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XYZ PUBLIC SCHOOL

Physics investigatory

NAME:
CLASS:
ROLL NO:
SESSION:

project
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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that YOUR NAME of class =XII

has successfully complete the project.on the
topic KIRCHHOFF’S LAW under the guidance
of TEACHER NAME during the year 2022-23 in

the partial fulfilment of the physics practical

examination conducted by the CBSE.

SIGN. OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGH OF TEACHER

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my immense gratitude to

my physics teacher Mr. XYZ SIR for the help and

guidance he provided for completing this project.

I also thank my parents who gave, their ideas and

inputs in making this project..Most of all I thank
our school management, for providing us the

facilities and opportunity to do this project.

Lastly, I wouldwike to thanks my classmates who

have done this project along with me. Their

supportsmade this project fruitful.

-YOUR NAME

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INDEX

CONTENT PAGE NO.

CERTIFICATE 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
AIM 5
THEORY 6
COLOR CODE RESISTANCE 7
PROCEDURE 9

CALCULATION 10-11

OBSERVATION TABLE 12
CONCLUSION 13
PRECAUTION 14
BIBLIOGRAPHY 15

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AIM

To verify Kirchhoff’s law by comparing resistances obtained from a

circuit to those predicted by Kirchhoff’s Law.

APPRATUS REQUIRED

1. DIGITAL MULTIMETER
2. 2.2Q RESISTORS

3. SOLDERING IRON

4. WAX

5. SOLDERING WIRE

6..STAND FOR SOLDERING IRON

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THEORY

= Kirchhoff’s current law

It states that the algebraic sum of all the currents at any nodes zero.
yI=0

= Kirchhoff’s voltage law

It states that the sum of changes in potentialaround any closed path

of electric circuit (or closed loop) involving»resistors and cells in the

loop is zero.
NAV =0

Kirchhoff’s voltage law supports the law of conservation of energy

according to which:

YE = SIR

E- EMF of cell
I- Current

R- Equivalent resistance
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COLOUR CODE RESISTANCE

4-Band-Code
L 1

2%, 3%, 10%

Oo
s6Okta+ 5%

O.1%,0.25%, 0.5%, 1% 257024 1%

l ] [ —_—
5-Band-Code

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Figure 1
All resistors are of 2.2.0

Figure 2

All resistors are of 2.2.0

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PROCEDURE

= First, we have to connect the same resistors in series and parallel

to get the desired shape of circuit.

=" We can connect the resistors by the use of soldering iron, resistors
can be connected by putting the melted wire pieces over the

connections with the help of soldering iron.

=" Once all the resistors are connected, leave ithe circuit as it takes a
few seconds for it to become solid at all.its ends.

=" Take a digital multimeter and_connect it across the terminals of

the prepared circuit.

= Set the multimeterover the resistance option so as to obtain the

value of the associated resistance of the circuit.

=" Keep the multimeter at same terminals for a while so that

précised value of resistance can be observed.

=“ Once value of resistance obtained on multimeter, compare it with

the theoretically calculated value.

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CALCULATION

For figure 1

The network is not reducible to a simple series and parallel

combinations of resistors. There is, however, a clear symmetry in the
problem which we can exploit to obtain the equivalent resistance of
the network.

The paths AA’, AD and AB are obviously symmetrically placed in the

network. Thus the current in each must be the same, say, |} Further,
at the corners A’, B and D, the incoming current kmust split equally
into the two outgoing branches. In this manner the current in all 12
edges of the cubes are easily written down interms of I, using
Kirchhoff’s 1s rule and the symmetry inthe problem.

Next take a closed loop, say, ABCC’ EA.and.apply Kirchhoff’s 2"¢ rule.

-IR->IR-IR+E=0

Where R is the resistance of each edge and E the emf of battery. Thus,

E=2IR
2
The equivalent.resistance R of the network is,
#_S5
316

For R=2.20, R = - x 2.2.0 = 1.830

For figure 2

Let ABCDFGHK be the open cube formed by joining eleven equal

wires each of resistance RQ.

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Let the current of cell of emf. We enter the cube at corner A and
after passing through all the wires leave at K.

Let us suppose that the total current in the circuit is 21. At A this
current is divided into 2 parts: | along AB and | along AD at the points
B and D each part of current is further divided into 2 parts. The
distribution of current in the various arms of the skeleton cube is
shown according to Kirchhoff’s first law. The current leaving the:cube
at K is again 21. Let Re, be the equivalent resistance of skeleton cube
between edges A and K.

For Ohm’s law

= ATR

Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to mesh EABHKE we have,

E=2RI+R]

Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to mesh DFGCD we have,

RI, —-RU -—1,) —2 x RU Sf) = 0

RI, — RI + RIL, —2RI #2R1, — RI +RL, =0

SRI, — 4RI =0

5RI, = 4RI
_ 4IR

hos
E = 2Rh+ R(=) =

21Rdy = —

__ 14k
€qd ~ 10

For R = 2.20

142.2
Req ~ “T0
Reg = 3.080

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OBSERVATION TABLE

Experimental .
. P Theoretical value
Figure No. value of .
; of Resistance
Resistance
Figure 1 1.826 1.83 0
Figure 2 3.10 3.08 OQ
Result:

» Net Resistance\of Figure 1 by experiment and by using

Kirchhoff’s.law is.~ 1.83 2

>» Net Resistance of Figure 1 by experiment and by using

Kirchhoff’s law is ~ 3.08 2

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CONCLUSION

Hence the Kirchhoff’s laws have been verified.

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PRECAUTION

>» All connections and plug should be tight.

» Solder the corners of the cube used under the guidance of

an adult.

> Handle the circuit with care.

» Never apply power to the circuit while measuring

resistance with a multimeter.

> Connect the multimeter in series with the circuit for

current measurements, and in parallel for voltage
measurements.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wikipedia.com

Google search engine

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Physics NCERT book for class XII

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IMPORTANT NOTICE

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