COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

OF 5 SETTLEMENTS
PRESENTED BY: SARISHA DESHAR
Table of contents

01 02
Introduction Vernacular features
LOCATION, GEOGRAPHY,
HISTORY

03 04
Comparative Analysis Conclusion
INTRODUCTION: VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

● Local or regional construction

● Use of locally available materials and
resources
● Constructed without the supervision of
professional architect
● Reflects traditions, culture, and religion
SELECTED SETTLEMENTS

GATLANG VILLAGE, RASUWA BHALYANI VILLAGE, SHIMLA THAME VILLAGE, KHUMBU

DEY-PUKHU-SHI, KIRTIPUR BHADA VILLAGE,KANCHANPUR

NEWARI SETTLEMENT, KIRTIPUR
SETTLEMENT
Dev Pukhu

DISTRICT
Kathmandu (5 km SW
from ktm)

Geographic location
longitude 27˚ 38' 30”E
latitude 85˚ 13' N

CLIMATE
Warm and Temperate

ALTITUDE
1405m
CHARACTERISTICS OF DE-PUKHUSI- HISTORY,CULTURE AND PEOPLE
N
E
W
A
R
I

S
E Lies on a single piece of a rocky hill Large pond and a white
T
temple in front of it
T
L
E
M
E
N
T
Stone paved street used as local market Patis Bagh Bhairab temple
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

COMPACT SETTLEMENT Strong Sense of community

Openings promote interaction

with village

Common entrance
Front open space used to dry grains Courtyard used for social gatherings
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEY-PUKHUSI HOUSE

Bhaugwacha
jhya

Biman
jhya

Tiki jhya

San jjhya

Mul
dhoka
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

● The construction materials

are brick, mud and timber.
● The plinth pf 96 cm ht is
made up of natural stone and
brick.
Used to fix the structural ● The wall thickness was 60cm
members like dhalin (beam) (24 inch) with wall ht of 193
and than (post)
cm.
● Mud bricks, ma appa was
used for constructing walls.
GATLANG VILLAGE, RASUWA
VILLAGE
Gatlang

DISTRICT
Rasuwa

Climate
Cool and temperate
climate

ALTITUDE
2240 m
CHARACTERISTICS OF GATLANG- ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE

Was built near Terraced or staggered house in steepy slopes

Aamachodingma lake

BUDDHIST Surrounded by 108 chortens to protect from evil spirits

 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

● dry stone masonry wall and

timber beam-column system
● Houses share a common wall. ● Inside: Mud plaster or wood
● Row houses on the slope except 1 or 2. cladding (living space)
● The level differences of the roofs in this situation ● Outside: dry stone masonry
make connecting the next units more difficult.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GATLANG- ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE

ECONOMY Front space and balcony used for weaving

GRAINS STORED IN BALCONY

BHALYANI, KULLU (HIMACHAL PRADESH)
VILLAGE
Bhalyani

DISTRICT
Kullu
borders Rampur district
to the south, Mandi and
Kangra districts to the
west,

Region
Siwalik region

COUNTRY
INDIA

ALTITUDE
1952m
BHALYANI, KULLU (HIMACHAL PRADESH)

● Houses are scattered

around the slopes of the
hills
● Houses are built by cutting
and filling steep part of
terrain.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF KULLU- ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE

Social structure-subdivision and caste system Position of house in village

Lower caste people on outside or lower
side of village

Religion as a part of everyday life Use of temple for social activities

Celebrates kahika festival after every four years

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY- ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE

Energy/Heating - Firewood Versatile storage spaces in balconies and plinths

Economy TYpe- Animal Husbandry Planned space in house

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Mountains, deodar trees and

stones
notched and lap jointed so that they
intersect at the corner

● Load bearing stone walls with

a thickness of 480mm
● Laying of two wooden beams
longitudinally parallel to each
other
● Gaps of 2.5 m ht filled with
aggregates
● Such construction enhances
resistance to seismic damage
Hand packing of mortar ● Walls plastered with mud and
without any mortar cow dung on innerside
● Left exposed on exterior
RANA THARU VILLAGE, KANCHANPUR
DISTRICT
Kanchanpur

VILLAGE
Bhada

REGION
Far western

Climatic zone
Moderate climate

ALTITUDE
176 to 1528m
CHARACTERISTICS OF RANA THARU- ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE

RANA THARU SETTLEMENT Scattered and located at a distance of 2 or 3 miles from each other

Separate área for storage of

Economy rice and grains
CHARACTERISTICS OF RANA THARU- ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

● Walls built of khariya grass and

● Tied to the pillars with durable ropes
and supported by bamboo element
● Plastering of walls by clay cow dung,
water and chaff of wheat and then
decorated by women
THAME VILLAGE, KHUMBU

VILLAGE
Thame
DISTRICT
Solukhumbu
REGION
sagarmatha
Climatic zone
Sub-alpine
ALTITUDE
3,820 m
CHARACTERISTICS OF THAME VILLAGE- ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE
● Sherpa settlement
● Consists of only 50 households
● only reachable by foot from
Namche Bazar
● the administrative and
commercial center located about
400m lower in altitude.

Houses are scattered over a considerable area

STRONG RELIGIOUS BELIEF SEVERAL CHORTENS, MANI WALLS

 CHARACTERISTICS OF THAME VILLAGE- ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

● Potato cultivation,
● yak farming
● trans-Himalayan trade
● Exports medicinal or
aromatic plants, ‘lokta’
paper, iron ore, and grain
from Nepal. ● Built with natural stones
and earth
● Houses are spread loosely
within the walled in-fields
● consist of only two stories
● The dwellings have gabled
roofs, originally all covered
with slate stones.
 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THAME VILLAGE

Lhakhang
Sacred space Living
space

● sacred room for daily offerings

and ceremonies, the lhakhang
● housed in a structurally
Sacred room with thankas and shelves
separated annex to the main
building called lhang.
 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS:SETTLEMENT PATTERN

compact / courtyard Staggered and terraced compact layout connected by

settlement-kirtipur settlement- gatlang narrow pathways and
clustered around
courtyards-kullu

Scattered settlement with houses Small settlement spread out on

arranged in courtyard- rana tharu a slope-thame village
 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS:BUILDING FORM AND ORIENTATION

● Rectangular
● Rectangular ● Rectangular or L shaped ● Large exposure to the south
● long (front) facade is generally ● East oriented for enough sun side for Solar gain
South facing, towards the sun.

● Rectangular or trapezoidal
● Rectangular ● South oriented to catch maximum sun
● East oriented to bring prosperity
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: INTERNAL SPACE ARRANGEMENT/WALLS

NEWARI HOUSE BHALYANI HOUSE

TAMANG HOUSE

RANA THARU HOUSE

SHERPA HOUSE
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: ROOFS

Gabled roof,Timber roof

Pitched roof with jhingati tiles Roof thatched with grass grown in terai
stacked over each other

Pitch roof covered by slate Pent and gable roof covered

stones with slate stone
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: OPENINGS

located in the long facade of the
house, oriented South
Simple wooden window with yak
skull for protection
Ground is open (no doors or
windows).
Front façade of first floor
consist of carved door and
window.

Wooden windows on E,W AND S Walls Door openings, small

window on external walls below the roof for
light and ventilation for the inhabitant area
ARCHITECTURAL DEFECTS

RANA THARU NEWARI HOUSE TAMANG HOUSE

Lack of outlet for the Difficulty in circulation Heavy wt dry stone
kitchen smoke and proper due to narrow staircase masonry without any
toilet system bands or protection is
vulnerable to fall during
shaking

SHERPA HOUSE BHALYANI HOUSE

No roof overhangs on roof Catches fire easily and
(only 20 cm) does not quickly because of wood
protect from harsh
climatic condition
 CONCLUSION: CHANGE IN ARCHITECTURAL PATTERN

● The remaining houses are well maintained but the surrounding features of the
settlement like dyo-pukhu pond is poorly maintained with green fungus.
● Extraneous construction materials like corrugated iron and cement are penetrating
remote village of kullu.
● After the destruction caused by earthquake, the black wooden roof has been replaced
by CGI and zinc sheets in gatlang village of rasuwa.
● Though thame village is only reachable by foot, the slate roof has been replaced by
CGI sheets
● Rana tharu has been losing their indegenous building material,construction
technology, housing pattern,clothing and food culture gradually .
● They have started to build new houses copied from hill people which are not suitable
in hot and humid climate of far west terai.
REFERENCES

● https://www.sahapedia.org/the-himalayan-vernacular-kath-khuni-architecture
● file:///C:/Users/dell/Downloads/c_attachment_81_570.pdf
● https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03116968/file/17834_disaster_resistant_Nepal.pdf
● https://architecture.metmoradabad.in/files.php?id=1583&type=0
● https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/files/LCCR-case-studies1.pdf
● https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/student/jhanvi-suresh-chauhan-uc2416/case-study-kathkun
i-architecture-shimla-spring-2021-sd4704-uc2416
● https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343202458_CHARACTERIZATION_AND_PR
OPOSALS_FOR_RECOVERY_OF_TRADITIONAL_TAMANG_CONSTRUCTION_IN_NORTH
ERN_NEPAL
● https://architectureindevelopment.org/project/632
● https://issuu.com/a.r.e.a. /docs/180708_project_book
● https://www.archi-urgent.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/04/Houses-Catalogue
-VD-Typological-Study-and-Solutions-NEPAL-Avril-2016.pdf
● BOOK:TIBETAN HOUSES Vernacular Architecture of the Himalayas and Environs
THANK YOU