Human Anatomy & Physiology

HUMAN BODY, CELLS, TISSUE,

INTEGUMENTARY, SKELETAL SYSTEM, AND
MUSCULAR SYSTEM HUMAN BODY
SUPERIOR
A- Anatomy& Physiology Thumbs Pointing to the side
N-note of branches From the point of view
A-anatomical position & CRANIEL/CEPHALAD
Direction P-Planes • Towards the head end or upper parts of structure
H- Has several or the body above.
systems Y- yes to
mastery INFERIOR “CAUDAL”
• Away from the head end or towards the lower parts
A. Anatomy: study of structure associate w/the human body
of structure or body below.
Greek word: “To cut apart”
More on parts.
Ventral “anterior”
N. note for branches of anatomy/physiology • Toward or at the front of the body “Infront of”

a. Gross Anatomy – Large & easily observable structure b. Dorsal (posterior)

Microscopic Anatomy- To small to be seen with the naked
eye.
PHYSIOLOGY: study of functions of each of structures
“How the body & parts work or action”
Father of Anatomy: Herophilus
Father of medicine: Hippocrates
Father of Modern Science: Andreas Vesalius
• Towards or at the backside of the body. “behind”.
Medial” Midline”
• Towards or at the midline of the body (on the
inner side).
Lateral
• Away from the midline of the body (on the outer side).

N. note for branches of anatomy/physiology Intermediate

a. Cellular-Study of function of living cells
(chemical, molecular)
b. Special- Study physiology of specific organ c.
systematic- Consider all aspect of the function of
specific organ system.
d. Pathological- “pathology” Study effects of disease or
organ on system function.
Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
• Between a more medial and or more lateral structure.
Proximal
• Close to the origin of the body parts or points
of attachments of limb of the body trunk.
Distal
• Farther from the origin of a body parts or body
structures or the point of attachments of a limb to
the body trunk.

Directional terms. One body structure is in relation to Superficial

another. • Towards or at the body surface.

Facing Forward Deep (more internal)

Arms down • Away from the body surface.
Psalm Facing Forward

Human Anatomy& Physiology

Cells and Tissues

▪ Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life

▪ Cells are the building blocks of all living things
▪ Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in
structure and function

ANATOMY OF THE CELL

▪ Cells are not all the same
 ▪ All cells share general structures
▪ Cells are organized into three main regions
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Plasma membrane
THE NUCLEUS

CYTOPLASM
▪ Material outside the nucleus and inside the
plasma membrane
• Cytosol
-Fluid that suspends other elements
▪ Control center of the cell • Organelles
▪ Contains genetic material (DNA) -Metabolic machinery of the cell
▪ Three regions • Inclusions
• Nuclear membrane -Non-functioning units
• Nucleolus
• Chromatin CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
▪ Barrier of nucleus
▪ Consists of a double phospholipid membrane
▪ Contain nuclear pores that allow for
exchange of material with the rest of the cell

NUCLEOLI
▪ Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
▪ Sites of ribosome production
• Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm ▪ Ribosomes
through nuclear pores
• Made of protein and RNA
CHROMATIN • Sites of protein synthesis
▪ Composed of DNA and protein • Found at two locations
▪ Scattered throughout the nucleus ➢ Free in the cytoplasm
▪ Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes ➢ Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
when the cell divides ▪ Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
PLASMA MEMBRANE • Two types of ER
▪ Barrier for cell contents ➢ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
▪ Double phospholipid layer -Studded with ribosomes
• Hydrophilic heads -Site where building materials of cellular membrane
• Hydrophobic tails are formed
➢ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
▪ Also contains protein, cholesterol, and
-Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown,
glycoproteins PLASMA MEMBRANE SPECIALIZATIONS
fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs
▪ Microvilli
• Finger-like projections that increase surface area
for absorption
▪ Membrane junctions
• Tight

▪ Golgi
apparatus
• Modifies and packages proteins
• Produces different types of packages
➢ Secretory vesicles
junctions ➢ Cell membrane components
• Desmosomes ➢ Lysosomes
• Gap junctions
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