Prime Factorization

Secret codes are often used to send information over the internet. Many of these codes
are based on very large numbers. For some codes, a computer must determine the
prime factorization of these numbers to decode the information.

The prime factorization of a number is the number written as a product of all of its
prime factors.

Use a factor tree.

The key for a code is based on the prime factorization of 180. Find the prime
factorization of 180.

Choose any two factors whose product is 180. Continue finding factors until only prime
factors are left.

A. Use a basic fact.

Think: 10 times what number is equal to 180?

180

10 18

2 5 6 3

2 5 2 3 3

180 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5

B. Use a divisibility rule.

Think: 180 is even, so it is divisible by 2.

180

2 90

2 2 45

2 2 3 15

2 2 3 3 5

List the prime factors from least to greatest.

So, the prime factorization of 180 is 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5.
Least Common Multiple
In an experiment, each flowerpot will get will get one seed. If the flowerpots are in
packages of 6 and the seeds are in packets of 8, what is the least number of plants that
can be grown without any seeds or pots left over?

The least common multiple, or LCM, is the least number that is a common multiple of
two or more numbers.

Use a list.

Make a list of the first nonzero multiple of 6 and 8. Circle the common multiples. Then
find the least common multiple.

Multiple of 6: 6, 12, 18, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____.

Multiple of 8: 8, 16, 24, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____.

The least common multiple, or LCM, is _____.

Use prime factorization to find the LCM of 12 and 18.

2
Write the prime factorization of each number. 12 = 2 x 2 x 3 → 2 x3

2
Line up the common factors. 18 = 2 x 3 x 3 → 2x3

2 2
Multiply the numbers with the greatest power of numbers. 2 x 3 = (2 x 2) x (3 x 3)
= 4 x 9 = 36

So, the LCM of 12 and 18 is _____.

Try This! Find the LCM.

A. 10, 15, and 25. B. 3 and 12
Use prime factorization. Use a list.
10 = _______________ Multiples of 3: ____________________

15 = _______________ Multiples of 12: ___________________

25 = _______________ The LCM is _______.

___________________

The LCM is _________.

Name: _______________________

Date: ________________________

1. List the first six nonzero multiples of 6 and 9. Circle the common multiples. Then

find the LCM.

Multiples of 6: _________________________

Multiples of 9: _________________________

The LCM of 6 and 9 is ______.

Find the LCM.

2. 3, 5 3. 3, 9

______________ ______________

4. 9, 15 5. 3, 8

______________ _______________

6. 5, 10 7. 2, 7, 10

______________ _______________
8. 4, 27, 36 9. 3, 8, 18

______________ ________________

10. Mailing labels are sold in packages of 16. Envelopes are sold in packages of 20.
What is the least number of labels and envelopes you can buy so that there is one
label for each envelope with none left over?
a. 4 labels and 4 envelopes
b. 80 labels and 80 envelopes
c. 160 labels and 160 envelopes
d. 320 labels and 320 envelopes

11. Which pair of numbers has an LCM of 60?

a. 15, 20
b. 6, 10
c. 30, 2
d. 4, 20
Greatest Common Factor
A common factor is a number that is a factor of two or more numbers. The numbers 16
and 20 have 1, 2, and 4 as common factors.

Factor of 16: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16

Factors of 20: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20

The greatest common factor, or GCF, is the greatest factor that two or more numbers
have in common. The greatest common factor of 16 and 20 is 4.

Unlock the Problem

Jim is cutting two strips of wood to make picture frames. The wood strips measure 12
inches and 18 inches. He wants to cut the strips into equal lengths that are as long as
possible. Into what lengths should he cut the wood?

Find the greatest common factor, or GCF, of 12 and 18.

1. Use a list.
Factors of 12: 1, 2, ____, ____, ____, 12
Factors of 18: 1, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____
2. Use prime factorization.
Write the prime factorization of each number.
12 = 2 x _____ x 3
18 = _____ x 3 x _____

Place the prime factors of the numbers

in the appropriate parts of the Venn diagram.

To find the GCF, find the product of

the common prime factors.
2 x 3 = ______ The GCF is _______.

So, Jim should cut the wood into _____-inch length.

 Name: ______________________
Date: _______________________

1. List the factors of 12 and 20. Circle the GCF.

Factors of 12: ___________________
Factors of 20: ___________________

Find the GCF.

2. 16, 18 7. 27, 45

________ _________

3. 25, 40 8. 30, 45

________ _________

4. 24, 40 9. 42, 63

________ _________

5. 14, 35 10. 8, 25

________ _________

6. 8, 12
Add and Subtract Decimals
The place value of a digit in a number shows the value of the digit. The number 2.358
shows 2 ones, 3 tenths, 5 hundredths, and 8 thousandths.

Place Value

Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones Tenths Hundredths Thousandths

2 3 5 8

Unlock the Problem

Amanda and three of her friends volunteer at How do you know whether to add or

the local animal shelter. One of their jobs is subtract the weights given in the

to weigh the puppies and kittens and problem? _____________________

chart their growth. Amanda’s favorite puppy ________________________

weighed 2.358 lb last month. If it gained 1.08 lb,
how much does it weigh this month?

Add 2.358 + 1.08.

Estimate the sum. _____ + _____ = _____

1. Add the thousandths first.

2. Then add the hundredths, tenths, and ones.
3. Regroup as needed.

2.358
1.08 +
___________

Compare your estimate with the sum. Since the estimate, ______, is close to
__________, the answer is reasonable.

So, the puppy weighs _____________ lb this month.

1. Is it necessary to add zero after 1.08 to find the sum? Explain.

________________________________________________________________
2. Explain how place value can help you add decimals.
________________________________________________________________
Example 1
A bee hummingbird, the world’s smallest
bird, has a mass of 1.836 grams. A new
United States nickel has a mass of grams.
What is the difference in grams between
the mass of a nickel and the mass
of a bee hummingbird?

Subtract 5 - 1.836.
Estimate the difference. ____ - ____ = ____
Think: 5 = 5.___________

1. Subtract the thousandths first.

2. Then subtract the hundredth, tenths, and ones.
3. Regroup as needed.

5 ._____
1.836 -
__________

Compare your estimate with the difference. Since the estimate, ______, is close to
___________, the answer is reasonable.

So, the mass of a new nickel is ____________ grams more than the mass of a bee
hummingbird.

Example 2. Evaluate (6.5 - 1.97) + 3.461 using the order of operations.

1. Write the expression. (6.5 - 1.97) + 3.461
2. Perform operations in parentheses. 6.50
3. Add. 1.97 -
_________
_________

_________

So, the value of the expression is ________________.

Name: ________________________

Date: _________________________

1. Find 3.42 - 1.9.

Estimate. _____ - _____ = ______

Subtract the _____________ first.

3.42

1.90-

Estimate. Then find the sum or difference.

2. 2.3 + 5.68 + 21.047 5. 57.08 + 34.71

__________________ __________________

3. 33.25 - 21.463 6. 20.11 - 13.27

__________________ __________________

4. Evaluate 7. 62 - 9.817
(8.54 + 3.46) - 6.749

__________________ ___________________
Multiple Decimals
Last summer Rachel worked 38.5 hours per week at a grocery store. She learned $9.70
per hour. How much did she earn in a week?

Multiply $9.70 x 38.5.

First estimate the product. $10 x 40 = ______________
You can use the estimate to place the decimal in a product.

$9.70 Multiple as you would with whole numbers.

x38.5
The estimate is about $____________.
so the decimal point should be placed after $_________.
_____________ +

Since the estimate, _______________, is close to _____________, the answer is

reasonable.
So, Rachel earned ______________ per week.

Counting Decimal Places

Another way to place the decimal in a product is to add the numbers of decimal places
in the factors.

Example 1 Multiply 0.084 x 0.096.

0.084 _____ decimal places

0.096x _____ decimal places

Multiply as you would with whole numbers.

____________+

____ + ____, or ____ decimal places.

Example 2 Evaluate 0.35 x (0.48 +1.24) using the order of operations.

Write the expression. 0.35 x (0.48 + 1.24)

Perform operations 0.35 x _________

in parentheses.

Multiply. 0.35 _____ decimal places

________ x _____ decimal places

_____________+
____ + ____, or ____ decimal places

So, the value of the expression is _________.

Look at the pattern. Explain.

1. 0.645 x 1 = 0.645
0.645 x 10 = 6.45 The decimal point moves ____ place to the right.

0.645 x 100 = _________ The decimal point moves ____ place to the right.

0.645 x 1,000 = ________ The decimal point moves ____ place to the right.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Estimate. Then find the product.

2. 12.42 x 28.6
____ x ____ = ______ Estimate.

12.42 Think: The estimate is about _____,

28.6 x so the decimal point should be placed after _____.

3. 29.14 x 5.2 4. 6.95 x 12

Algebra (Evaluate using the order of operations.)

5. 0.24 x (7.3 + 2.1) 6. 0.075 x (9.2 - 0.8)

7. 5.8 - (0.25 x 1.5)

8. Sense or Nonsense? Reggie wrote that 21.5 x 5.4 = 11. 61.

Is Reggie’s statement sense or nonsense? Explain.
________________________________________________________________
Use the table for 9 - 10.

Major Currency exchange Rates in 2009

Currency U.S. Dollar Japanese Yen European Euro Canadian Dollar

U.S. Dollar 1 88.353 0.676 1.052

Japanese Yen 0.011 1 0.008 0.012

European Euro 1.479 130.692 1 1.556

Canadian Dollar 0.951 83.995 0.643 1

9. Mr. Jackson needs to exchange his euros for yen. How many yen will he receive if
he exchanges 30 euros? Round your answer to the nearest yen.
a. 0.24 yen
b. 3,900 yen
c. 3,921 yen
d. 16,337 yen

10. H.O.T Based on the exchange rates in the table, which is more valuable, 1
U.S. dollar or 1 euro? Explain.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Divide Decimals by Whole numbers
Dan opened a savings account at a bank to
save for a new snowboard. He earned $3.48
interest on his savings account over a
3-month period. What was the average
amount of interest Dan earned per month on
his savings account?

Divide $3.48 ÷ 3.
First estimate. 3 ÷ 3 = ______

3 3.48 Think: 3.48 is shared among 3 groups.

Divide the ones. Places a decimal point

after the ones place in the quotient.

Divide the tenths and then the hundredths.

When the remainder is zero and there are no
more digits in the dividend, the division is
complete.

Check your answer.

$1.16 Multiply the quotient by the divisor to check
3x your answer.

So, Dan earned an average of ___________ in interest per month.

1. What if the same amount of interest was gained over 4 months?

Explain how you would solve the problem.
________________________________________________________________
Example. Divide 42.133 ÷ 7.
First estimate. 42 ÷ 7 = _________

7 42.133 Think: 42.133 is shared among 7 groups.

Divide the ones. Place a decimal point after the ones

place in the quotient.

Divide the tenths. Since 1 tenth cannot be shared

among 7 groups, write a zero in the quotient.
Regroup the 1 tenth as 10 hundredths. Now you have
13 hundredths.

Continue to divide until the remainder is zero and

there are no more digits in the dividend.

Check your answer.

6.019 Multiply the quotient by the divisor to check your
7x answer.

So, 42.133 ÷ 7 = __________________

2. Explain how you know which numbers to multiply when checking your answer.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Share and Show
1. Estimate 24.186 ÷ 6. Then find the quotient. Check your answer.
Estimate. ______ ÷ _____ = _______
Think: Place a decimal point after 6 24.186 4.031
the ones place in the quotient. 6x

Estimate. Then find the quotient.

2. 3.
7 $1 7 . 1 5 4 1.068

4. 5. 18.042 ÷ 6 = __________
12 60.84
 6. 7. 0.108 ÷ 8 = ____________
9 461.7

8. 9.
7 28.63 6 $21.24

10. Evaluate using the order of operations.

( 3.11 + 4.0 ) ÷ 9
Divide with Decimals
Find each quotient to discover a pattern.
4 ÷ 2 = ____
40 ÷ 20 = ____
400 ÷ 200 = ____
When you multiply both the dividend and the divisor by the same power of ____, the
quotient is the _________. You can use this fact to help you divide decimals.

Tami is training for a triathlon. In a triathlon, athletes

compete in three events: swimming, cycling, and
running. She cycled 66.5 miles in 3.5 hours. If she
cycled at a constant speed, how far did she cycle in 1
hour?

Divide 66.5 ÷ 3.5.

Estimate using compatible numbers.
60 ÷ 3 = ______

STEP 1
Make the divisor a whole number by multiplying the divisor and dividend by 10.

Think: 3.5 x 10 = 35 3.5 66.5

66.5 x 10 = 665

STEP 2
Divide. 35 665

So, Tami cycled _____________ in 1 hour.

Explain whether your answer is reasonable.

______________________________________________________________________
Example 1. Divide 17.25 ÷ 5.75. Check.
STEP 1
Make the divisor a whole number by multiplying the divisor and dividend by ______.

5.75 x ______ = _______ 5.75 17.25

17.25 x ______ = _______

STEP 2
Divide. 575 1725

STEP 3
Check. 5.75
3x

So, 17.25 ÷ 5.75 = ______

Example 2. Divide 37.8 ÷ 0.14.

STEP 1
Make the divisor a whole number by multiplying the divisor and dividend by _______.

______ x ______ = ______ 0.14 37.80

______ x ______ = ______ Think: Add a zero to the right of

the dividend so that you can
move the decimal point.

STEP 2
Divide.
14 3, 7 8 0

So, 37.8 ÷ 0.14 = ________

Share and Show.
1. Find the quotient.
Think: Make the divisor a whole number by 14.8 99.456
multiplying the divisor and dividend by ________

Estimate. Then find the quotient. Possible estimates are given.

2. $10.80 ÷ $1.35 3. 26.4 ÷ 1.76

4. 5.
8.7 53.07 2.7 22.41