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    Avinash Tiwari
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    10. Wave Optics

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    Wave Optics

    Uploaded by

    Avinash Tiwari

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    WAVE OPTICS 10.1 Introduction © 1637 8 Descartes 4 light % corpuscular model 1 fem at Snell's law #} derive Fer! © y58 fire interface W light ® reflection 37M refraction ® laws ®t explain fran 71 © Corpuscular model predict 3721 # f& if light #8 ray (on refraction) normal % toward bend Wit %, 3a light @ speed second medium # greater # Fa #1 © ae light #1 corpuscular model Isaac Newton 3 Fi famous book OPTICKS ¥ further develop frat oft £4 book #1 tremendous popularity % 1 corpuscular model 7 attribute Newton Ft fee ret 8 © 1678 H, Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens 9 light #1 wave theory #1 present ft #5 chapter FF light Fi wave model 4 discuss #71 © dar fe we Za, wave model reflection aft refraction % phenomena # satisfactorily explain #t 7aeat &, however 2 predict ata € fir refraction W, if wave normal % toward bend aval &, 71 second medium # light #1 speed ¥ a4 ei © 4 light % corpuscular model #1 use #44 Et #1 48 prediction * contradiction 4 @1 © ae ART aT F experiment @ confirm fra 77H FF water Hlight * speed, air # light ¥ speed @ a tt #; aw experiment 1850 4 Foucault Fr, 3 wave model #t prediction + confirm waa © Wave theory # primarily Newton #4 authority 3 #1 sit light vacuum # # travel 3 RT accept 7 frre wa ar Sx we feel fara wn fF wave I TH point # TZ point TF propagate 20 Be ford always medium #f requirement ®t #1 © However, 32 1801 # Thomas Young ¥ 377 famous interference experiment fat, 72 7 firmly establish #1 1771 fi indeed light TF wave phenomenon #) © Visible light #1 wavelength 1 measure f#21 72 aft extremely small found fat 72; example % fett yellow light # wavelength about 0.6 ym tft #1 © Visible light a wavelength # smallness (1ypical mirrors @lenses #1 dimensions % comparison +8) % TT light Ht approximately straight lines ¥ travel Wt GH assume Fret ST A Hl + -W geometrical optics "field &, f8 e previous chapter # discuss fr &t * Indeed, optics # 7 branch, frer# wavelength = finiteness @ completely neglect feat ara &, geometrical optics Fem & ai ray i energy propagation * path % ®4 A define fern we #, fol wavelength zero i tend "el #1 * 1801 ¥ Young # interference experiment % 7G next 40 years T light waves ® interference se diffraction 3 involve #4 FH many experiments F772 experiments 2 Fae light wave model W assume FW Fe satisfactorily explain FFA a ‘Thus, nineteenth century ® around middle 73 frané a1 fF wave theory 7G aT @ establish ama + aa difficulty we of far we UH thought & % wave 3 a propagation % fore medium requirement at #, alight waves vacuum # 48 propagate #1 7a #i © aa explain fF 7P 8-4 Maxwell 4 a4 famous light #1 electromagnetic theory #1 present m1 ‘© Maxwell 3 electricity 2% magnetism % laws #1 describe #4 Ate equations * set % develop ‘Fret ai ¥ equations #1 use Sat wave equation *i derive frm, faera sia electromagnetic waves % existence #1 predict [21 Note* 1855 % around Maxwell 7 electromagnetic wave ® existence 3) prec Pras Ea a4 are (around 1890) Heinyich Hertz lboratry radio waces produce i .C. Bose SHG, Marconi 9 Herjan waees @ practical “applications TE) ‘© Wave equation % Maxwell free space # electromagnetic waves #1 speed i caleulate = 5 ait 3377 find fra fe speed of light 4 theoretical value measure ¥1 7 value % ™ER close 1 Gai SAF propound fe FF light electromagnetic wave aR Bi © Thus, Maxwell ® according, light waves changing electric 34% magnetic field # associate Bt #! '* Changing electric field, time # space varying magnetic field produce #21 # it WF changing magnetic field, time 4 space varying electric field produce #7 #1 © Changing electric 4 magnetic field vacuum # sf electromagnetic waves ("1 light waves) "= propagation #7 21 © Fa chapter EF Wa Huygens principle® original formation # discuss Ft Sit reflection 7 refraction ® laws #1 derive #1 © Sections 10.4 % 10.5% BH interference % phenomenon ™i discuss tH, A superposition principle % base @m @1 © Section 10.6 # & diffraction phenomenon discuss 7%, 3} Huygens Fresnel principle % base tim @ © Section 10.7 # finally #7 polarisation % phenomenon @ discuss ®t, St 38 fact % base tar # fe light waves transverse electramagnetic waves Brat #1 wat Light Straight Line ¥ Travel at &? + Class VI ight straight line ¥ travel ei #; Class XT yd anh wd, 7 surprise athe? + School # sii wr experiment show frat Tat gm, farai 307 pinholes & ae 4H cardboards 8 &, Ww AM candle Tat @ sin gaa ain Sa Bi Icandle #1 flame aft #4! pinholes W straight line 41 #1 @, #1 a1 candle 3 2a WH 1 +e sa 8 fee UH ST Mf Arg displace Ht fea AN, Hl GY candle F Fel ZT AR + So, 79% teachers aa € fis ae prove em & FR light straight line # travel CH €1 + Present book #, 2 consecutive chapters @, ami TH ray optics site GENT wave optics WEI + Ray optics, light 3 rectilinear propagation % base Ht # 3H mirors, lenses, reflection, refraction, ete & a4 deal 4a 21 + fe ST wave optics chapter 1 an # 94 sah aaPH aie Felight, wave #1 form H travel AR #, "E object # around bend #1 FA €, 7% diffract SR interfere, etc, #1 Fat #1 + Optical region # light 41 7 wavelength Bit @, st about half micrometer et #1 + IC 7e TNT Bh size ® obstacle encounter FM &, Ht AE TH around bend # wea & fz other side 4 ta a ae + Thus, micrometze size obstacle W light ray 4% stop Ci 3 fewable =H Hm, + However if obstacle 9 large €, # light 24 extent #tbend #2 & fer able =i Ent 34x other side # ret Sat Teri + 36 general ® fei wave * UF property # aii sound waves 9h Zaft st aed #1 «+ WaMe speech 3 sound wave @ wavelength about 50 cm % 1 m 7H Er £1 + If few metres ® size W obstacle FA meet FT , TF obstacle ¥ around bend ert @ ait =F behind points % wea anit @1 + But #4 few hundred metres larger obstacle $8 ft hillock ¥ across sri, 74" mostly part reflect @ =a @ 9 echo % 9 # WA eer @ +4 primary school experiment #1 #31 3? + a FF adi Pret cardboard B move Ht &, @ few millimetres % order H displacement a &, 3 light Fi wavelength @ agp safes large #1 + Hence, candle Feed a4 ih + Ife fe te cardboard 31 7 micrometre Wless distance move 7 Hable #, Hligh ditiract # ‘Hable Eri sik candle feeré Bt eh +H box #2 sentence 9 AM add St FHA F, grow BFW AE learn IN E fe FA bend GoM WL 10.2 Huygens Principle © Firstly, 7 wavefront # define Bt; 3a 8 water % far# calm pool # 7 small stone drop *F #, & impact % point # waves spread a #1 © Surface ® every point, time % 4 oscillate FET start WaT # © Fara instant %, surface ° photograph circular rings show em, faH4 GE disturbance maximum, tat Clearly, 34 F2Tt % circle % WH points phase # oscillate FA #, because 4% source @ same distance % #4 #1 Phase # oscillate 327 %8 points #1 locus wavefront FETT #1 Thus, wavefront i constant phase % surface % #4 7 define fran aren & fire speed 1 wavefront source ® outward move "Tt &, wave ™ speed "FETE * Wave #t energy wavefront ® perpendicular direction # travel et #1 © If & GH Hl point source MA %, HAM directions # uniformally waves emit 4 TI @, 7 points ‘locus, 71 amplitude same # 2 Gt same phase H vibrate Ti @, sphere a # itt TH spherical waves 91 éii 2, 3181 fe following Fig. 10.1 (a) # show fara mn 21 Pig, 10.1 (a) Point source # emanate BY dinerging spherical eave! Weifrons perc * Source @ large distance "%, sphere % G small portion @ plane consider fer wr wea # afk ger “38 plane wave [Fig. 10.1(b)] 84 #1 Fig 10. (0) Source % Pst large dace sph eave 1 small povion plene oae APT Ea 81 © 82 ift = 0% TF wavefront # shape TI #, # Huygens principle @ later time t % wavefront # shape determine #23 % fem allow em #1 © Thus, Huygens principle essentially [& geometrical construction @, at Fra i time wavefront i shape 2a aH later time % wavefront # shape B determine FE ¥ fe allow FB © & diverging wave consider #4 # sftz = 0 % FF) spherical wavefront % & portion # represent #1 @ [Fig. 10.2]! Dd +0 Fig. 102 = 0° FF, spherical aoeon (cetreO We) #9 eaprsent 0 #, FF, Bomanatngeconday aes 25 enslpe orcad moving weasfont GG, produce HB Bacwane DD, exis 79 ‘* Now, Huygens principle % according, wavefront ¥ each point secondary disturbance *1 source & 3it 7 points 9 emanating wavelets wave #4 speed % A all direction ¥ spread tri © Wavefront % emanating + wavelets usually secondary wavelets tint # site if tH TT ait spheres % Fre TH common tangent drave 3, & 5 later time ¥ wavefiont 3 new position obtain 32 # © Thus, if 4 = 1° wavefront #f shape determine #41 ste €, & F spherical wavefront % each point @ wt radius ® spheres draw #22 @, elo medium # waves # speed # represent ee #1 © If 54 3514 WA spheres % fore HF common tangent draw Fe FAH t= 1K wavefront a new position obtain #82 @1 Fig, 10.2 ¥G,G, % © # show 4 7 new wavefront centre point 0% "14 again spherical tt &1 Above model 8 1 shorteome &; BH 4H WH backwave #, Fre Fig. 10.2 9D,D, & show fret THe Huygens 3 argue fra fis secondary wavelets ® amplitude forward dicection # maximum 3 backward direction # zero tam #1 © 38 adhoc assumption @ Huygens backwave # absence #1 explain #% We) * However, 7 adhoc assumption satisfactory ti # 34% backwave #1 absence more rigorous wave theory @ really justify #1 a1 aad #1 Similar manner 4, & Huygens principle #1 use fart medium ® through propagate #29 atch plane wave # fer wavefront #1 shape #1 determine #0 % fem at FA @ [Fig. 10.3]! AG Fig, 1053 Rieht ¥ popagote #95 plane wave % contraction % Hagges eerie constacton|t = 0 AF, plane wacont ® i066, late tine % cavgot 8s Lint 4,4, By Bu, ott FE, AGG, Framed 83 aay 3 roprsens 3A BL Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) ‘+ @ Dutch physicist, astronomer, mathematician *ff light # wave theory # founder @ + FrBh book ‘Ticatie on light 34 read EW fascinating €h +78 book 4 F97 reflection @ refraction % 718-8 mineral calcite HT show fT WA refraction & brilliantly explain FFM + % fist, Fe circular % simple harmonic motion #4 analyse for St improved clocks telescopes # design ® built fom + at} Sanurn’s rings #1 true geometry # discover fm 10.3 Huygens Principle %T Use wrt BW Plane Waves @l Refraction @ Reflection 10.3.1 Plane Wave 21 Refraction #9 TF refraction Flaws # derive 7A ¥ fee Huygens ¥ principle Muse Ft © 51H PP’, medium 1 a1 medium 2 separate AH ATG surface # represent rat #, Fea Fs following Fig 10.4% show farm 7a #1 Incident wavelront Refracted E wavefront am Fig 104 plane wove AB, medium 1 mdi 279 saparate 509 I surface PP’ angles incident Se Plane wave #1 refacion Oat CE rated wavefront 1) represent 444 81 Fgur <0, corespond 8, 380A refracted waves normal 3 tacard bend Bi #1 FIA», Mo, respectively medium 1% medium 2 # light # speed * represent "eh #1 © assume wet # fH TW plane wavefront AB, WA’ A direction ¥ propagate TW Rinterface angle #¥ incident i @, 441 f& figure 4 show Fea TH 1 FFT BC distance wavel FE H wavefront ara fea TA time t th Thus, BC =0,t © Refracted wavefront @ shape # determine 2 % feT@ FA second medium ¥ (second medium # wave 3 speed 2, @), point A v)t radius Te GH sphere draw HT @i © PT CE point C'@ sphere % draw f#@ 71 tangent plane i represent FI 7 © AE =051 HCE refracted wavefront #1 represent #¥M © If 34 @ triangles ABC 4 AEC % consider 8 @, @ @4 following obtain 71 (10.1) ak a0 ae (10.2) ‘wei, '4 r respectively incidence @¥ refraction angle #1 © Thus, # obtain rat oe ant af (10.3) sin dy ‘* Above equation @, @# important result 31a ta @ fF ifr v,) # refact A &, a wave 1 propagation 4 speed decrease Bil &, but frequency ( = ame ret 10.3.2 Rarer Medium 7Refraction © a @ W plane wave #1 rarer medium, ie. vy >v, 3 refraction consider = #1 © Exactly similar manner ¥ proceed #77 €& 7 UF refracted wavefront #7 construct = FHA t, ‘Sar f& 3 given Fig. 10.5 3 show fara 7H #1 Incident waveiront Medium 1 Medium 2 mea Refracted wavefront ay Fig. 105 Rarer mudinm (Fa PY, > oy) VE incident U plane #1 refactinn. Plane wave normal #3 bend Be Bi * Now, refraction “angle incidence % angle % greater @; however #ait we ata 1 sin i= my sin r 81 + Prt angle j, following equation @ define #8 = (10.8) © Thus, iff =i,, Hsin r=14 =90°. © Obviously, é >i, % fare 3 sf refracted wave =e #1 Tar © Angle i, critical angle Beer @ 3X critical angle # greater FF incidence angle * fay Et TWA ‘Fit refracted wave 7 Wi ST wave FH total internal reflection B SVT © Total internal reflection 4 phenomenon 3 $441 applications #7 Section 9.4 # discuss fa 77 @ 10.3.3 Plane Surface 3RT Plane Wave %1 Reflection © 977 7 reflecting surface MN ¥i angle 7 incident [ plane wave AB i consider #7 #1 © If», medium 4 wave 4 speed 41 represent G1 & ait, wavefront KI point B AC aR Wes fear TH time &, @ distance following et BC=0t © Reflected wavefront #4 construct #7 * order #, BH point A at radius Ten WE sphere draw ‘ata €, Surf 4 given Fig. 10.6% show Fee 7H €1 \, en wavefront Reflected ‘wavefiont Fg 106 Reecting surjaceMN # (plane ware AB" reflton AB ICE incident 1 reflect wasconts B represent 78 21 © am CE % sphere point C% draw # 7 tangent plane 4 represent #Om #1 © Obviously, AE=BC=0 © If a4 &5 triangles EAC 4 BAC i consider #24 2, al @i find a fh @ congruent # ai therefore angles a (44% Fig. 10.6% show fara a8) equal i wl law of rflection de 81 ¢- GF WE reflection @ refraction % laws Wt WY * AG prisms, lenses & mirrors % behaviour *t understand fan wera 1 Light 3 rectilinear propagation basis 44 phenomena i Chapler 9 ¥ det ¥ diseusy rar $1 © 387 84 reflection @ refraction #7 ei wavefronts % behaviour # describe #7) © #3 given Fig. 10.7(@) # #7 fre thin prism & pass tril G w plane wave # consider wa th Concave minor ‘trade fee Trident Be see plane ee * — ap Plane wave = s o Spherical wavefront Spherical weit ovatus 7 Stakes ® o Fig, 1027 (a) & thin rom @) convex lens plane av refraction (2) conace mir plane eave reflection. * Clearly, because glass # light wayes 7H speed 4 &ifl&, so incoming wavefzont (sh glass Ht greatest thickness 2 travel et 8) 1 lower portion delay ¢t IT, ielcnenbg wavefront figure show Pq 7 star tlt sre WWW.JEEE (10.13) ‘wef angular brackets, time % average 1 represent 7 #1 Indeed, 74 Section 7.2 show fara 77 @ FF if (), time % 719 randomly vary =H @, 7 ahrimeaverage quantity ae intuitively #4 obvious &, because cos? ( average value 5 tf ‘Belt points " resultant intensity following @t— T=, (10.14) ® function 0 1% A randomly vary sem fe #3 & vibrating sources % aa phase difference, ime 714 rapidly change ta #, a Tw TH # F6 A sources incoherent #3 & ake 5a 7 at, intensities add # are Hi *# Indeed, 7 =a dat # sa @ separate light source fre wall # illuminate #2 #1 10.5 Light Waves @1 Interference 3#t Young’s Experiment #44 © light waves #1 use RH interference a discuss El © If & 2 pinholes * illuminate #4 Ez @ sodium lamps #1 use #74 @ [Fig. 10.11], 7 ea ae A interforence fringes observe 71 75271 Sodium imp Sout lamp Screen Fig. 10.17 If A sadiars amp 2 pels S, 4 Sy #9 laminate 2 &, 3 rdonsis add Bh ate sraen BIE interfere ngs observe TE #1 © Ua & fact aM 2 f& ordinary sources (#8—sodium lamp) @ emit #9 tei light wave @ 10" seconds order # time ¥ abrupt change tar €1 © Thus, light % @ independent sources @ <7 "eh light waves ¥ 8 fix relationship =é tar ait @ incoherent @ wrdl @, a1 Pr previous section ® discuss Prat =p & Fat a a, a screen Wt intensities add @ SI @1 ‘© British physicist Thomas Young $, 4S emanate €3 wrt waves t phases @‘lock’ #4 fee % ingenious technique #1 use fm © Fa GH opaque screen & pinholes $,4 S, (G%-¥xt ¥ aE close) FE [Fig, 10.12(a)] ea ee ® Fhe, 1012 item pater rode 9 % FE Youn argent © ¥2 © another pinhole @ illuminate fra 77, fa TH bright source @ lit up FAT © Light waves, §@ spread out @ai @ 9% $,4 SF fall et @1 © 7 S\3 S, coherent sources #1 WE behave # #, because S, a S, 4 aT aR light waves same original source @ derive #1 aah # af¢ $ # at sf abrupt phase change S, Sy & 344 aret light # exactly similar phase changes 21 © Thus, @ sources 5, 7S phase ® lack ®t TE, i. 8 wart water wave example [Fig, 10.8(a)] 8 @ vibrating needle 3 TE coherent Sl * Thus, 8, 5S, 3% emanate H are spherical waves GG’ sercen %, FFE above given Fig. 10.2(b) A show frat mH &, interference fringes produce 7 © Maximum @ minimum intensities # positions #1 Section 10.4 # fae "analysis =I use calculate fea st eat, set er AE show fret af line GG above Fig. 10.12(b) @a | % eH arbitrary point P fer 41, 1 maximum intensity % correspond @, ‘we must have, S,P ~S,P =1hsn=0, 1,2, (10.13) ow isnt 15 =fo" +(e 8) |- axel, S,Sy = 3h OP =x ed Thus, SP-SP= S55 p (10.16) © Ifx.d <

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