n−2
Let y = = , y′′ = .
n=0 n =1 n=2
y′′ − ( x − 1) y − y = 0
∞ ∞ ∞
 n(n − 1)an ( x − 1) − ( x − 1)  an ( x − 1) −  an ( x − 1)
n−2 n n
= 0
n=2 n=0 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
 (n + 3)(n + 2)an + 3 ( x − 1) −  an ( x − 1) − 
n +1 n +1 n +1
an +1 ( x − 1) = 0
n = −1 n=0 n = −1
∞
 (n + 3)(n + 2)an + 3
n +1
( 2 a2 − a0 ) + − an − an +1  ( x − 1) = 0
n=0
1
2a2 − a0 = 0  a2 = a0 ; a0 , a1 arbitrary
2
an + an +1
In general, an + 3 = .
(n + 3)(n + 2)
a0 + a1
a3 =
6
1 
a1 +  a0 
a + a2  2  = 2a1 + a0
a4 = 1 =
12 12 24
1 a0 + a1
a0 +
a + a3 4a0 + a1
a5 = 2 = 2 6 =
20 20 120
 a0 + a1   2a1 + a0 
a3 + a4  +  5a0 + 6a1
= 
6   24 
a6 = =
30 30 720
 1
2 a + a0  0
4 a + a1
a4 + a5  +  9a0 + 11a1
a7 = =  24   120 
=
42 42 5040
So, the first eight terms are
a0 a + a 2a + a 4a + a
y = a0 + a1 ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) + 0 1 ( x − 1) + 1 0 ( x − 1) + 0 1 ( x − 1)
2 3 4 5
2 6 24 120
5a + 6a1 9a + 11a1
( x − 1) + 0
6
( x − 1) .
7
+ 0
720 5040
16. (a) Tn +1 ( x) = 2 xTn ( x) − Tn −1 ( x)

T0 = 1, T1 = x
T2 = 2 x( x) − 1 = 2 x 2 − 1
T3 = 2 x( 2 x 2 − 1) − x = 4 x3 − 3 x
T4 = 2 x( 4 x3 − 3 x) − ( 2 x 2 − 1) = 8 x 4 − 8 x 2 + 1
( )
(b) 1 − x 2 y′′ − xy′ + k 2 y = 0
Substituting T0 , , T4 into this equation shows that the polynomials

satisfy Chebyshev’s equation. For example, for T4 ,
(1 − x2 )96 x2 − 16 − x 32 x3 − 16 x + 168x4 − 8x2 + 1 = 0

(c) T5 = 2 x(8 x 4 − 8 x 2 + 1) − ( 4 x3 − 3 x) = 16 x5 − 20 x3 + 5 x
T6 = 2 x(16 x5 − 20 x3 + 5 x) − (8 x 4 − 8 x 2 + 1) = 32 x 6 − 48 x 4 + 18 x 2 − 1
T7 = 2 x(32 x6 − 48 x 4 + 18 x 2 − 1) − (16 x5 − 20 x3 + 5 x) = 64 x7 − 112 x5 + 56 x3 − 7 x
17. x 2 y′′ + xy′ + x 2 y = 0 Bessell equation of order zero

∞ ∞ ∞
(a) Let y =  an x n , y ′ =  nan x n −1, y′′ =  n(n − 1)an x n − 2 .
n=0 n =1 n=2
x 2 y′′ + xy′ + x 2 y = 0
∞ ∞ ∞
x 2  n( n − 1)an x n − 2 + x  nan x n −1 + x 2  an x n = 0
n=2 n =1 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
 n(n − 1)an x n +  nan x n +  an x n + 2 = 0
n=2 n =1 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
 (n + 2)(n + 1)an + 2 x n + 2 +  (n + 2)an + 2 x n + 2 +  an x n + 2 = 0
n=0 n = −1 n=0
∞
a1 x +  (n + 2)(n + 1)an + 2 + (n + 2)an + 2 + an  x n + 2 = 0
n=0
− an
a1 = 0 and an + 2 = .
(n + 2)
2
All odd terms ai are 0.

−a
a2 = 20
2
−a2 1 a0
a4 = 2 = a0 2 =
2 (1 ⋅ 2)
2 2
4 2 ⋅4 4
−a4 1 −a0
a6 = = −a0 2 =
2 (3!)
2 2 2 2
6 2 ⋅4 ⋅6 6
(−1) x 2 n
∞ n
y = a0 
22 n ( n!)
2
n=0
(b) This is the same function (assuming a0 = 1 ).
∞ ∞ ∞
18. (a) Let y =  an x n , y ′ =  nan x n −1, y′′ =  n(n − 1)an xn − 2
n=0 n =1 n=2
x 2 y′′ + xy′ + ( x 2 − 1) y = 0
∞ ∞ ∞
x 2  n( n − 1)an x n − 2 + x  nan x n −1 + ( x 2 − 1)  an x n = 0
n=2 n =1 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
 n(n − 1)an x n +  nan xn +  an x n + 2 −  an x n = 0
n=2 n =1 n=0 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
 (n + 2)(n + 1)an + 2 x n + 2 +  ( n + 2 ) an + 2 x n + 2 +  an x n + 2 −  an + 2 x n + 2 = 0
n=0 n = −1 n=0 n = −2
∞
− a0 + ( a1 − a1 ) x +  (n + 2)(n + 1)an + 2 + (n + 2)an + 2 + an − an + 2  x n + 2 = 0
n=0
−an
a0 = 0 and ( n + 2)( n + 1) + ( n + 2) − 1 an + 2 = −an  n 2 + 4n + 3 an + 2 = −an  an + 2 =
(n + 1)(n + 3)
All even terms ai are 0.
− a1 −a
a3 = = 31
2⋅4 2
− a3 − a1 −2a
a5 = = 5 = 5 1
4⋅6 2 3! 2 ⋅ 2! 3!
− a5 −2a
a7 = = 7 1
6⋅8 2 3! 4!
y = 2a1 
∞
(−1)n x 2 n +1
n=0 2 2 n + 1 n!( n + 1)!
(b) This is the same function (assuming 2a1 = 1 ).
∞ ∞ ∞
19. (a) Let y =  an x n , y ′ =  nan x n −1, y′′ =  n(n − 1)an x n − 2 .
n=0 n =1 n=2
y′′ − 2 xy′ + 8 y = 0
∞ ∞ ∞
 n(n − 1)an xn − 2 − 2 x  nan x n −1 + 8  an x n = 0
n=2 n =1 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
 (n + 2)(n + 1)an + 2 x n −  2nan x n +  8 an x n = 0
n=0 n=0 n=0
∞
 (n + 2)(n + 1)an + 2 − 2nan + 8an  x n = 0
n=0
2( n − 4)
an + 2 = an
(n + 2)( n + 1)
2( −2) 1
a4 = 16 = a2 = − a2  a2 = −48
4(3) 3
2( −4)
a2 = −48 = a0 = −4a0  a0 = 12
2
H 4 ( x) = 16 x 4 − 48 x 2 + 12
( 2 x)
0
(b) H 0 ( x) = =1
0!
H1 ( x ) =
(2 x)1 = 2x
1!
2 − 2n
(−1) 2!( 2 x) 2( 2 x)
1 n 2
2
H 2 ( x) =  n!( 2 − 2n)!
=
2!
−
1
= 4x2 − 2
n=0
3 − 2n
(−1) 3!(2 x) 3!( 2 x ) 3!( 2 x )
1 n 3 1
H 3 ( x) =  n!(3 − 2n)! =
3!
−
1
= 8 x 3 − 12 x
n=0
4 − 2n
(−1) 4!(2 x) 4!( 2 x) 4!( 2 x)
2 n 4 2
4!
H 4 ( x) =  n!(4 − 2n)! =
4!
−
2!
+
2!
= 16 x 4 − 48 x 2 + 12
n=0
20. (a) xy′′ + (1 − x) y′ + ky = 0

∞ ∞ ∞
Let y =  an x n , y′ =  nan x n −1, y′′ =  n(n − 1)an x n − 2 .
n=0 n =1 n=2
∞ ∞ ∞
x  n( n − 1)an x n − 2 + (1 − x)  nan x n −1 + k  an x n = 0
n=2 n =1 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
 n(n − 1)an x n −1 +  nan x n −1 −  nan x n +  kan x n = 0
n=2 n =1 n =1 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
 (n + 1)nan +1x n +  (n + 1)an +1x n −  nan x n +  kan x n = 0
n =1 n=0 n =1 n=0
∞
(a1 + ka0 ) +  (n + 1)nan +1 + (n + 1)an +1 − nan + kan  x n = 0
n =1
a1 + ka0 = 0  a1 = − ka0
n − k
(n + 1) an + 1 + ( k − n)an = 0  an + 1 =
2
an
(n + 1)
2
Let a0 = 1.
For k = 0, a1 = a2 =  = 0  L0 ( x) = 1.
For k = 1, a1 = −1, a2 = a3 =  = 0  L1 ( x) = 1 − x.
−1 1 1
For k = 2, a1 = −2, a2 = a1 =  L2 ( x) = 1 − 2 x + x 2 .
22 2 2
In general, for a given integer k ≥ 0, ak + 1 = ak + 2 =  = 0. Furthermore, in the given formula for
n − k
Lk ( x), you can verify that an + 1 = an . Finally, you can see that for k ≥ n,
(n + 1) 2
(n − 1) − k (−1)(k − (n − 1)) (−1)(k + 1 − n) n − 2 − k

an = an −1 = an −1 = ⋅ an − 2
(n − 1)
2 2 2
n n n2
(−1) (k − (n − 1))(k − (n − 2)) (−1) (k − (n − 1))(k − ( n − 2))( k − 0)

2 n
= an − 2 =  = a0
n 2 ( n − 1) n 2 ( n − 1) 22 ⋅ 12
2 2
(−1) (k − (n − 1))(k − (n − 2))k (k − n)!

2
(−1) k!
n
= a0 =
(n!) (k − n)! (k − n)! (n!)
2 2
(−1)
n
0 0! x n
(b) L0 ( x ) =  =1
(0 − n)! (n!)
2
n=0
(−1) 1! x n
1 n
L1 ( x ) =  1 − n ! n! 2 =1− x
n=0 ( )( )
(−1) 2! x n
n
2
x2
L2 ( x ) =  2 − n ! n! 2 = 1 − 2x +
n=0 ( )( ) 2
3
(−1)n 3! x n 3 2 x3
L3 ( x) =  = 1 − 3x + x −
n = 0 (3 − n )! ( n!)
2
2 6
4
(−1)n 4! x n 2 3 1 4
L4 ( x) =  4 − n ! n! 2 = 1 − 4 x + 3x2 − x + x
n=0 ( )( ) 3 24

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C H A P T E R 1 6

Additional Topics in Differential Equations

Section 16.1 Exact First-Order Equations.............................................................1569

Section 16.2 Second-Order Homogeneous Linear Equations..............................1579

Section 16.3 Second-Order Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations .......................1588

Section 16.4 Series Solutions of Differential Equations ......................................1598

Review Exercises ......................................................................................................1609

Problem Solving .......................................................................................................1623

10. 2 cos ( 2 x − y ) dx − cos( 2 x − y ) dy = 0 x x2

15. (a) and (c) 16. (a) and (c)

Solution: x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 6 y = 13 Solution: y ln( x − 1) + y 2 = 16

x3 (∂N ∂x) − (∂M ∂y ) 5y − 2y 3

24. ( 2 x3 + y ) dx − x dy = 0 27. ( x + y ) dx + ( tan x) dy = 0

(axm +1 y n + 2 + bxm y n +1) dx + (bxm + 2 y n +1 + axm +1 y n ) dy = 0

46. (d) Because at (0, 0), F(0, 0) = 2i + j has slope 12 .

For (a), F(0, 0) = − i + 2 j has negative slope.

For (b), F(0, 0) = i.

For (c), F(0, 0) = i − j.

47. (a) y ( 4) ≈ 0.5231 48. (a) y (5) ≈ 6.6980

49. (a) y ( 4) ≈ 0.408 50. (a) y ( s ) ≈ 6.708

53. M = g ( y ) sin x, N = y 2 f ( x) 55. True

Section 16.2 Second-Order Homogeneous Linear Equations

6. y = C1 + C2e3 x 7. y = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x

8. y = C1e− x cos 3x + C2e− x sin 3x = e− x (C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x)

y′ = −e − x (C1 cos 3 x + C2 sin 3 x) + e − x ( −3C1 sin 3 x + 3C2 cos 3 x)

+ e [3C1 sin 3 x − 3C2 cos 3 x − 9C1 cos 3 x − 9C2 sin 3 x]

+ 3C1 sin 3 x − 3C2 cos 3 x − 9C1 cos 3 x − 9C2 sin 3 x]

9. y′′ − y′ = 0 13. 2 y′′ + 3 y′ − 2 y = 0

Characteristic equation: m 2 − m = 0 Characteristic equation: 2m2 + 3m − 2 = 0

10. y′′ + 2 y′ = 0 14. 16 y′′ − 16 y′ + 3 y = 0

17. 16 y′′ − 8 y′ + y = 0 25. y′′ − 3 y′ + y = 0

Characteristic equation: 16m 2 − 8m + 1 = 0 Characteristic equation: m 2 − 3m + 1 = 0

22. y′′ − 2 y = 0 29. y (4) − y = 0

23. y′′ − 2 y′ + 4 y = 0 30. y (4) − y′′ = 0

31. y′′′ − 6 y′′ + 11 y′ − 6 y = 0

32. y′′′ − y′′ − y′ + y = 0 34. y′′′ − 3 y′′ + 3 y′ − y = 0

Characteristic equation: m3 − m 2 − m + 1 = 0 Characteristic equation: m3 − 3m 2 + 3m − 1 = 0

33. y′′′ − 3 y′′ + 7 y′ − 5 y = 0 35. y (4) − 2 y′′ + y = 0

y = C1e x + e x (C2 cos 2 x + C3 sin 2 x) Roots: m = 1, 1, −1, −1

36. y (4) − 2 y′′′ + y′′ = 0

Characteristic equation: m 4 − 2m3 + m 2 = 0  m 2 ( m 2 − 2m + 1) = m 2 ( m − 1) = 0

37. y′′ + 100 y = 0 39. y′′ − y′ − 30 y = 0, y (0) = 1, y′(0) = −4

41. y′′ + 16 y = 0, y (0) = 0, y′(0) = 2

Particular solution: y = 1 sin 4 x

42. y′′ + 2 y′ + 3 y = 0, y (0) = 2, y′(0) = 1

43. 9 y′′ − 6 y′ + y = 0, y (0) = 2, y′(0) = 1 44. 4 y′′ + 4 y′ + y = 0, y (0) = 3, y′(0) = 1

Characteristic equation: 9m 2 − 6m + 1 = 0 Characteristic equation: 4m 2 + 4m + 1 = 0

y = C1e(1 3)x + C2 xe(1 3)x Roots: m = − 12 , − 12

Particular solution: y = 2e x 3 + 13 xe x 3 y′(0) = 1 = − 12 C1 + C2  C2 = 5

45. y′′ − 4 y′ + 3 y = 0, y (0) = 1, y (1) = 3 49. 4 y′′ − 28 y′ + 49 y = 0, y (0) = 2, y(1) = −1

Characteristic equation: m 2 − 4m + 3 = 0 Characteristic equation: 4m 2 − 28m + 49 = 0

48. 4 y′′ + 20 y′ + 21y = 0, y (0) = 3, y ( 2) = 0

y (0) = 3: C1 + C2 = 3 54. (a) y′′ is always positive according to the graph

55. y′′ + 9 y = 0 60. By Hooke’s Law, F = kx

 5119 C  5119t  5119 C  5119t 

65. Because m = − a 2 is a double root of the characteristic equation, you have

66. Because m = α ± β i are roots to the characteristic equation, you have

「9781337616249 - CalcMetric - 16 - CSM.pdf」複本的副本

「9781337616249 - CalcMetric - 16 - CSM.pdf」複本的副本

「9781337616249 - CalcMetric - 16 - CSM.pdf」複本的副本