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Borlasa - Bioethics Session 2 SAS
Borlasa - Bioethics Session 2 SAS
(Bioethics)
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
2. What are the 3 basic sources for modern law and where did it originate or arises?
✓ Common Law - emanates from judicial decisions.
✓ Statutory Law - Arises from legislative bodies.
✓ Administrative Law - flows from rules and regulations and decisions of administrative agencies.
B. MAIN LESSON
Value Development
✓ As humans we are born with a series of undifferentiated potentials. As an example, we have the capacity to learn a
language, but the language is not prescribed by our genetic heritage. In the same sense, humans have an innate
ability to acquire ethical beliefs. But the value system we develop is dependent on the cultural framework in which
we live in.
According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, feelings of isolation result in needs satisfying activities like joining a bowling
team. Under most situations, our actions are explainable using this model as we seem to satisfy a given set of needs. As
each need level is satisfied the needs of the next level become the dominant motivators of our actions. If hierarchy of
needs is correct, an observer who could determine what level of need you were operating on could predict the nature of
your next actions.
Hume’s Law
✓ Unbridgeable gap between fact and value; between “is” and “ought”
o Facts of physical universe can tell us what is
o Our values guide us to understanding what ought to be as it relates to our behavior
✓ Individuals’ experiences will shape the way these values will be considered in personal decision making.
✓ Difference between needs and values: Our needs tell us what “is” in a particular situation, for example we are broke
and find a wallet. Our needs may tell us to take the money in the wallet, whereas our values provide guidance
regarding what “ought” to be done as it relates to human behavior.
Lawrence Kohlberg created a value development model with three stages and associated value orientation.
Development was intimately tied to the individual’s cognitive and psychomotor development. For Kohlberg, the highest
personal value for humans was equality, where the individual issues based on an internal set of personal principles or
rules.
Kohlberg concluded in his original research model that females were often found not to progress to the final
autonomous stage of value development (Post conventional level) but seemed arrested in the conventional level.
Females seem to reach plateau in value orientation based on pleasing others rather than being true to their own moral
compass.
Carol Gilligan argued that Kohlberg’s research methods flawed, and gender biased that’s why she made a separate
value development pathway for females results in different highest values for each sex. Personality responsibility for
female and legalistic equality for males.
And this was confirmed by profile developed by Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs. According to Myers Briggs
instrument men and women score equally on the major dimensions. Except on decision making where men are
predominantly on “thinking” category more comfortable following rules, laws and “feeling” category for women decisions
are based on personal relationship and outcomes.
1. According to Kohlberg’s stage theory of moral reasoning, a child between the ages of 3 and characteristic of satisfying
his or her desires is operating at the stage?
A. Pre conventional
B. Conventional
C. Post conventional
D. Nonconventional
Answer: A.
Rationale: In Kohlberg’s stage theory of moral reasoning, a child between the ages 3 to 7 satisfy one’s own desires and is self-
centered, thinking that he/she is superior to others.
2. Carol Gilligan believes that for females, the highest value consideration is based on .
A. Pleasing others
B. Personal responsibility C.
D. Respect for rules
E. Legalistic equality
Answer: B.
Rationale: Carol Gilligan believes that for females, the highest value consideration is based on personal responsibility and legalistic
equality for males.
3. He is a humanist psychologist who is known for his work regarding the interaction of needs and behavior which the
Hierarchy of needs?
A. Aristotle
B. Abraham Maslow
C. Abraham Lincoln
D. Isabel Myers
Answer: B.
Rationale: Abraham Maslow is a humanist psychologist who is known for his work regarding the interaction of needs and behavior
which is the Hierarchy of needs. Included in this hierarchy are physiological (food, shelter, water), safety (security), love and
belongingness (love, affection, intimacy, family), prestige and self-esteem, and self-actualization (fulfillment of personal potential).
5. In Kohlberg’s theory what stage does these following characteristics; social contract and personal conscience fall
under?
A. Nonconventional
B. Preconventional
C. Conventional
D. Postconventional
Answer: D.
Rationale: Social contract (believed that some laws are unjust and needs to be changed), and personal conscience falls under the
postconventional stage of Kohlberg’s theory.
7. These are constructs from generational theory, which holds that generation occupy a 20-year span of time?
A. Value cohorts
B. Need
C. Behavior
D. Attitude
Answer: A.
Rationale: Value cohorts are constructs from generational theory, which holds that generation occupy a 20-year span of time.
9. He is a sociologist who popularized the phrase “Who You Are Is Where You Were When”?
A. Morris Johnson
B. Morris Massey
C. Carol Gilligan
D. Lawrence Kohlberg
Answer: B.
Rationale: Morris Massey popularized the generational theory in the 1970s to 1980s and was the one who popularized the phrase
“Who You Are Is Where You Were When”.
10. Which generation received its value programming by the events surrounding the Great Depression and World War 2?
A. Silent Generation
B. Baby Boomer Generation
C. Millennial Generation
D. Generation X
Answer: A.
Rationale: The silent generation are people whose born in 1929 to 1945 and received its value programming by the events
surrounding the Great Depression and World War 2. They are characterized with conformity, stability, security, and others related.
C. LESSON WRAP-UP