POINTS OF VIEW ON CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Development connotes changes which are systematic. A change for the better Means any alteration,
modified or improvement of existing condition. Development Should be purposeful, planned and
progressive.

Ralph Tyler Model: Four Basic Principles.

Tyler’s Model show that in curriculum development, the following considerations should be made;

a. Purposes of the school

b. Educational experiences related to the purposes

c. Organization of the experiences

d. Evaluation of the experiences

Hilda Taba improved on Tyler’s model. She believed that teachers who teach or implement the
curriculum should participate in developing. Her advocacy was commonly called the grassroots
approach. She presented seven major steps to her model where teacher’s could have a major input.

1. Diagnosis of learners’ needs and expectations of the larger society.

2. Formulation of learning objectives

3. Selection of learning content

4. Selection of learning experiences

5. Organization of learning activities

6. Determination of what to evaluate and the means of doing it.

TYPES OF CURRICULUM OPEARATING IN SCHOOLS

From the various concepts given, Allan Glatthorn (2000) describes seven types of

curriculum operating in the schools;

1. Recommended Curriculum- proposed by scholars and professional

organization. Most of the school curricula are recommended. The curriculum

may come from CHED,DOST and DepEd

2. Written Curriculum – appears in school, district, division or country

documents. It includes documents, course of study or syllabi handed down to

the schools. Most of the written curricula are made by curriculum experts with
participation of teachers.

3. Taught Curriculum – what teachers implement or deliver in the classroom and

schools. The different planned activities which are put in to action in the

classroom compose the taught curriculum.

4. Supported Curriculum – resources-textbooks, computers, audio-visual

materials which support and help in the implementation of the curriculum.

These refer to the support curriculum that includes material resources such as

textbooks, playgrounds, zoos and other facilities.

5. Assessed Curriculum – which is tested and evaluated. This refers to a tested

or evaluated curriculum. At the end of teaching episodes, series of evaluation

are being done by the teachers to determine the extent of teaching or to tell if

the students are progressing.

6. Learned Curriculum – what students actually learn and what is measured.

This refers to the learning outcomes achieved by the students.

7. Hidden Curriculum – the unintended curriculum. This is not deliberately

planned but may modify behavior or influences learning outcomes.

MAJOR FOUNDATION OF CURRICULUM

1. Philosophical Foundation of Curriculum

a. The philosophy of a curriculum planner, implementer or evaluator reflects his or her life experiences,
common beliefs, social and economic background and education. For example, John Dewey looks at
“education as a way of life” a laboratory in which philosophy becomes concrete and is tested.

b. Let us look at four philosophies and how these relate to curriculum.

A. PERRENIALISM

Aim of Education- to cultivate the intellect

Role of Education – teachers help students think with reason

Focus in the Curriculum- Classical subjects and literary analysis

Curriculum trends- Use of great books and return to liberal arts

B. ESSENTIALISM

Aim of Education- to promote intellectual growth and educate competent person

Role of Education – the teacher is the sole authority on her/his subject area

Focus in the Curriculum- essential skills of the 3 R’s

Curriculum trends- excellence in education and cultural literacy

C. PROGRESSIVISM

Aim of Education- to promote democratic and social living

Role of Education – knowledge leads to growth and develop lifelong

learners who actively learn by doing.

Focus in the Curriculum- students’ interest, human problems and affairs

Curriculum trends- school reforms, humanistic education

D. RECONSTRUCTIONISM

Aim of Education- to improve and reconstruct society education for change

Role of Education – teachers act as agents of change, various educational including research

Focus in the Curriculum- focus on present and future trends and issues of national and international
interests

Curriculum trends- equality of educational opportunities in education, access to global education

2. Historical Foundations of Curriculum

There several curriculum theorist and how they view curriculum from historical perspective.

1. Franklin Bobbit- he presented curriculum as a science that emphasizes on student’s need. Curriculum
prepares students for adult life.

2. Werret Charters – for him curriculum is a science. It gives emphasizes on student’s needs. The subject
matter and the activities are planned by the teacher.

3. William Kilpatrick – curricula are purposeful activities which are child-centered. The purpose of the
curriculum is child development and growth.

4. Harold Rugg- curriculum should develop the whole child. It is child-centered. It emphasizes social
studies and the teacher plans curriculum in advance.

5. Hollis Caswell – he believes that curriculum is a set of experiences. Subject matter is developed
around social functions and learner’s interests.

6. Ralph Tyler – he believes that curriculum is a science and an extension of school’s philosophy. It is
based on student’s needs and interest.