Performance of DC machines and principles of operation of transformers

Application of dc machine

Dc motor
It is used to convert electric energy to mechanical energy.

Construction

Parts

Yoke: Yoke is the magnetic core of stator. It provides path for the pole flux Ø and carries half of it. Apart from this, it
provides mechanical support to the whole machine. The Yoke of DC machine is not laminated as it carries stationary
flux and hence there is no eddy current. Iron core is used for the construction of Yoke for small DC machine whereas
Steel is used for large DC machine.

Field Poles: Field pole consists of pole core and pole shoe. The pole core is made from the cast steel. The pole shoe
of DC machine is laminated and fixed to the pole core. These Filed Poles are welded or bolted to the Yoke.

Field Winding or Exciting Winding: The pole is excited by a winding wound around the pole core. This winding is
called the Field Winding or Exciting Winding and made from copper. The number of turns and cross-sectional of filed
winding depends on the type of DC machine as below:
 Large number of turns of small cross-sectional area is used for DC Shunt machine.
 For DC Series machine, small number of turns of large cross-sectional area is used.
 Both series and shunt field winding is applied for DC Compound machine

Inter poles: Inter poles are fixed to the Yoke in between the main poles of DC machine. The interpole winding is
made of copper and consists of few turns of thick wire. This winding is connected in series with the armature winding.

Compensating Winding: Theses windings are placed in the slots cut in the pole faces of DC machine. Compensating
winding is also connected in series with the armature winding.

Brushes: Brushes are housed in the brush holder and connected to the end cover. It is made up of Carbon for small
DC machine. For large DC machine, electrographite is used to make brushes. A spring keeps the brushes pressed on
the commutator surface.
Rotor components of DC machine are described below:

Armature Core: It is a magnetic core made of laminated silicon steel of thickness 0.30 to 0.50 mm to minimize
the iron losses. The main purpose of armature core is to house the armature conductor in its slot and provide low
reluctance path to magnetic flux Ø/2 as shown in the labeled diagram of DC machine.

Armature Winding: Armature winding is made from copper. It consists of large number of insulated coils having one
or more than one turns. Theses coils are placed in the armature core slots and connected appropriately in series and
parallel depending on the type of winding. There are basically two types of winding: Lap Winding and Wave Winding.

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Commutator: It is a cylindrical structure made up of wedge shaped segments of high conductivity hard drawn copper.
Hard drawn copper is used to reduce wear and tear of commutator surface. The segments are insulated from each
other by 0.8 mm thick mica sheet.
Shaft: Shaft of DC Motor is coupled to the load to transfer mechanical power. For DC Generator, shaft is coupled to
prime mover to convert mechanical input energy into electrical output. Armature core, bearing, commutator etc. are
mounted on the Shaft.

Principle work of dc motor

The basic working principle of a DC motor is: “When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, it experiences a mechanical force that causes the rotor to rotate.

Application on dc motor

 Cranes
 Elevators
 Fans
 cars

Dc generator
It is used to convert mechanical energy to electric energy.

Construction

Parts

Yoke
The outer frame of a DC generator is a hollow cylinder made up of cast steel or rolled steel is known as yoke. The yoke serves
following two purposes

 It supports the field pole core and acts as a protecting cover to the machine.
 It provides a path for the magnetic flux produced by the field winding.
Magnetic Field System
The magnetic field system of a DC generator is the stationary part of the machine. It produces the main magnetic flux in the
generator. It consists of an even number of pole cores bolted to the yoke and field winding wound around the pole core. The field
system of DC generator has salient poles i.e. the poles project inwards and each pole core has a pole shoe having a curved
surface. The pole shoe serves two purposes

 It provides support to the field coils.

 It reduces the reluctance of magnetic circuit by increasing the cross-sectional area of it.

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The pole cores are made of thin laminations of sheet steel which are insulated from each other to reduce the eddy current loss.
The field coils are connected in series with one another such that when the current flows through the coils, alternate north and
south poles are produced in the direction of rotation.

Armature Core
The armature core of DC generator is mounted on the shaft and rotates between the field poles. It has slots on its outer surface
and the armature conductors are put in these slots. The armature core is a made up of soft iron laminations which are insulated
from each other and tightly clamped together. In small machines, the laminations are keyed directly to the shaft, whereas in large
machines, they are mounted on a spider. The laminated armature core is used to reduce the eddy current loss.

Armature Winding
The insulated conductors are put into the slots of the armature core. The conductors are suitably connected. This connected
arrangement of conductors is known as armature winding. There are two types of armature windings are used – wave winding
and lap winding.

Commutator
A commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the alternating emf generated in the armature winding into the direct
voltage across the load terminals. The commutator is made of wedge-shaped copper segments insulated from each other and from
the shaft by mica sheets. Each segment of commutator is connected to the ends of the armature coils.

Brushes
The brushes are mounted on the commutator and are used to collect the current from the armature winding. The brushes are made
of carbon and are supported by a metal box called brush holder. The pressure exerted by the brushes on the commutator is
adjusted and maintained at constant value by means of springs. The current flows from the armature winding to the external
circuit through the commutator and carbon brushes

Principle work of dc generator

When the conductor slashes magnetic flux, an emf will be generated based on the electromagnetic induction
principle of Faraday's Laws.

Application on generator

Used in wind energy station for generating electricity.

Types of dc machines

 Shunt
The field resistance is connected in parallel with armature.

 Compound
The field resistance is connected with armature in parallel and there is resistance connected in series with
armature.

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  Separately
The field resistance is connected in source and the armature is connected with another source.

 Series
The field resistance is connected with armature in series.

Some relations of dc machine

Series dc machine

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Separately dc machine

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Shunt dc machine

Comment

 When the torque is increased, the speed is decreased

 When the armature current is increased, the speed is decreased
 When the armature current is increased, the torque is increased

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Some applications applied to the dc machine

Fans
Shunt dc motor

We are used series dc motor in this application because of:

A DC shunt motor is used in applications where a constant speed and high torque is required.

Elevators
Series dc motor

We are used series dc motor in this application because of:

A series motor has very high starting torque and is commonly used for starting high inertia loads.

Shears
Compound dc motor

We are used series dc motor in this application because of:

Compound DC motors offer both high starting torque and good speed control, making compound DC
motors suitable for a variety of applications.

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Problem 1
Calculate, the power rating, the energy, the force, and the torque of the motor used in the electric lift

That used to raise a load of 12 ton through a height of 50 m at 50 rpm. The time required to raise the

Load in 30 minutes; assume the efficiency of the motor at 87 %.

Comment

I noticed here that input power is greater than the output power of motor, this loss is due to a happening
mechanical loss.

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Problem 2

Compute the generated e.m.f, for A shunt generator in the Fig.1 which delivers 450 A at 230 V and the

Resistance of the shunt field and armature are 50And 0.03 ohm respectively

Comment
I found that relation between Eb and Ia is proportional.

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Problem 3

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Comment

I noticed here that the efficiency of the engine has decreased significantly due to its exposure to a lot of
losses.

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TRANSFORMER

Types of transformer

 Single phase
 Three phase

Types of Single phase

Core type

In the “closed-core” type (core form) transformer, the primary and secondary windings are wound
outside and surround the core ring.

Shell type

In the “shell type” (shell form) transformer, the primary and secondary windings pass inside the steel
magnetic circuit (core) which forms a shell around the windings.

Principle work of single phase

Operate under the principle of Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction. Faraday's Law is a law of
electromagnetism that predicts how a magnetic field will interact with a magnetic circuit to produce an
electromotive force.

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Three phase
Core type

In core-type three-phase transformers, the core has three limbs within the same plane. Each limb contains
primary and secondary windings, and these windings are evenly split among the three limbs. It's not
uncommon to hear of high voltage (HV) and low voltage (LV) windings.

Shell type

The shell-type 3-phase transformer is three separate 1-phase transformers. The three phases of this
transformer have their magnetic fields virtually independent, and this transformer's core has five limbs.

Principle work of three phase

The primary winding of the three phase transformer is energized from a three phase supply. Then, the flux is produced
in the core by the primary currents in the three windings. The core has three limbs, where any two limbs act as return
path for the flux in the third limb. The flux produced by the primary windings induces emf in the secondary windings
depending on the transformation ratio of the 3-phase transformer

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Open circuit test

Is one of the methods used in electrical engineering to determine the no-load impedance in the excitation
branch of a transformer.

Short circuit test

In this test, usually LV winding is shorted by a thick wire. And the test is conducted on the
other side, i.e. HV side (as primary).

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Problem 1

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Equivalent circuit

High voltage side

Low voltage side

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Problem 2

Comment

The efficiency of half copper is near from total efficiency of transformer.

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Problem 3

Comment

Xleq1 = Xleq2

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Those of three single-phase transformers forming a bank can be con nestled in different
ways. We shall consider only a few of these methods

Star/Star connection

Delta/delta connection

Star/delta connection

Delta/Star connection

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Conculsion
In the end, we found that the purpose of these experiments is to simulate all types of
engines, generators, and transformers, in order to ensure the quality of manufacturing
them on the ground.

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Referenc

 https://www.elprocus.com/difference-between-single-phase-and-three-phase-ac-power-supply/

 https://www.elprocus.com/dc-series-motor-components-circuit-diagram-applications/online.link

 https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2020/04/dc-machine-types-working-applications.html

 https://www.electronicshub.org/open-circuit-and-short-circuit-test-on-transformer online.link

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